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1.
花粉和资源限制对青阳参坐果率的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以生长于自然种群的青阳参植株为材料进行补充授粉试验,以人工种植的青阳参植株为材料进行资源限制试验,探讨花粉和资源限制对青阳参坐果率的影响.结果表明:自花授粉、天然授粉和异株异花授粉植株的结实率分别为1.7%、2.25 %和24%,花粉来源对青阳参坐果存在显著影响;补充施肥和不补充施肥植株的坐果率分别为5.12%和3.1...  相似文献   

2.
为筛选出优质亲本及杂交组合,确定最佳授粉时期,探究观赏海棠品种间的杂交亲和性,为观赏海棠的新品种培育提供参考,该研究以15个性状互补的海棠品种为供试材料,用离体培养法测定花粉活力、悬液法测定花粉含量并对其雄性育性进行评价;联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其不同开花时期的柱头可授性;荧光显微观察法观察授粉后花粉管的生长及受精情况;人工控制授粉法研究5个杂交组合的坐果动态变化情况。结果显示,(1)根据花粉活力可将15个海棠品种的雄性育性分为不育型、较低型、中等型、优质型4类,其中‘印第安之夏’、‘冬红’等6个品种为优质父本。(2)海棠从开花前1 d至第6天的柱头可授性呈现“弱—强—弱”的变化规律,开花第3天时的柱头可授性最强。(3)授粉后4~8 h花粉开始萌发,48~96 h完成受精。(4)花粉育性和柱头可授性与杂交坐果率、种子饱满率间均存在显著的正相关性。授粉后2个月内是落果集中期,此后至果实成熟坐果率基本趋于稳定。‘冬红’ב印第安之夏’、‘草莓果冻’ב印第安之夏’为高坐果率杂交组合。研究表明,海棠雌雄蕊存在发育不同步现象,选择育性优质的亲本是杂交取得成功的关键,而受精后障碍是本研究中海棠杂交...  相似文献   

3.
梨不同品种花粉生活力测定及授粉特性研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以19个梨品种为试材,用离体培养法测定在不同贮藏温度下花粉生活力,并调查6个杂交组合和15个梨品种自交的结实特性。结果表明,在培养基中加入硼酸和赤霉素可提高花粉生活力;通过镜检发现大慈梨、八月红、黄金梨3个品种花粉败育;在不同的贮藏条件下,温度越低花粉发芽率下降越缓慢,因此在低温条件下适合花粉长久贮藏;在贮藏过程中,均存在"短期被迫休眠现象",且随温度的降低被迫休眠恢复时间向后延伸。6个杂交组合的花朵坐果率和花序坐果率平均值为82.54%和94.82%,与自然授粉没有明显差异,因此金二十世纪可以作为鸭梨、雪花梨的授粉树,雪花梨、鸭梨、红安久、红茄梨可以作为黄金梨的授粉树;15个梨品种自交结实率较低,而大慈梨、八月红、黄金梨、秦丰、秀玉、新星、雪花梨、丰水8个品种不结实,在生产上均需配置授粉树才能达到产量需求。  相似文献   

4.
猕猴桃为雌雄异株植物,但在丹东宽甸地区栽培的软枣猕猴桃‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’在不配置授粉雄株的情况下,仍能正常结果,且种子发育正常。该研究通过花粉活力测定、花粉扫描电镜观察、花粉管行为的荧光显微镜观察以及不同套袋授粉技术等,研究其授粉坐果特性,以明确‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’的生殖特性,为软枣猕猴桃栽培生产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’的花粉均没有活力。(2)‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’花粉粒空瘪,与正常雄性花粉存在很大差异,果园中的蜜蜂携粉足携带花粉中可见少量雄性花粉。(3)自花授粉的柱头未见花粉萌发,人工正常授粉(绿王花粉)的花粉萌发率显著高于自然授粉。(4)人工套硫酸纸袋或防虫网不授粉的结实率均为0,人工正常授粉的坐果率、单果重和果实纵横径略高于自然授粉,而果实侧径和单果种子数显著高于自然授粉。(5)该栽培地区周边山上约1km处可见野生软枣猕猴桃分布。研究认为,‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’为雌性品种,其在丹东宽甸地区不需配置授粉树即可结果的原因是周边有野生软枣猕猴桃分布,授粉昆虫为蜜蜂。充分授粉有助于提高其坐果率及果实大小,因此在正常栽培生产中应配置授粉雄株。  相似文献   

