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1.
以河南省30个站点1981—2014年冬小麦观测资料、历史气象资料和土壤资料为依据,将河南冬小麦主产区划分为5个区域,基于WOFOST作物生长模拟模型,分析了水分胁迫条件下河南省冬小麦减产风险值的变化规律.结果表明: 1981—2014年,各区域冬小麦减产率均呈上升趋势,平均每10 a增加2.8%~5.0%.冬小麦减产率由北向南呈降低趋势,减产率超过20%的事件在豫南地区约10年一遇,豫北的新乡、封丘和濮阳一带约2年一遇;减产率超过50%的事件,在新乡、郑州地区约3年一遇,豫南少遇.豫北及豫中偏北的大部分地区为冬小麦减产风险高值区,豫西卢氏、豫西南南阳、豫南信阳和驻马店南部地区为冬小麦减产风险低值区,其他地区为风险中值区.  相似文献   

2.
基于IPCC5 3种代表性温室气体浓度排放路径(RCP)的情景集成数据,采用VIP生态水文模型,模拟分析了黄淮海平原未来冬小麦产量、蒸散量的气候变化响应.模拟结果表明:未考虑CO2肥效时,3种典型排放路径下,冬小麦生育期都将因气温上升而缩短,其产量和蒸散量将呈下降趋势.CO2浓度增加对作物生长的有利影响强于气候变化带来的不利影响,是未来情景下冬小麦产量增加的主要原因.以RCP4.5为例,2050s黄淮海地区冬小麦平均产量将增加14.8%(无CO2肥效时产量下降2.5%),蒸散量降低2.1%.采用积温需求更高的品种将有利于冬小麦利用CO2肥效提高其产量,但耗水量将有所增加.因此,培育适应气候变化的作物品种、发展节水农业和管理技术是应对气候变化的关键.  相似文献   

3.
基于WOFOST作物生长模型的冬小麦干旱影响评估技术   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
为了反映作物与干旱的相互关系,人为再现干旱灾害对作物产量的影响程度,选择华北地区冬小麦干旱灾害为研究对象,对作物生长模型WOFOST在区域上进行适应性进行分析、检验的基础上,然后利用区域作物模型实现干旱灾害对作物影响定量分析和动态评估。以减产率和气象条件作为灾害严重程度划分的标准,利用数值模拟试验,确定导致减产的主要气象因子及其量值,对研究区干旱灾害进行影响评估,包括典型灾害年份影响评估和年代际灾害影响评估,并给出了评估结果。  相似文献   

4.
气候变化对黄淮海地区弱冬性小麦的影响评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
气候变暖正在影响我国的农业生产.研究某一区域一定历史时期气候变化对农业的影响,可以使人们科学认识当地气候资源,更好地利用气候资源为农业生产服务.本文以黄淮海地区弱冬性小麦为例,利用DSSAT中的CERES-Wheat作物生长模型研究上世纪后40年气候变化对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响,得出几点主要结论:气候变化对弱冬性小麦发育期影响不大,而对产量影响较大;灌溉能极大地提高冬小麦的产量.  相似文献   

5.
APSIM模型在西南地区的适应性评价——以重庆冬小麦为例   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
利用重庆市4个代表性站点的小麦田间观测数据和同期逐日气象数据对APSIM模型在重庆小麦产区的适应性进行研究,确定了12个小麦品种的作物参数.结果表明:模拟小麦的播种至出苗、开花和成熟各阶段天数与实测值具有较好的一致性,其均方根误差值分别为0~3、1~8和0~8 d;模拟的12个小麦品种中,模拟与实测地上部分生物量的归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)均低于30%,10个品种模拟与实测产量的NRMSE均低于30%,作物生育期、地上部分生物量和产量的模拟结果均在可接受范围内波动.说明APSIM模型对不同品种冬小麦的生育期、地上部分生物量和产量模拟效果较好,该模型在重庆地区具有较好的适应性,为后续基于模型评估该地区小麦生产提供了基础支撑.  相似文献   

6.
NDVI曲线与农作物长势的时序互动规律   总被引:71,自引:2,他引:69  
利用气象卫星NOAA AVHRR资料,反演出农作物生育期内每日和旬度的NDVI数据,分析了NDVI时间曲线的波动与农作物生长发育阶段及农作物长势的响应规律,并以华北冬小麦为例,探讨了NDVI在冬小麦中生育期的积分值与农作物单产之间的相互关系。结果表明,利用长时间序列的NDVI数据,结合作物的物候历,可以实现作物长势的遥感监测和产量遥感估算。  相似文献   

