显脉金花茶的光合生理特性研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-Cor Inc., USA)对显脉金花茶光合特性进行研究。结果表明：(1)在夏季,显脉金花茶叶片的P_n日变化呈单峰曲线,最高峰出现在中午11：00。其最大净光合速率（P_max）为3.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、光饱和点（LSP）为459.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、光补偿点（LCP）为6.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。显脉金花茶的光饱和点和光补偿点都比较低,表明其是一种阴生植物。（2）在控制光照强度和温度的条件下,CO₂浓度小于800 μmol·mol^-1,P_n几乎呈直线上升,升高CO₂浓度可使显脉金花茶的净高合速率增大,提高了叶片对光能的利用率。其叶片CO₂饱和点(CSP)大约在1 200 μmol·mol^-1左右,CO₂的补偿点（Г^*）为70.1 μmol·mol^-1,最大羧化速率（V_cmax）为17.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大电子传递速率（J_max）为40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

干旱胁迫下藜的光合特性研究

通过人工控制水分模拟干旱来研究生长期的藜对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应,以期望为干旱农业的高效生产提供理论依据。以盆栽的藜为材料,用称重控制浇水的方法,研究了干旱胁迫对藜叶片的光合特性。结果表明：干旱胁迫下藜的光合日变化呈双峰型,有“午休”现象（13:00）且受气孔限制;最大净光合速率出现在上午8:00。与正常条件下生长的藜相比,干旱胁迫下藜的光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子效率(AQY)、二氧化碳饱和点(CSP)和羧化效率(CE)均降低,分别为1 200 μmolphoton·m^-2·s^-1、8.01 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、0.016 1 μmol CO₂·mol^-1 photons、1 200 μmol CO₂·mol^-1、0.017 6 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;光补偿点(LCP)、二氧化碳补偿点(CCP)升高,分别达到44.88 μmol photon·m^-2·s^-1、和46 μmol CO₂·mol^-1,干旱使藜的光合能力下降。干旱胁迫下藜的光合能力虽有所下降,但与其它C3植物相比仍具有较强的CO₂同化能力。藜是一种耐旱力较强的植物。     

遮光处理对西葫芦幼苗形态特征及光合生理特性的影响

研究了不同遮光处理对西葫芦幼苗形态及光合生理特性的影响.结果表明,在60%透光率条件下,西葫芦幼苗具有较高的相对生长率、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、单叶水分利用效率、饱和蒸汽压、表观量子效率和叶绿素含量,而胞间CO₂浓度较低;西葫芦幼苗具有较高的光饱和点(1 125 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、较低的光补偿点(15.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1).弱光下西葫芦幼苗较耐低浓度CO₂,而强光下的幼苗较耐高浓度CO₂.60%透光率下西葫芦幼苗叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量最低,而过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性则最高.     

草光合作用日变化及其与环境因子的关系

对镇江北固山湿地优势植物——〓草的光合作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,春夏季晴天〓草净光合速率(P_n)的日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合“午休”现象;多云天〓草的P_n主要受光强制约,随光合有效辐射(PAR)变化而变化。经统计学验证,〓草的P_n与PAR、气孔导度(G_s)有显著正相关关系,而与细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)呈显著负相关。用一元二次方程拟合了〓草的光响应曲线,得到光补偿点为38.572 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点为2 087.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