5.
巴旦杏花物候学与形态学研究   总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11  
成健红  艾尔肯等 《西北植物学报》2001,21(2):339-344,T015,T016
观察研究了喀什地区4个巴旦杏主栽品种的开花物候期,开花习性,花及花粉的形态特征等内容,结果表明:巴旦杏花期始于3月下旬或4月上旬,花期持续约10-20d,4个主栽品种花期相遇;品种间花的形态丰在差异,早开的花花质较好,晚开的花畸形花百分率较高,供试品种的花粉粒在扫描电镜下存在微形态上的差异。  相似文献   

6.
山地五月茶的蝇类传粉研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
观测了山地五月茶Antidesma montanum的开花物候、开花动态、访花者种类和访花行为,并对其繁育系统、花粉组织化学、花粉胚珠比(P/O)、花粉活力进行了检测。结果表明:山地五月茶是雌雄异株植物;其总状花序花期可长达7天;雄花/雌花花序数目为140.33±27.79/208.33±33.65(n=6),雌雄花的颜色为很淡的黄绿色小型花;雄花单花花期为2天,花药开裂当天有活力,花粉为非淀粉型,花粉胚珠比为3333.33±607.18;单花花蜜量可达0.34±0.03μL,花蜜含糖量3.69%±0.30%。花的结构和开花式样适合蝇类传粉。芳香的气味是吸引蝇类的直接物质:花蜜是传粉者的报酬。主要的传粉昆虫为双翅目Diptera丽蝇科Calliphoridae的Chrysomya megacephala、Chrysomyasp.、寄蝇科Tachinidae的Drino sp.和蝇科Muscidae的Spilogona sp.、Mitroplatia sp.。套网不授粉的处理不结实,表明山地五月茶不存在无融合生殖,人工辅助授粉的坐果率(39.1%)略高于自然坐果率(36.7%),二者无显著差异,表明其坐果率主要受自身资源分配限制。还讨论了蝇类传粉与雌雄异株性系统以及蝇类传粉与热带林中小型黄绿色花植物的相关性。  相似文献   

7.
猕猴桃种间及种内杂交亲和性研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以3个种的9个猕猴桃品种为试材,通过培养法比较它们的花粉活力,用荧光显微镜观察猕猴桃种间与种内杂交亲和性,并统计其亲和指数及坐果率,为猕猴桃的杂交育种以及最佳授粉树的选配提供依据.结果表明:猕猴桃花粉活力在种间表现为美味猕猴桃>中华猕猴桃>狗枣猕猴桃;中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃种间和种内杂交组合的柱头识别反应快,花粉在柱头粘附多、生长快且萌发率高、亲和性较强且坐果率较高,而用狗枣猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃种间杂交的花粉在柱头上萌发生长发育缓慢,其亲和性弱,平均坐果率仅为19.81%;30个杂交组合中亲和指数最高的是'金阳'×'金阳'雄株,亲和指数为960.33,坐果率为95.56%,最低的是'狗枣'×'金阳'雄株,亲和指数201.60,坐果率为12.22%.研究发现,猕猴桃的种间亲和性小于种内亲和性,同种内不同品种间的亲和性与坐果率也不同.  相似文献   