7.
APSIM模型对华北平原小麦-玉米连作系统的适用性   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
王琳  郑有飞  于强  王恩利 《应用生态学报》2007,18(11):2480-2486
利用中国科学院禹城试验站1999—2001年大田试验及2002—2003年水分池处理数据进行APSIM模型参数的调试及验证,检验其对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米连作系统的适用性.模型调试和验证结果表明:禹城1999—2000年大田试验的作物叶面积指数、生物量和土壤含水量模拟结果的平均误差分别为27.61%、24.59%和7.68%,2000—2001年分别为32.65%、35.95%和10.26%;2002—2003年高水分处理的作物叶面积指数和生物量模拟结果的平均误差分别为26.65%和14.52%,低水分处理分别为23.91%和27.93%.叶面积指数、生物量的模拟值和实测值拟合较好,除2000—2001年叶面积指数的决定系数为0.78外,其他处理均大于0.85.表明APSIM模型在模拟华北地区小麦-玉米连作系统的作物生物量和土壤水分方面具有较好的准确性,对叶面积指数模拟误差稍大.  相似文献   

8.
预测未来40年气候变化对我国玉米产量的影响   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
气候变化将对我国农业生产造成重要影响.传统的积分回归模型和最新的气候预测相结合可能适合评估未来气候变化对作物产量的影响程度.本文首先利用积分回归方法建立了我国不同省区玉米产量与气象要素间的相关模型,然后利用最新的气候预测成果探讨了未来40年气候变化对我国玉米产量的可能影响,并分析了其原因.结果表明:如果玉米品种改良以及目前的科技水平发展速度不变,未来40年我国玉米单产将以减产为主,且随时间递增有减幅增大趋势,但一般在5%以内.A2气候变化情景下,除2021—2030年外,我国玉米减产幅度最大的地区为东北,在2.3%~4.2%;西北、西南和长江中下游地区在2031年以后减产幅度也较大.B2气候变化情景下,东北地区在2031—2040年减产幅度最大,达5.3%;其余仍以西南和西北地区减产幅度较大.两种情景下,华北地区减产幅度均较小,一般在2.0%以内,而华南地区几乎不变.A2相较B2情景下,除2021—2030年外,其余年代的绝大多数地区减产幅度均更大.各旬降水量在我国北方地区对玉米产量几乎都为正效应,而各旬温度对我国各省区玉米产量一般为负效应.未来我国各省区玉米减产的主要原因是气温升高,仅个别省份减产与降水量减少有关.不同方法对未来我国玉米产量变化的评估结果很不一致.进一步增强评估准确性一要考虑品种和科技进步因素的影响,二要增强各类评估模型的机理性.  相似文献   

9.
林网保护区冬小麦生长过程的数值模拟   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
给出了一个模拟冬小麦生长过程的产量生态学模式 ,并对黄淮海平原林网保护区冬小麦的生长过程进行了数值模拟 .模型输出变量包括作物的叶面积指数 ,根、茎、叶、籽等地上和地下器官生物量 ,以及与作物生长密切相关的土壤水分变化情况、作物水分利用率、光合 /呼吸效率等生理生态因子 .结果表明 ,由于林网地区小气候条件的改善 ,使得农林复合系统较之单作农田有更强的抗旱能力 ,在干旱的 1 994年 ,林网保护下的农林复合系统生产力较单作农田提高 1 1 .6%左右 .模式输出的小麦地上部分生物量与生长监测资料十分一致  相似文献   

