阜康荒漠植被灌木与半灌木种群生态位的研究

 通过测算三维生态因子梯度上阜康荒漠植被灌木与半灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,结果表明;阜康荒漠植被灌木、半灌木按生态位宽度可分成4类,类群Ⅰ包括红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron);类群Ⅱ包括白刺(Nitraria sibirica)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、囊果碱蓬(Suaeda physophora)、里海盐爪爪(K．caspicum);类群Ⅲ包括多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、长穗柽柳(T．elongata)、短穗柽柳(T．laxa)和无叶假木贼(Anabasis aphylla);类群Ⅳ包括黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、粗枝猪毛菜(Salsola subcrassa)和盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)。根据生态位重叠矩阵,红砂和梭梭间生态位重叠较大;盐爪爪、囊果碱蓬、里海盐爪爪、多枝柽柳、长穗柽柳间重叠较大;白刺、短穗柽柳、无叶假木贼、黑果枸杞、粗枝猪毛菜和盐节木与其它种的重叠值均较小。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区8个乔灌木种群空间分布格局分析

在划定面积5 m×5 m和10 m×10 m样方的基础上,运用方差比率(VR)法及负二项参数(K)、扩散系数(C)、平均拥挤度(m·)和Cassie指标(CA)对新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区8个乔灌木种群的种间关联性及空间分布格局进行了研究.结果表明,在面积5 m×5 m的样方内,胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)、枇杷柴[Reaumuria songarica (Pall.)Maxim.]、盐节木[Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.)M. Bieb.]、白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. et Buhse)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)、盐豆木[Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.)Voss]、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey. ex Schrenk)和梭梭[Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.)Bunge]8个种群总体联结性为显著正关联,种群间很少存在对资源的竞争;K值、C值和CA值的分析结果均表明胡杨、枇杷柴、盐节木、白梭梭、盐豆木和盐穗木种群的空间分布格局为聚集分布,多枝柽柳种群为均匀分布,梭梭种群为随机分布,但仅枇杷柴和盐节木种群为极显著的聚集分布.在面积10 m×10 m的样方内,8个乔灌木种群的总体联结性为不显著的负关联,显示种群间存在对资源的竞争,但稳定共存;8个乔灌木种群的空间分布格局均为极显著的聚集分布.随样方面积从5 m×5 m扩大至10 m×10 m,8个乔灌木种群m·的排序位置发生了改变,显示种间竞争能力和种内自疏能力发生变化,其中,枇杷柴、盐穗木和梭梭的总体表现较强,多枝柽柳最差.研究结果显示,在进行艾比湖湿地自然保护区种群空间分布格局的研究中,采用面积10 m×10 m的样方较为适宜.     

NaCl胁迫对3种荒漠植物幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以生长在荒漠地区的典型盐生植物囊果碱蓬(Suaeda physophora Pall.)、旱生植物梭梭[Haloxylon am-modendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge]和超旱生植物白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss.et Buhsee)的幼苗为实验材料,研究了它们在不同NaCl浓度处理下的叶绿素荧光参数变化特征.结果表明:在NaCI胁迫下,同期囊果碱蓬的PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)降低幅度较小,而梭梭和白梭梭则有较明显降低,而且囊果碱蓬显著高于后两者;同期光合量子产量(Yield)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)均以囊果碱蓬最大并显著高于其余2种植物,而梭梭与白梭梭之间无显著差异.囊果碱蓬和梭梭的Yield和ETR并不随NaCl浓度的增加而降低;同一植物的荧光参数在各浓度盐处理间无显著差异.在本实验条件下,NaCl胁迫并未使囊果碱蓬的PSⅡ受到明显损伤,其仍能够较正常地吸收光能进行光合作用,对盐分胁迫有较强的忍耐能力;适度的盐渍对囊果碱蓬和梭梭幼苗的生长是有益的;盐胁迫效应主要表现为种间差异,而非处理间差异;叶绿素荧光技术可以有效应用于耐盐植物筛选.     

新疆3种藜科盐生植物NHX基因的克隆与序列分析比较

从新疆野生植物盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)和盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)中分别克隆了约1.7kb的NHX基因cDNA片段,此片段均包含了NHX完整基因,三者之间有较高的同源性,盐角草NHX基因与盐爪爪NHX基因同源性达92.81%,盐角草与盐穗木同源性达92.19%,盐爪爪与盐穗木同源性达97.66%.它们与其它几种藜科盐生植物如滨藜、碱蓬、灰绿藜的NHX基因同源性也很高,达到80%以上,与拟南芥同源性也达到86%.此基因在植物尤其是藜科盐生植物中高度保守,其编码的功能性蛋白可能在影响植物耐盐中起作用.     