8.
不同品种杏的性器官发育和结实性比较研究   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
通过对原产于不同地区的51个杏品种的性器官发育和结实性的系统调查和测定,结果表明,1.花粉上和形状少数虽有一定差异,而大数色大多数品种相似,吕种间花粉萌发率尽管差异很大,但所有品种均为花粉可育型。2.大多数品种不完全花百分率很高,自然授粉率很,其主要原因是雌蕊败育。3.品种间不完全花百分率与花粉萌发率呈正相关;4.欧洲生态群品种与中国生态群品种比较芬粉大小和形态基本相似,而花粉萌发率和不安全花百分  相似文献   

9.
以11个海棠(Malus spp.)品种的花粉为材料、‘新红星’苹果(Malus pumila‘Starkrimson’)花粉为对照,对‘长富2号’苹果(M.pumila‘Changfu 2’)进行人工授粉并测定其坐果率及14个果实品质指标;在此基础上,采用因子分析法确定影响苹果授粉后花粉直感效应评价的主要因子,并对供试海棠品种的花粉直感效应进行综合评价和排序。结果表明:除海棠品种‘雪倩’(‘Xueqian’)外,用其他海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率均显著提高,其中用品种‘红波’(‘Hongbo’)授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率最高(达86.18%);经11个海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率以及果实的果形指数、单果质量和可滴定酸含量均高于对照(用‘新红星’苹果授粉);经大部分海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果果实的果棱数、果梗存留率、梗洼深度、梗洼开裂率、VC含量和花青苷含量也均高于对照,但果实的着色面积百分率、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比则低于对照。因子分析结果表明:前7个公因子的特征值均大于1,累计方差贡献率达88.187%,按照在授粉性能质量评价中的作用从大到小依次排序为果实甜度因子(包括可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量)、果实酸度因子(包括可滴定酸含量和糖酸比)、果个与果形因子(包括单果质量、梗洼深度和果形指数)、果梗因子(包括梗洼开裂率和果梗存留率)、果肉硬度因子、保健与外形因子(包括花青苷含量、VC含量、果棱数和着色面积百分率)及坐果率因子。综合评价结果表明:在供试的11个海棠品种中,仅品种‘红艳’(‘Hongyan’)、‘红亮’(‘Hongliang’)和‘红纱’(‘Hongsha’)的花粉直感效应综合得分高于‘新红星’苹果,表明这3个海棠品种的花粉直感效应优良,可作为‘长富2  相似文献   

10.
通过田间观察,运用TTC法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比和套袋实验等方法,对香石竹的开花状态及繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:在人工栽培条件下,香石竹种群可周年开花,单株花期35~61d,单花花期9~15d;花粉在开花第1~5天具有活力,柱头在开花第4~12天具可授性,第8~11天可授性最强;杂交指数为5,P/O值为307.84~790.52,结合坐果率结果,判断其繁育系统属于异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。  相似文献   

11.
Stigma development and receptivity in almond (Prunus dulcis)   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fertilization is essential in almond production, and pollination can be limiting in production areas. This study investigated stigma receptivity under defined developmental stages to clarify the relationship between stigma morphology, pollen germination, tube growth and fruit set. METHODS: Light and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine stigma development at seven stages of flower development ranging from buds that were swollen to flowers in which petals were abscising. Flowers at different stages were hand pollinated and pollen germination and tube growth assessed. Artificial pollinations in the field were conducted to determine the effect of flower age on fruit set. KEY RESULTS: Later stages of flower development exhibited greater stigma receptivity, i.e. higher percentages of pollen germination and more extensive tube growth occurred in older (those opened to the flat petal stage or exhibiting petal fall) than younger flowers. Enhanced stigma receptivity was associated with elongation of stigmatic papillae and increased amounts of stigmatic exudate that inundated papillae at later developmental stages. Field pollinations indicated that the stigma was still receptive and nut set was maintained in older flowers. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma receptivity in almond does not become optimal until flowers are past the fully open stage. The stigma is still receptive and fruit set is maintained in flowers even at the stage when petals are abscising. Strategies to enhance pollination and crop yield, including the timing and placement of honey bees, should consider the effectiveness of developmentally advanced flowers.  相似文献   