10.
未来气候变化对华中地区中稻产量影响的模拟   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
按照政府间气候变化专业委员会( IPCC)排放情景特别报告(SRES)中的A2和B2情景,将基于区域气候模式PRECIS构建的气候变化情景与水稻生长模型ORYZA2000相结合,在多年试验数据和模型适宜性验证的基础上,模拟基准时段(1961-1990年)和2011-2050年时段A2、B2情景下的中稻发育期和产量,分析未来气候变化对华中地区中稻的影向.结果表明:1)相对于基准年,未来40年华中地区中稻生育期缩短,A2情景下中稻生育期平均缩短3.5d,B2情景下生育期平均缩短1.3d.其中,生育期缩短4d以上的区域集中在鄂西.2)不考虑CO2肥效作用时,未来40年华中地区中稻产量下降:A2情景下,雨养中稻产量平均减少17.8%,灌溉中稻产量平均减少14.2%;B2情景下,雨养中稻产量平均减少16.4%,灌溉中稻产量平均减少12.7%.A2情景比B2情景减产幅度大,说明升温幅度越大,对中稻负面影响越大.同一情景下,灌溉中稻比雨养中稻减产幅度小,说明灌溉一定程度上能抵消升温的不利影响.3)考虑CO2肥效作用后,未来40年华中地区中稻产量变化趋势不一致:A2情景下,雨养中稻产量平均减少4.3%,灌溉中稻产量平均增加4.3%;B2情景下,雨养中稻和灌溉中稻产量分别增加3.6%、11.8%.4)与不考虑CO2肥效相比,考虑CO2肥效时,A2情景下雨养中稻减产幅度缩小,A2情景灌溉中稻、B2情景雨养中稻、B2情景灌溉中稻均为增产,但增产幅度小于相同情景下的减产幅度,说明CO2肥效一定程度上可提高中稻产量,但不足以抵消升温的负面影响.5)无论是否考虑CO2肥效,雨养还是灌溉,未来气候变化将增加中稻产量的不稳定性,华中地区中稻生产风险加大;灌溉中稻稳定性大于雨养中稻,CO2肥效下稳定性大于无CO2肥效,因此灌溉、CO2肥效是提高区域中稻产量稳定性的有效措施.  相似文献   

11.
华北地区冬小麦灌溉制度及其环境效应研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
刘涛  周广胜  谭凯炎  周莉 《生态学报》2016,36(19):5979-5986
充分利用有限的灌溉水资源确保冬小麦安全生产是华北地区冬小麦稳产高产面临的严峻挑战,解决这一问题的关键在于如何基于环境效应科学地进行灌溉管理。综述了国内外有关冬小麦的灌溉管理制度,即充分灌溉与非充分灌溉管理制度以及冬小麦关键灌溉期的环境效应,在此基础上提出了华北地区冬小麦科学灌溉拟重点关注的研究任务:(1)冬小麦生长发育需水时间与需水量的控制机制研究;(2)冬小麦干旱发生发展过程与致灾临界气象条件研究;(3)气候变化背景下极端干旱事件的冬小麦脆弱性诊断与适应性管理,以为华北地区冬小麦安全生产措施制定提供依据。  相似文献   

12.
The vulnerability and adaptation of major agricultural crops to various soils in north‐eastern Austria under a changing climate were investigated. The CERES crop model for winter wheat and the CROPGRO model for soybean were validated for the agrometeorological conditions in the selected region. The simulated winter wheat and soybean yields in most cases agreed with the measured data. Several incremental and transient global circulation model (GCM) climate change scenarios were created and used in the study. In these scenarios, annual temperatures in the selected region are expected to rise between 0.9 and 4.8 °C from the 2020s to the 2080s. The results show that warming will decrease the crop‐growing duration of the selected crops. For winter wheat, a gradual increase in air temperature resulted in a yield decrease. Incremental warming, especially in combination with an increase in precipitation, leads to higher soybean yield. A drier climate will reduce soybean yield, especially on soils with low water storage capacity. All transient GCM climate change scenarios for the 21st century, including the adjustment for only air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation, projected reductions of winter wheat yield. However, when the direct effect of increased levels of CO2 concentration was assumed, all GCM climate change scenarios projected an increase in winter wheat yield in the region. The increase in simulated soybean yield for the 21st century was primarily because of the positive impact of warming and especially of the beneficial influence of the direct CO2 effect. Changes in climate variability were found to affect winter wheat and soybean yield in various ways. Results from the adaptation assessments suggest that changes in sowing date, winter wheat and soybean cultivar selection could significantly affect crop production in the 21st century.  相似文献   

13.
气候变化对我国干旱/半干旱区小麦生产影响的模拟研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
利用随机天气模型,将气候模式对大气中CO2倍增时预测的气候情景与CERES-小麦模式相连接,研究了气候变化对我国冬小麦和春小麦生产的可能影响。并对水分、温度、CO2综合对小麦的作用进行初步模拟分析。所得结论为:①气候变化后小麦发育将加快,生育期缩短,春小麦生育期缩短的绝对数和相对数均小于冬小麦。②北方十个站点小麦生产的最适水分条件在不同站点、不同气候情景下都有所不同。最适水分条件变幅在40%~80%。③在不考虑CO2对小麦影响的情况下,由于热量充足,只要水分条件适宜,未来我国北方干旱、半干旱地区小麦产量整体都有增产趋势。如果考虑CO2,增产效果更加明显。  相似文献   