不同地理种群两针松光合和生长特性的差异

为认识两针松中的赤松（Pinus densiflora）、长白松（Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis）和樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica）光合作用对环境变化的响应和适应特征,在其自然分布区内选择地理和气候差异显著的9个地理种群,采集成熟种子并播种于东北林业大学温室,2 a后,测定针叶的光合能力及其相关因子,并同时测定幼苗的株高和基径,比较种间和地理种群间差异。结果表明：赤松、长白松和樟子松种间最大光合速率（p=0.34）、呼吸速率（p=0.15）和表观量子效率（p=0.18）的差异均不显著;地理种群间表观量子效率（AQY）差异显著(p=0.08),其中兴凯湖种群表观量子效率最高,为0.084 5±0.002 4 mol CO₂·mol^-1 photons,较其他种群高13.10%~159.23%。地理种群间呼吸速率(R_d)差异显著(p=0.01),黑河和兴凯湖种群的呼吸速率最高（分别为1.62±0.18 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,1.52±0.30 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1）,安图和东宁种群的呼吸速率最低,分别为0.40±0.01 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,0.34±0.03 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。地理种群间最大净光合速率(P_max)差异显著(p=0.02),其中兴凯湖、东宁、韩国、鸡东、二道白河、红花尔基种群的最大光合速率差异不显著,均值为18.36±1.81 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,高于安图、漠河、黑河种群。安图、漠河、黑河种群间最大光合速率差异不显著,均值为12.57±0.86 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。地理种群间的株高和基径差异均显著,其中韩国种群株高最高,黑河种群最低;基径兴凯湖种群最高,安图种群最低。株高和基径最大值约为最小值的3倍。两针松针叶的光合能力及其一些相关因子的地理种群间差异可能是其光合机构对种源地环境条件长期生理适应的结果。     

不同土壤水分条件下紫藤叶片生理参数的光响应

测定了不同土壤湿度下2年生紫藤叶片光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）及水分利用效率（WUE）等生理参数的光响应过程,探讨了紫藤正常生长发育所需的土壤水分和光照条件.结果表明:紫藤叶片的P_n、T_r及WUE对土壤湿度和光照强度的变化具有明显的阈值响应.维持紫藤正常生长（同时具有较高P_n和WUE）的土壤湿度范围为:体积含水量（W_v）15.3%～26.5%、相对含水量（W_r）46.4%～80.3%,最佳土壤湿度约为W_v 23.3%、W_r 70.6%.紫藤叶片对光照环境的适应性较强,在光合有效辐射强度（PAR）为600～1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,P_n和WUE具有较高水平,饱和光强在PAR为800～1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.紫藤叶片光合作用非气孔限制的发生与土壤湿度与光照强度密切相关,W_v为18.4%～26.5%、W_r为55.8%～80.3%时,光合作用主要受气孔限制,光照强度的影响较小;超出此范围后,其受光照强度的影响较大,出现由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制的PAR临界值.紫藤正常生长允许的最低土壤湿度约为W_v 11.9%、W_r 36.1%,允许最高PAR约为1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,是紫藤叶片光合机构受到破坏的临界点.     

检疫性杂草毒莴苣的光合特征及其入侵地群落学生态调查

毒莴苣是我国东南沿海地区的新入侵杂草,也是国家进境植物的检疫对象.调查发现,毒莴苣植株高大,易在入侵地形成群落优势种;常见的伴生杂草有小飞蓬、野塘蒿、鬼针草、裂叶月见草、裂叶牵牛、狗尾草、野胡萝卜、苍耳、一年蓬、山莴苣、葎草、龙葵和钻形紫菀等.应用LCA 4光合蒸腾测定系统对毒莴苣进行净光合速率测定,结果表明：该种实测净光合速率高达21.22±0.45 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,比入侵性杂草一年蓬、野塘蒿稍低,比藜、北美车前、山莴苣等高,是一种高光效植物;根据毒莴苣的光合-响应曲线,该外来入侵种的理论光补偿点为37.58 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, 光饱和点为1 480 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,理论最大净光合速率20.81 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;毒莴苣的光合作用具有午休现象,是由于高光照和高温导致气孔阻力增加、气孔关闭,影响了植株对外的气体交换;影响净光合速率的主要因素是气孔导度、叶面光合有效辐射和叶片的蒸腾.     