12.
不同葡萄品种柱头、花柱发育与种子形成的关系   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
对‘京秀’、‘香妃’(二倍体)和‘黑奥林’、‘巨峰’(四倍体)葡萄品种的柱头、花柱发生发育以及花粉管在雌蕊中生长与坐果和果实中种子形成的关系进行了研究。结果显示:‘京秀’、‘香妃’的坐果率和果实中的种子数明显高于‘黑奥林’和‘巨峰’,而‘巨峰’葡萄的坐果率和种子数最低。开花期‘京秀’和‘香妃’的花柱直径略小于‘黑奥林’和‘巨峰’,但花柱中部引导组织的直径和引导组织所占花柱的比例却大于‘黑奥林’和‘巨峰’;半实心花柱的比例也高于‘黑奥林’和‘巨峰’,说明花柱中引导组织的结构和发育状况可能与坐果和果实中种子形成有关;人工授粉24 h后,在‘京秀’和‘香妃’雌蕊中花粉管的生长速度快于‘黑奥林’和‘巨峰’,授粉后48 h‘京秀’和‘香妃’雌蕊中到达各部位的花粉管数要多于‘黑奥林’和‘巨峰’,授粉后72 h各品种到达子房各部位的花粉管数开始减少。表明‘京秀’和‘香妃’花柱中引导组织较为发达,而且半实心花柱比例也较高,有利于花粉管在雌蕊中的生长和完成授粉受精,使‘京秀’和‘香妃’的坐果率和果实中种子的形成都较高。  相似文献   

13.
Almond is one of the world's most economically valuable crops and many varieties require cross pollination for optimal fruit set. For this reason, western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) hives are often placed in almond orchards. However, little is known about the usage of almond and other pollen sources by individual hives during almond bloom. Here, we investigated the timing, identity and quantity of pollen collection associated with almond floral abundance and spatial location of individual hives by sampling 440 individual pollen tray samples and counting 45,072 pollen grains from 13,200 pollen pellets collected from 80 individual hives across the flowering season in Victoria, south-eastern Australia. A large proportion of hives collected non-almond pollen in addition to almond pollen (63/80 = 79%). The weight of almond pollen collected by the hives at each sampling time was positively related to the number of concurrently open almond flowers. However, non-almond pollen richness and abundance was not related to the number of almond flowers but had a positive relationship with the weight of almond pollen collected. There was no relationship between the distance among hives and identity of pollen collected. Yet, three plant families in the study area were found to account for a high percentage of the non-almond pollen collected, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae. Understanding crop and non-crop pollen collection could inform honey bee diet needs and identify the plant species of importance to inform best practice bee management during almond flowering.  相似文献   

14.
Irises in the section Oncocyclus (Siems.) Baker ( IRIS: Iridaceae) grow throughout the Middle East and have large and dark-coloured flowers but no nectar reward available to flower visitors. Consequently, no reward-collecting pollinators have been observed visiting the flowers during daytime. The only visitors are solitary male bees ( Eucera spp.: Apidae) that enter the flowers at dusk and stay there overnight. Here we describe the mating system of Oncocyclus irises, and the role of night-sheltering male bees in their pollination system. Pollen viability in I. haynei on Mt. Gilboa was very high (>90%) throughout all floral life stages. Stigmas were receptive in buds and in open flowers, but not in older ones. Self-pollination yielded no fruits in three species, confirming complete self-incompatibility in Oncocyclus irises. On average, 1.9 flowers were visited by each male bee before it settled for the night in the last one. Moreover, Iris pollen was present on the dorsal side of 38.8% of males caught sheltering in flower models mounted near an I. atrofusca population, indicating that pollen is transferred between flowers by night-sheltering solitary male bees. We have surveyed 13 flowering populations of six Oncocyclus species for the presence of night-sheltering male bees as well as for fruit set. We found a positive correlation, indicating that sexual reproduction in Oncocyclus irises is dependent on night-sheltering solitary male bees. Based on their complete self-incompatibility, the absence of nectar-collecting visitors during the day, and the transfer of pollen grains by the night-sheltering solitary male bees, we conclude that fertilization of Oncocyclus irises is totally dependent on pollination by night-sheltering solitary male bees.  相似文献   