荒漠草原带盐碱地优势植物生态位与种间联结

盐碱地是荒漠草原带常见的生境类型之一。本文采用生态位测度、方差比率法、基于2×2列联表的χ~2检验和Ochiai指数的方法,研究了位于荒漠草原带的陕西定边花马池盐湖附近植物群落中26个优势物种、325个种对间水、盐梯度下生态位和种间关联性,探讨了生态位重叠与种间关联性的关系。结果表明:(1)在土壤水、盐梯度上,细枝盐爪爪(Kalidium gracile)、黄毛头(Kalidium cuspidatum)和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)生态位宽度值均较大,为荒漠草原带盐碱地的主要建群种。(2)生态位较窄的物种之间生态位重叠值较高,共同竞争有限的资源;生态位较宽的物种之间生态位重叠值相对较高,存在竞争关系;而盐角草(Salicornia europaea)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)生态位均较宽,但与其他物种重叠程度较低,竞争较弱。(3)优势物种总体联结性为极显著的正联结,但Ochiai指数大于0.6的种对数只占总种对数的17.85%,表明该群落处于相对稳定的演替阶段,但种间关联程度不紧密。(4)土壤水、盐梯度上的生态位重叠值均与Ochiai指数呈极显著的正相关关系,且盐分梯度上相关程度高于水分梯度,但仅通过生态位重叠与联结指数的回归关系难以完全揭示种间联结的内在机制。     

塔里木盆地10种藜科植物种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性评价

以塔里木盆地分布的碱蓬、硬枝碱蓬、盘果碱蓬、五蕊碱蓬、星花碱蓬、刺藜、盐节木、盐穗木、盐角草、白茎盐生草等10种藜科植物的种子为材料,利用PEG-6000模拟干旱,研究种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应规律,并对抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)随渗透势的下降,干旱胁迫加重,10种藜科植物种子的最终萌发率受到不同程度的抑制,平均萌发时间逐渐延长,种子的胚根长度受到抑制;解除干旱胁迫后,碱蓬、硬枝碱蓬、盘果碱蓬、盐节木、盐穗木、盐角草和白茎盐生草种子可恢复萌发;(2)10种藜科植物种子萌发期抗旱(PEG)极限值从大到小依次为:盐穗木白茎盐生草盘果碱蓬硬枝碱蓬盐角草五蕊碱蓬盐节木星花碱蓬刺藜碱蓬;(3)采用隶属函数法,选取种子最终萌发率、平均萌发时间、胚根长度和恢复萌发率为主要评价指标,进行抗旱性综合评价,10种藜科植物种子抗旱性由强到弱依次为:盐穗木白茎盐生草硬枝碱蓬盐节木盘果碱蓬星花碱蓬盐角草刺藜碱蓬五蕊碱蓬;抗旱性较强的盐穗木、白茎盐生草、硬枝碱蓬和盐节木的隶属函数加权平均值分别为0.915、0.793、0.762和0.737。     

新疆艾比湖湿地主要植物的种间关联分析

根据新疆艾比湖湿地植物群落样方调查的存在-缺失数据,应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法研究了湿地内多物种关联性以及生态种组分类.与传统的成对物种关联分析方法相比较,基于多元分析框架的多物种关联分析和种组分类结果更为可靠、有效;艾比湖湿地的主要植物种划分为3个生态种组,各生态种组内的植物种之间具有相似的生境和生态位.结合统计分析结果与实地调查发现,艾比湖湿地植物种间的正、负关联性以及生态种组的划分主要由植物对水分和盐分生境因素的适应性决定.从多物种关联性和生态种组角度考虑艾比湖湿地生态恢复和保护植物多样性更具有实践价值.     