14.
The North China Plain (NCP) is the most important agricultural production area in China. Crop production in the NCP is sensitive to changes in both climate and management practices. While previous studies showed a negative impact of climatic change on crop yield since 1980s, the confounding effects of climatic and agronomic factors have not been separately investigated. This paper used 25 years of crop data from three locations (Nanyang, Zhengzhou and Luancheng) across the NCP, together with daily weather data and crop modeling, to analyse the contribution of changes in climatic and agronomic factors to changes in grain yields of wheat and maize. The results showed that the changes in climate were not uniform across the NCP and during different crop growth stages. Warming mainly occurred during the vegetative (preflowering) growth stage of wheat and maize, while there was a cooling trend or no significant change in temperatures during the postflowering stage of wheat (spring) or maize (autumn). If varietal effects were excluded, warming during vegetative stages would lead to a reduction in the length of the growing period for both crops, generally leading to a negative impact on crop production. However, autonomous adoption of new crop varieties in the NCP was able to compensate the negative impact of climatic change. For both wheat and maize, the varietal changes helped stabilize the length of preflowering period against the shortening effect of warming and, together with the slightly reduced temperature in the postflowering period, extend the length of the grain‐filling period. The combined effect led to increased wheat yield at Zhengzhou and Luancheng; increased maize yield at Nanyang and Luancheng; stabilized wheat yield at Nanyang, and a slight reduction in maize yield at Zhengzhou, compared with the yield change caused entirely by climatic change.  相似文献   

15.
气候变暖对中国西北地区农作物种植的影响   总被引:59,自引:3,他引:56  
采用对农作物生长有指标意义的≥10℃积温和<0℃负积温与农作物适宜种植面积、生长发育速度及产量进行对比统计分析研究,指出气候变暖对中国西北地区农作物种植结构发生了较大改变,冬小麦种植区西伸北扩,棉花面积迅速扩大,多熟制向北和高海拔地区推移.农作物生长发育速度发生了明显变化,春播作物提早播种,喜温作物生育期延长,越冬作物推迟播种,生育期缩短.棉花气候产量明显增加.  相似文献   

16.
Climate change threatens global wheat production and food security, including the wheat industry in Australia. Many studies have examined the impacts of changes in local climate on wheat yield per hectare, but there has been no assessment of changes in land area available for production due to changing climate. It is also unclear how total wheat production would change under future climate when autonomous adaptation options are adopted. We applied species distribution models to investigate future changes in areas climatically suitable for growing wheat in Australia. A crop model was used to assess wheat yield per hectare in these areas. Our results show that there is an overall tendency for a decrease in the areas suitable for growing wheat and a decline in the yield of the northeast Australian wheat belt. This results in reduced national wheat production although future climate change may benefit South Australia and Victoria. These projected outcomes infer that similar wheat‐growing regions of the globe might also experience decreases in wheat production. Some cropping adaptation measures increase wheat yield per hectare and provide significant mitigation of the negative effects of climate change on national wheat production by 2041–2060. However, any positive effects will be insufficient to prevent a likely decline in production under a high CO2 emission scenario by 2081–2100 due to increasing losses in suitable wheat‐growing areas. Therefore, additional adaptation strategies along with investment in wheat production are needed to maintain Australian agricultural production and enhance global food security. This scenario analysis provides a foundation towards understanding changes in Australia's wheat cropping systems, which will assist in developing adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change impacts on global wheat production.  相似文献   