15.
Silene alba, a perennial, dioecious plant, produces flowers that open in the evening and can remain open and receptive to pollination for up to 5 d, though in hot and dry conditions the flowers will wilt during the day only to reopen night after night. In the field, it is visited by two different kinds of pollinators with differential success: moths visit the flowers at night, and their movements result in broad pollen dispersal and large seed production, whereas bees, wasps, and flies visit the flowers in the mornings and have decreased pollination effectiveness. However, this differential success may be due to a decrease in stigmatic receptivity soon after the flowers open. We performed controlled pollinations to determine the effect of stigma age on pollen germination and seed set. We pollinated flowers at 12-h intervals up to 120 h and divided these into two sets: from one set, we removed stigmas 24 h after pollination to examine percentage of pollen germination. The second set of flowers was allowed to produce fruits, and the seeds were counted and weighed. Pollen germination declined significantly with stigma age, but there was no significant effect of stigma age at pollination on the number or mass of resulting seeds. Thus, the decreased pollination success of bees is not due to a decrease in stigmatic receptivity but is most likely a result of pollinator inefficiency.  相似文献   

16.
Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
BACKGROUND: Seventeen distinct pollination systems are known for genera of sub-Saharan African Iridaceae and recurrent shifts in pollination system have evolved in those with ten or more species. Pollination by long-tongued anthophorine bees foraging for nectar and coincidentally acquiring pollen on some part of their bodies is the inferred ancestral pollination strategy for most genera of the large subfamilies Iridoideae and Crocoideae and may be ancestral for the latter. Derived strategies include pollination by long-proboscid flies, large butterflies, night-flying hovering and settling moths, hopliine beetles and sunbirds. Bee pollination is diverse, with active pollen collection by female bees occurring in several genera, vibratile systems in a few and non-volatile oil as a reward in one species. Long-proboscid fly pollination, which is apparently restricted to southern Africa, includes four separate syndromes using different sets of flies and plant species in different parts of the subcontinent. Small numbers of species use bibionid flies, short-proboscid flies or wasps for their pollination; only about 2 % of species use multiple pollinators and can be described as generalists. SCOPE: Using pollination observations for 375 species and based on repeated patterns of floral attractants and rewards, we infer pollination mechanisms for an additional 610 species. Matching pollination system to phylogeny or what is known about species relationships based on shared derived features, we infer repeated shifts in pollination system in some genera, as frequently as one shift for every five or six species of southern African Babiana or Gladiolus. Specialized systems using pollinators of one pollination group, or even a single pollinator species are the rule in the family. Shifts in pollination system are more frequent in genera of Crocoideae that have bilaterally symmetric flowers and a perianth tube, features that promote adaptive radiation by facilitating precise shifts in pollen placement, in conjunction with changes in flower colour, scent and tube length. CONCLUSIONS: Diversity of pollination systems explains in part the huge species diversity of Iridaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, and permits species packing locally. Pollination shifts are, however, seen as playing a secondary role in speciation by promoting reproductive isolation in peripheral, ecologically distinct populations in areas of diverse topography, climate and soils. Pollination of Iridaceae in Eurasia and the New World, where the family is also well represented, is poorly studied but appears less diverse, although pollination by both pollen- and oil-collecting bees is frequent and bird pollination rare.  相似文献   