钾素水平对网纹甜瓜叶片光合特性及叶绿体亚显微结构的影响

在设施基质栽培条件下,研究了营养液中120、240及360 mg·L^-1 3个钾素水平对网纹甜瓜‘甜甜1号’叶片光合特性及叶绿体亚显微结构的影响.结果表明,营养液中钾素水平过低（120 mg·L^-1）或过高（360 mg·L^-1）均导致网纹甜瓜叶片净光合速率下降,使叶绿体片层结构混乱、变形和片层数减少,但对CO₂补偿点（70 μl·L^-1）、饱和CO₂（600 μl·L^-1）、光补偿点（50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）无显著影响.适宜的钾素水平能显著提高叶片的饱和光强、羧化效率和表观量子效率,3个指标分别为1 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、0.1364和0.0237.在试验条件下,提高温室内基质栽培网纹甜瓜叶片光合效率的最适钾素水平为240 mg·L^-1.     

淡水驯化对桐花树光合生理特性的影响

以实验地全光照条件下淡水和人工海水培养种植的桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）幼苗为材料,采用Li 6400光合测定仪对不同月份桐花树幼苗的光合生理生态特性日动态进行测定,研究了桐花树的光合生理生态特性。结果表明：在7、10月份桐花树的净光合速率日变化呈双峰型,均出现“光合午休”现象。在7月份人工海水组和淡水组的最大净光合速率（P_max）分别为9.97和11.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而10月份的P_max分别为12.2和12.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。而且淡水驯化下,桐花树的净光合速率较人工海水组高。由光响应曲线可知,桐花树人工海水组的最大净光合速率（P_max）、光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）和表观量子效率（AQY）分别为7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,1 477 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,0.031 3;而淡水组为8.69 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,980 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,0.011。在所测的生理生态因子中,光合有效辐射和气孔导度是影响桐花树光合作用最为强烈的因子,与桐花树的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均有极显著的相关关系（p<0.01）。试验说明淡水驯化的桐花树对光强的利用范围变窄,但有较高的净光合速率,表明桐花树对淡水环境具有较强的适应性。     

高浓度二氧化碳对百合生长和两种化感物质的影响

在大棚栽培条件下,研究不同CO₂浓度（600、800、1 000 μmol·mol^-1）对亚洲型黄花多头切花百合的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1时,切花百合维持较高的Pn,在CO₂浓度为600～1 000 μmol·mol^-1时并持续45 d,百合并未出现明显的光合作用下调,这与新生子球对高CO₂浓度下的百合光合适应性具有一定调节能力有关.CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1时,能提高百合切花0.57个茎高等级,对显色花蕾增长有正效应.不同CO₂浓度对百合叶片中的多酚类和类黄酮含量影响不同,CO₂浓度为600和800 μmol·mol^-1时,能明显提高多酚类和类黄酮含量,植株也未出现叶枯病病株,这与适宜的高CO₂浓度对Pn及碳水化合物的形成和转化以及化感物质与提高百合自身抗病性有关.在试验浓度范围内,CO₂浓度为600 μmol·mol^-1时最有利于百合叶片多酚类和类黄酮含量的提高.     

遮荫条件下绞股蓝光合作用特点的研究

在夏季遮荫条件下栽培绞股蓝的净光合速率日变化呈现不典型的双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在11：00时,达13．8μmolCO2·m^-2·S^-1日净光合速率达到176．97μmol CO2·m^-2,是强光下栽培的3．1倍;净光合速率和光量子通量密度呈正相关,相对湿度对净光合速率的影响小．强光下栽培绞股蓝。光合作用“午休”现象明显,净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在10：00时,为3．0μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1．第2峰值出现在14：00时,为1．25μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1;相对湿度与净光合速率成正相关,对净光合速率的影响大．当光量子通量超过700μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,净光合速率与光量子通量密度呈负相关．在影响该植物蒸腾速率的诸多因子中,蒸腾速率和气孔导度之间的相关性最为显著．因此绞股蓝属于高度耐荫而怕光的植物．人工栽培应重点考虑光照因子．     