17.
中国北方气候暖干化对粮食作物的影响及应对措施   总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35       下载免费PDF全文
东北、华北和西北50a来的平均气温增幅高于全国平均水平,气候变暖明显,尤其冬季增温最显著。区域增暖的极端最低气温远比极端最高气温的贡献大。东北、华北大部、西北东部降水量明显减少,平均每10a减少20—40mm,尤其春夏季减少最明显。这种趋势一直延续到20世纪90年代以后,干旱化趋势非常突出。在综述我国北方现代气候变化基本特征是暖干化的基础上,重点阐述了喜凉作物冬小麦、春小麦、马铃薯和喜温作物水稻、玉米、谷子、糜子等7种主要粮食作物的生长发育、品种熟性、种植区域与面积、产量与品质等对气候暖干化的响应特征。揭示了气候暖干化使春播作物播期提早,苗期生长发育速度加快,营养生长期提前,生殖生长期和全生育期延长;秋作物发育期推迟,生殖生长期和全生长期延长;越冬作物播期推迟,越冬死亡率降低,种植风险减少,春初提前返青,生殖生长期提早,全生育期缩短。使作物适宜种植区域向高纬度高海拔扩展;品种熟性向偏中晚熟高产品种发展;喜温作物和越冬作物以及冷凉气候区的作物种植面积迅速扩大;在旱作区种植不较耐旱的玉米、春小麦等作物种植面积受到制约。对雨养农业区的作物气候产量影响严重,尤其对不够耐旱的小麦和玉米的气候产量受影响最大;对较耐旱的谷子、糜子、马铃薯等影响较轻。从作物属性而言,对喜温作物水稻、玉米和越冬作物冬小麦有利于气候产量提高;对喜凉作物春小麦和马铃薯的气候产量将产生不利影响。同时,提出了从5个方面应对气候暖干化的技术措施,调整作物种植结构,确保粮食生产安全;根据不同气候年型调整各种作物种植比例;针对不同气候区域发展优势作物和配置作物种植格局;采取不同栽培技术和管理模式应对气候变化;采取综合配套技术提髙抵御灾害能力。为粮食作物安全生产和种植结构调整与布局提供科学依据。  相似文献   

18.
华北地区冬小麦干旱风险区划   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
灾害风险评估与区划是是实现灾害应急管理向风险管理转变的关键。综合考虑了影响灾害风险大小的自然属性和社会属性,从多角度选取了干旱灾害强度、基于冬小麦干旱指数的干旱频率、基于灾损的干旱频率、灾年减产率变异系数、区域农业经济发展水平、抗灾性能指数等6个风险评估指标。通过引入CCA排序方法,揭示了不同风险评估指标之间的相关关系以及评估指标与相对气象产量的关系;并以确定的风险评估指标和相对气象产量之间的关系为基础,构建了不考虑抗灾和考虑抗灾2种风险指数。对比两种风险指数分析结果,表明在抗灾和不抗灾2种条件下,华北地区冬小麦干旱风险格局发生了明显改变。说明在当前农业生产水平下,人类的减灾抗灾和风险管理水平对冬小麦生产起着至关重要的作用。最后,以模糊聚类分析为手段,以考虑抗灾能力的风险指数和灾年减产率为分类标准进行聚类,实现了华北地区冬小麦干旱风险综合区划。  相似文献   

19.
Interannual variation in plant phenology can lead to major modifications in the interannual variation of net ecosystem production (NEP) and net biome production (NBP) as a result of recent climate change in croplands. Continuous measurements of carbon flux using the eddy covariance technique were conducted in two winter wheat and summer maize double-cropped croplands during 2003–2012 in Yucheng and during 2007–2012 in Luancheng on the North China Plain. Our results showed that the difference between the NEP and the NBP, i.e., the crop economic yield, was conservative even though the NEP and the NBP for both sites exhibited marked fluctuations during the years of observation. A significant and positive relationship was found between the annual carbon uptake period (CUP) and the NEP as well as the NBP. The NEP and the NBP would increase by 14.8±5.2 and 14.7±6.6 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, if one CUP-day was extended. A positive relationship also existed between the CUP and the NEP as well as the NBP for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The annual air temperature, through its negative effect on the start date of the CUP, determined the length of the CUP. The spring temperature was the main indirect factor controlling the annual carbon sequestration when a one-season crop (winter wheat) was considered. Thus, global warming can be expected to extend the length of the CUP and thus increase carbon sequestration in croplands.  相似文献   

20.
The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the main agricultural areas in China. However, it is also widely known for its water shortages, especially during the winter wheat growing season. Recently, climate change has significantly affected the water environment for crop growth. Analyzing the changes in the water deficit, which is only affected by climate factor, will help to improve water management in the NCP. In this study, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) was used to investigate the variations in the water deficit during the winter wheat growing season from 1961 to 2010 in 12 selected stations in the NCP. To represent the changes in the water deficit without any artificial affection, the rainfed simulation was used. Over the past 50 years, the average temperature during the winter wheat growing season increased approximately 1.42 °C. The anthesis date moved forward approximately 7–10 days and to late April, which increased the water demand in April. Precipitation in March and May showed a positive trend, but there was a negative trend in April. The water deficit in late April and early May became more serious than before, with an increasing trend of more than 0.1 mm/year. In addition, because the heading stage, which is very important to crop yield of winter wheat, moved forward, the impact of water deficit in late April was more serious to crop yield.  相似文献   

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