17.
利用人工授粉,采用压片法对大核龙眼‘九月乌’和焦核龙眼‘闽焦64-1’、‘闽焦64-2’、‘白核’等的自交与杂交后花粉管的生长特性进行研究,同时应用常规石蜡切片技术对大核与焦核龙眼的雌配子体以及合子胚早期发育进行观察。结果表明,龙眼胚珠在单核胚囊形成前就开始败育,且焦核品种(系)的败育率显著高于大核品种。不同亲本组合的授粉率存在差异,所有授粉组合在授粉36~48 h后均能观察到1个花粉管生长并进入胚囊受精。焦核品种(系)的胚胎在谢花后10 d开始败育,且败育率明显高于大核品种。受精是龙眼子房发育的首要条件,胚珠败育的雌蕊在谢花后10 d不膨大,不能发育形成焦核果实。谢花后10~30 d的早期胚胎败育是形成焦核龙眼的主要原因。焦核品种‘白核’胚乳具有成胚能力。约有24%的‘闽焦64-1’胚珠在胚胎发育过程中,其助细胞、合点端细胞及胚乳发生异常,这可能与早期胚胎败育有关。  相似文献   

18.
 Honeybee-assisted gene flow by pollen is of enormous benefit to world food production. Molecular genetic markers were used to detect the pollen-contributing parent in embryos of seeds after fruit set and, subsequently, to deduce the direction and distance of gene flow by pollen as assisted by bees in an almond orchard. It was shown that gene flow by pollen resulting in nut set takes place most strongly between neighbouring sides of adjacent cross-compatible pairs of trees. Examination of pellets extracted from pollen traps fitted to hives for the isozyme markers showed that most of the pellets were composed of pollen from only one cultivar or another, in accord with the hypothesis that the honeybee predominantly visits only one cultivar, either single trees or along rows of one cultivar, and that cross-pollination results from accidental or rare visits involving two cultivars. The results suggest that orchards should be designed to bring cross-compatible pairs of cultivars as close together as possible. Received: 26 April 1996 / Revision accepted: 16 August 1996  相似文献   

19.
We studied the reproductive ecology of Clintonia borealis, a clonal understory species, in eastern Ontario. Flowers are protogynous and require insect pollination for outcrossing and maximum seed set. Most pollination is done by nectar-gathering bumble bees. We recorded pollen deposition and flowering patterns in 1983. Flowering lasted for about 10 days in mid-June. Stigmatic pollen loads were lowest at the onset of blooming, reflecting the scarcity of male-phase flowers. Pollination increased significantly by peak bloom and subsequently remained high. However, since bees fly mostly between neighboring stems, much of the pollen transferred may have been geitonogamous. In 1983, seed set per flower was not increased by supplementing pollination or by reducing the number of fruits competing for resources per stem. Rather, flowers set more seeds (14%) only if both treatments were performed simultaneously. Seed size was increased by 25% when competitive fruits were removed and by 5% more when pollen was added under the removal treatment. Further work in 1984 showed that pollination effects may be related to changes in pollen source. Selfed flowers set fewer and smaller seeds than outcrossed ones when screened from insects and hand pollinated. Outcrossing distance had little effect on seed set or seed size. Thus, in C. borealis seed number and seed size are limited by a balance between maternal resource availability and the amount of outcrossing provided by pollinators.  相似文献   

20.
Laboratory studies were conducted to assess tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), quality in relation to the level of buzz-pollination by bumble bees. Studies were conducted in commercial tomato greenhouses in the Leamington, Ontario, area to categorize bruising of tomato anther cones by bumble bees into five levels of bruising. The number of pollen grains per stigma was determined for each bruising level, and the bruising level was found to be a good predictor of stigmatic pollen load. Experimental flowers were pollinated by bumble bees and assigned to bruising levels based on the degree of anther cone discoloration. Fruit set, tomato weight, minimum diameter, the number of days until ripe, roundness, weight, percentage sugars, and number of seeds were assessed and compared among bruising level. Fruit set in flowers receiving no pollination visits was 30.2%, whereas, 83.3, 84.4, 81.2, and 100% of the flowers set fruit in bruising levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Minimum diameter, number of seeds, and tomato weight all increased from no bruising to different levels of bruising. There was no increase in weight or diameter above a bruising level of 1, and no increase in the number of seeds per fruit after a bruising level of 2. We found that pollination of tomato flowers greater than a bruising level of 2 (corresponding to approximately one to two bee visits) did not result in a significant increase in quality.  相似文献   

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