热带季节雨林优势树种叶片和冠层尺度二氧化碳交换特征

采用叶室法和涡度相关法分析了西双版纳热带季节雨林优势树种绒毛番龙眼和大叶白颜树冠层及其叶片在不同季节的CO₂交换量,并拟合得到主要特征值.结果表明：以叶室法测得的两树种冠层最大净光合速率(P_{max A})为雨季>雨季末>雾凉季>干热季，叶片暗呼吸速率(R_d)为雨季>雨季末>干热季>雾凉季；以涡度相关法得到的两树种冠层最大净光合速率(P_{max B})为雨季>雨季末>雾凉季>干热季，而冠层呼吸速率(R_e)则是雨季>干热季>雾凉季>雨季末.两种方法得到的不同季节植物冠层最大净光合速率相差0.9～2.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.     

黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响

采用田间试验研究了黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施下的冬小麦农田土壤呼吸日变化和季节变化特征.试验包括4个处理:作物生育期秸秆覆盖600kg·hm-2(M600)、秸秆覆盖300kg·hm-2(M300)、地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖处理(CK).结果表明:冬小麦农田土壤呼吸速率从播种至返青之前呈下降趋势,处理间没有显著差异;越冬后土壤呼吸速率迅速提高,至拔节期最高.与CK相比,3个覆盖处理在越冬至成熟期间均显著促进了土壤CO2的释放,其中PM与其他处理间的差异达到极显著水平.全生育期M600和M300处理土壤呼吸速率平均分别为1.47和1.52 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,较CK(1.38 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)分别提高了6.6%和10.2%;PM处理土壤呼吸速率平均为3.63 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,较CK提高了163%.CK处理土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在12:00左右,秸秆覆盖后峰值时间推迟到14:00左右;PM处理土壤呼吸日变化特征在拔节期与对照相似,在成熟期则呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在12:00和16:00左右.土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和土壤水分分别呈指数和抛物线式相关.     

万木林保护区柑橘和锥栗园土壤呼吸的比较

采用Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,对福建省万木林保护区内柑橘和锥栗两果园土壤呼吸进行1年的定位观测,分析了土壤水热因子及人为管理措施对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:柑橘和锥栗园样地土壤的呼吸速率月变化均呈单峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在7月(3.76 μmol·m-2·s-1)和8月(2.69 μmol·m-2·s-1);柑橘和锥栗园样地土壤呼吸速率的年均值分别为2.68和1.55 μmol·m-2·s-1,且柑橘园土壤呼吸速率极显著高于锥栗园;土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,可以解释土壤呼吸速率月动态变化的73％～86％;锥栗园土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关,但柑橘园两者关系不显著;指数方程计算的柑橘和锥栗园土壤呼吸的Q10值分别为1.58和1.75;柑橘和锥栗园土壤呼吸年通量值分别为10.01和5.77tC·hm-2 ·a-1.     

Novel mannose-sequestration technique reveals variation in subcellular orthophosphate pools do not explain the effects of phosphorus nutrition on photosynthesis in Eucalyptus globulus seedlings

Although only a small proportion of plant phosphorus (P) is used for photosynthesis, the relationships between P and photosynthesis can be strong. It was hypothesized, in this study, that variation in the allocation of orthophosphate (Pi) between active (cytoplasmic) and nonactive (vacuolar) pools would underpin differences in rates of photosynthesis in 4-month-old Eucalyptus globulus seedlings grown with a varying P supply. Photosynthetic biochemistry was assessed by the response of net photosynthesis to increasing intercellular [CO2]. Cytoplasmic Pi was sequestered as mannose 6-phosphate. Total P and the proportion of P as Pi were positively related to P supply. The ratios of active : stored Pi (10-24%) varied little over the range of treatments. Active Pi was positively related to P supply, as was photosynthesis (7 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) with 0 mM P vs. 16 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) with 0.32 mM P). Positive relationships between P supply and photosynthesis were explained best by leaf P content, not by active pools of Pi. The distribution of Pi between the vacuole and the cytoplasm had little impact on the photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency (PPUE), and reductions in cytoplasmic Pi had little effect on photosynthesis. Hence, PPUE is an unsuitable guide for assessing plant responses to increasingly unavailable P in the environment.     