3种荒漠盐生植物根系及根毛形态特征的比较研究

在水培条件下,针对梭梭、囊果碱蓬和钠猪毛菜3种荒漠盐生植物,研究它们苗期在不同盐浓度条件下根系和根毛形态的差异。结果表明：一定浓度的盐分可以促进3种盐生植物生长,但较高浓度的盐抑制其生长,特别是对根系生长的抑制作用更大。在同样盐浓度下,钠猪毛菜的生长最快,生物量也最大。在盐分浓度较低时,3种盐生植物的主根长和总根长都有所增加,与对照相比,囊果碱蓬增加的幅度较大,但高浓度的盐会抑制根系总长度的增加,其中囊果碱蓬较梭梭和钠猪毛菜抑制的程度轻。盐分对3种植物的根系平均直径没有显著的影响,但有减小的趋势。在水培条件下,梭梭和囊果碱蓬的根系上、中、下部分布的较均匀,而钠猪毛菜的根系中部比上部和下部有显著的增加,盐分对每种植物的根系的分布没有显著的影响。3种植物的根毛与根系生长环境中的盐浓度没有明显相关性;3种植物之间,根毛的长度和密度有显著差异。从根系和根毛的形态特征可以推断：囊果碱蓬比梭梭和钠猪毛菜具有较强的抗旱性和耐极薄能力;梭梭的耐盐能力较其它2种植物差,囊果碱蓬的耐盐性最强。     

8种盐生植物种子萌发特征与NaCl盐度的关系

耐盐植物的选育是盐渍土地生物改良的关键。通过对13个NaCl盐度梯度下，真盐生植物囊果碱蓬、盐地碱蓬、高碱蓬、盐角草、盐爪爪，泌盐植物大叶补血草、耳叶补血草、黄花补血草8种盐生植物的萌发试验，测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和相对盐害率等指标，研究不同NaCl盐度胁迫对其萌发特性的影响。结果表明：低盐度（50 mmol/L）能促进8种盐生植物的萌发；随着盐度的上升，盐角草、盐地碱蓬、囊果碱蓬、高碱蓬表现出较强的萌发耐盐性，发芽势和发芽指数优于其他植物；盐角草的萌发耐盐性最佳，在1000 mmol/L盐度下萌发率仍能达到54.0%。进一步通过S型生长曲线和线性模型分析得出，8种植物为对抗逆境大致分为"快速型"和"缓慢型"两种萌发策略；随盐度的升高，初始萌发时间和萌发高峰时间均不同程度的向后推迟。盐度≤200 mmol/L时，囊果碱蓬的萌发占据优势，其萌发速率大于其他植物，且差异显著；中盐度400 mmol/L左右时，盐地碱蓬和盐角草萌发最快，二者无显著差异；盐度≥600 mmol/L时，盐角草萌发速率较快，相比其他植物差异显著。泌盐植物的萌发耐盐适宜浓度和耐盐极限浓度均低于真盐生植物。8种植物均有作为氯化物为主盐渍土地区生物改良材料的潜力。     

艾比湖流域杜加依林荒漠植物群落多样性及优势种生态位

多样性格局的形成是物种间相互作用及其适应环境的结果。为了阐释艾比湖流域荒漠植物的物种多样性及优势种生态位特征,我们对艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区内阿其克苏河北岸的杜加依林进行了物种组成与环境因子调查。结果表明:(1)按照土壤水盐含量,根据多元回归树(multivariate regression tree,MRT)方法可将植被划分为胡杨–罗布麻–芦苇(Ass.Populus euphratica–Apocynum venetum–Phragmites australis)(I型)、胡杨–琵琶柴(Ass.Populus euphratica–Reaumuria songonica)(II型)和盐爪爪∥胡杨–罗布麻+骆驼刺(Ass.Kalidium foliatum∥Populus euphratica–Apocynum venetum+Alhagi sparsifolia)(III型)3个主要群丛。(2)I型群丛抵御极端环境的能力较差,包括5个样方,II型群丛能够忍受轻微的盐旱胁迫,包括3个样方,III型群丛对盐旱生境具有一定的适应性,包括22个样方;随着典型群丛从I型演替成为III型,沙生和盐生植物逐渐占据生境并成为主要优势种,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Margalef丰富度指数(Ma)先降低后增加,Simpson优势度指数(C)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)先增加后逐渐降低,体现了杜加依林植物群落的演替序列。(3)生态位宽度Bray-Curtis相似性聚类分析将13个优势种分为2组,平均相似性分别为96.89%和97.66%,反映了研究区物种生态位宽度具有较高的相似性;基于物种多度数据的非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)压力系数为0.04,除铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)与甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)外,物种之间的分布也具有较高的相似性。综上所述,土壤水盐含量是影响艾比湖流域杜加依林中荒漠植物群丛结构及多样性的主要环境因子,并决定了群落的演替方向;各优势种之间的生态位和分布具有较高的相似性,存在明显的竞争关系。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.