污染条件下VAM玉米元素积累和分布与根际重金属形态变化的关系

为了了解重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在土壤－根际－植物系统中的行为,揭示VAM植物减弱土壤中过量重金属对植物生理毒的抗性机理,采用原子吸收光谱测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在污灌土壤中生长的VA菌根玉米和无菌根玉米中的积累和分布,并用连接形态分析技术分析了菌根际中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的形态分布和变化趋势,结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在菌根玉米中的积累量比非攻根中积累量分别减少10％、18％和29％,Cd积累量没有改变,生长7周后,菌根玉米是非菌根玉米生物量的1．5倍,与对照土壤相比,根际中除Cu交换态显著增加外,Zn、Pb、Cd各形态相对改变量显著大于非菌根,且菌根根际上中Cu、Zn、Pb有机结合态增加量显著大于非根际土,说明菌根际金属向稳定状态转移的程度显著大于非菌根际,同时,讨论了根际金属形态对金属有效性的影响,及其与菌根植物金属抗性机理的关系。     

有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响Ⅰ.土壤内源Zn形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源Ｚｎ形态分布．结果表明,单淹水使土中各形态Ｚｎ一定程度上向生物有效性较低的Ｚｎ形态转化,有效态Ｚｎ降低．土壤盐分量不同,明显影响无定形氧化铁结合态、紧结有机态以及硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ变化．种稻不施有机物料,根际交换态和硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ亏缺;碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态和无定形氧化铁结合态Ｚｎ富集．根际Ｚｎ形态转化强度大于非根际,其有效态Ｚｎ量接近临界值并高于非根际．有机物料利于根际内外土壤中硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ的转化,低盐土壤根际更强烈．随有机物料用量增加,促使根际硅酸盐矿物态、碳酸盐结合态及氧化锰结合态Ｚｎ向交换态、紧结有机态和无定形氧化铁结合态Ｚｎ转化,低盐土壤较明显．     

杨树落叶前后重金属元素内外迁移循环规律研究

供试元素在杨树各部位的含量和贮量为Ｚｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ａｓ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｄ,并与环境中相应元素浓度呈正相关．落叶时元素的迁移主要发生在叶、枝、根和干之间,叶中８～４８％的Ａｓ、Ｚｎ迁移至主干的皮与材中,而Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ贮量均有增加,Ｚｎ、Ａｓ的内循环占总循环量的４０％,Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ表现为外循环,占总贮量的１７～２７％．同时分析了植物对土壤重金属污染的净化效率．     

玉米根际土壤中铜形态的动态变化

采用根垫法研究玉米根际土壤形态动态变化。结果表明：玉米生长过程中根际土壤铜形态发生显著变化。植物生长前期交换态和碳酸盐结合态铜含量逐渐增加,随后增加量减少。植物生长后期根际交换态和碳酸盐结合态铜含量低于非根际土壤。这种变化主要由根际环境变化与植物吸收引起。与根限土壤中铜形态变化,特别是交换态铜含量变化关系密切的因素包括土壤溶解性有机碳、pH和土壤微生物。随着植物生物量的增加,对铜的吸收速率不断增加,导致根限土壤中有效态铜的先增后减。     

施用尿素对土壤中Cd、Pb形态分布及植物有效性的影响

采用室外盆栽试验,研究了在镉(25mg·kg-1)、铅(1000mg·kg-1)单一污染及其复合污染的土壤中,施用不同剂量尿素(0、100、200、400、800mg·kg-1)对小麦根际和非根际土壤镉、铅形态、小麦植物体镉、铅浓度的影响,为重金属污染土壤的防治提供依据。结果表明:增加尿素施用水平显著提高了小麦不同部位镉、铅浓度,尿素施用促进小麦对镉、铅的吸收与其对土壤中镉、铅形态分布的影响紧密相关,尿素施用引起土壤pH下降,提高土壤中交换态镉、铅含量,而交换态是最易被植物吸收利用的部分,这是尿素施用提高镉、铅植物有效性的主要原因;与单一污染相比,镉、铅复合污染抑制了小麦对铅的吸收,但促进了小麦对镉的吸收。     

改性措施对复合污染土壤重金属行为影响的研究

采用田间实验的方法,研究了在复合污染土壤上石灰＋Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ肥处理对重金属迁移、积累的影响及重金属的作物效应．结果表明,在污染土壤上采用石灰＋Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ肥处理可减少重金属向作物籽实的迁移和积累,特别是Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ａｓ３元素;改性以后,水稻、小麦Ｃｄ吸收量比改性前降低了３１．５—５５％．４种作物对Ｐｈ的吸收量降低了２３．４－５７．８％,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ吸收量略有降低．水稻Ａｓ吸收量增加了５６．８％,小麦、大豆Ａｓ吸收量减少６１．８－８１．１％．重金属在土壤中存在的形态发生了变化,Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ交换态百分含量不同程度地有所减少,而碳酸盐结合态有所增加,可被植物吸收利用的有效含量降低．     