Decreases in stomatal conductance of soybean under open-air elevation of [CO2] are closely coupled with decreases in ecosystem evapotranspiration

Stomatal responses to atmospheric change have been well documented through a range of laboratory- and field-based experiments. Increases in atmospheric concentration of CO(2) ([CO(2)]) have been shown to decrease stomatal conductance (g(s)) for a wide range of species under numerous conditions. Less well understood, however, is the extent to which leaf-level responses translate to changes in ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET). Since many changes at the soil, plant, and canopy microclimate levels may feed back on ET, it is not certain that a decrease in g(s) will decrease ET in rain-fed crops. To examine the scaling of the effect of elevated [CO(2)] on g(s) at the leaf to ecosystem ET, soybean (Glycine max) was grown in field conditions under control (approximately 375 micromol CO(2) mol(-1) air) and elevated [CO(2)] (approximately 550 micromol mol(-1)) using free air CO(2) enrichment. ET was determined from the time of canopy closure to crop senescence using a residual energy balance approach over four growing seasons. Elevated [CO(2)] caused ET to decrease between 9% and 16% depending on year and despite large increases in photosynthesis and seed yield. Ecosystem ET was linked with g(s) of the upper canopy leaves when averaged across the growing seasons, such that a 10% decrease in g(s) results in a 8.6% decrease in ET; this relationship was not altered by growth at elevated [CO(2)]. The findings are consistent with model and historical analyses that suggest that, despite system feedbacks, decreased g(s) of upper canopy leaves at elevated [CO(2)] results in decreased transfer of water vapor to the atmosphere.     

Gas exchange by pods and subtending leaves and internal recycling of CO(2) by pods of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to water deficits

Terminal drought markedly reduces leaf photosynthesis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during seed filling. A study was initiated to determine whether photosynthesis and internal recycling of CO(2) by the pods can compensate for the low rate of photosynthesis in leaves under water deficits. The influence of water deficits on the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration of pods and subtending leaves in chickpea (cv. Sona) was investigated in two naturally-lit, temperature-controlled glasshouses. At values of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 900 micromol m(-2) s(-1) and higher, the rate of net photosynthesis of subtending leaves of 10-d-old pods was 24 and 6 micromol m(-2) s(-1) in the well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) plants when the covered-leaf water potential (Psi) was -0.6 and -1.4 MPa, respectively. Leaf photosynthesis further decreased to 4.5 and 0.5 micromol m(-2) s(-1) as Psi decreased to -2.3 and -3.3 MPa, respectively. At 900--1500 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR, the net photosynthetic rate of 10-d-old pods was 0.9-1.0 micromol m(-2) s(-1) in the WW plants and was -0.1 to -0.8 micromol m(-2) s(-1) in the WS plants. The photosynthetic rates of both pods and subtending leaves decreased with age, but the rate of transpiration of the pods increased with age. The rates of respiration and net photosynthesis inside the pods were estimated by measuring the changes in the internal concentration of CO(2) of covered and uncovered pods during the day. Both the WW and WS pods had similar values of internal net photosynthesis, but the WS pods showed significantly higher rates of respiration suggesting that the WS pods had higher gross photosynthetic rates than the WW pods, particularly in the late afternoon. When (13)CO(2) was injected into the gas space inside the pod, nearly 80% of the labelled carbon 24 h after injection was observed in the pod wall in both the WW and WS plants. After 144 h the proportion of (13)C in the seed had increased from 19% to 32% in both treatments. The results suggest that internal recycling of CO(2) inside the pod may assist in maintaining seed filling in water-stressed chickpea.