铜尾矿库区狗牙根根际土壤铜的形态变化

通过野外调查和室内分析,对安徽省铜陵市铜尾矿库区狗牙根根际土壤Cu的形态进行了研究．结果表明,尾矿库区狗牙根根际与非根际土壤Cu大部分为矿物态Cu,交换态Cu含量偏低．与非根际土壤相比,狗牙根根际土壤pH值下降,有机质含量显著增加．随着狗牙根的生长,根际土壤有机结合态Cu和交换态Cu含量显著增加,其占土壤总Cu量的比例分别增加7．89％和超过5％,碳酸盐结合态Cu和铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量则有所下降．狗牙根生长促进了根际土壤Cu形态的转化,提高了Cu在土壤中的迁移能力,加之狗牙根的吸收作用,其根际土壤Cu含量显著降低．     

各种改性剂对重金属迁移,积累影响的研究

采用盆栽实验．研究了在不同改性措施条件下,Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ多元素复合污染物对水稻、大豆生长的影响及重金属在土壤－作物系统中迁移、积累的特性．结果表明,作物根系中的离子冲量越大,对作物危害越重．酸处理对作物生长影响较大,而腐殖酸和石灰处理有利于作物的生长．改性剂对重金属迁移能力影响大小依次为酸＞腐殖酸＞石灰．作物的不同部位对重金属吸收的顺序为根＞茎叶＞籽实．重金属在土壤－作物系统中的迁移能力为Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ａｓ＞Ｐｂ．     

重金属复合污染对土壤—植物系统的生态效应II.对作物,苜蓿,树…

研究Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ５元素复合污染对农作物、苜蓿、树木吸收元素的影响,供试污染物浓度以接近国内外土壤环境标准值作为高剂量处理,结果表明,５种元素间存在交互作用,可提高作物对Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ吸收系数,籽实超出粮食卫生标准的超标率在低剂量处理时Ｃｄ为１６．６￣４２．８５％,高剂量时达１６．６￣７１．４２％。苜蓿茎叶中Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ含量超出饲料卫生标准,树叶中含量也有所增加,在中、酸性土壤上尤甚     

重金属复合污染对大豆生长的影响及其综合评价研究

通过正交试验设计研究了溶液培养条件下Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ复合污染对大豆幼苗生长的影响．结果表明,复合污染条件下,各元素在根中的积累顺序为ＡＳ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ,茎叶中为Ｃｄ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｚｎ＞Ａｓ＞Ｐｈ,其交互作用类型决定于元素的投加浓度及其与共存元素的比例,而对其生长发育,ＡＳ和ＣＵ是主要的毒害元素,并指出相对离子强度是复合污染综合效应指示与控制的又一有效指标．     

EFFECTS OF INOCULATION WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON MAIZE GROWN IN MULTI-METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS

Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae and G. sp) on maize (Zea mays L.) grown in Pb, Zn, and Cd complex contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated maize were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different soil heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) concentrations. The root and shoot biomasses of inoculated maize were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated maize. Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated maize, indicating the heavy metals mostly accumulated in the roots of maize. The translocation rates of Pb, Zn, and Cd from roots to shoots were not significantly difference between inoculated and non-inoculated maize. However, at high soil heavy metal concentrations, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the shoots and Pb in the roots of inoculated maize were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to the non-inoculated maize. These results indicated that AMF could promote maize growth and decrease the uptake of these heavy metals at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of heavy metals in Pb, Zn, and Cd complex contaminated soils.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on heavy metal accumulation of maize grown in a naturally contaminated soil

A pot culture experiment was carried out to study heavy metal (HM) phytoaccumulation from soil contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd by maize (Zea mays L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF). Two AM fungal inocula--MI containing only one AM fungal strain (Glomus caledonium 90036) and MII consisting of Gigaspora margarita ZJ37, Gigaspora decipens ZJ38, Scutellospora gilmori ZJ39, Acaulospora spp., and Glomus spp.--were applied to the soil under unsterilized conditions. The control received no mycorrhizal inoculation. The maize plants were harvested after 10 wk of growth. MI-treated plants had higher mycorrhizal colonization than MII-treated plants. Both MI and MII increased P concentrations in roots, but not in shoots. Neither MI nor MII had significant effects on shoot or root dry weight (DW). Compared with the control, shoot Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations were decreased by MI but increased by MII. Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd uptake into shoots and roots all increased in MII-treated plants, while in MI-treated plants Cu, Zn, and Pb uptake into shoots and Cd uptake into roots decreased but Cu, Zn, and Pb uptake into roots and Cd into shoots increased. MII was more effective than MI in promoting HM extraction efficiencies. The results indicate that MII can benefit HMphytoextraction and, therefore, show potential in the phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils.     

粤东铅锌尾矿三种优势植物对重金属的吸收和富集特性研究

为探讨铅锌矿废弃地优势植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的应用潜力,利用野外采样分析法,从粤东梅县丙村铅锌尾矿区采集其三种优势植物类芦、黄荆、盐肤木的根、茎、叶和土壤样品,测定和分析Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量.结果表明:该矿区土壤污染严重,Pb、Zn、Cd含量远超土壤环境质量的三级标准,Cu超出二级标准;根际土壤和非根际土壤重金属含量均为Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd,但根际土壤的重金属含量显著低于非根际土壤;这三种植物对Pb、Zn、Cu的转移系数大于1.0,对Cu的富集系数最高,Pb最小,但对四种重金属的富集系数均小于1.0,均未达到超富集植物临界含量标准.三种植物为该矿区的优势植物,说明它们对土壤的重金属污染有很强的耐性,虽然并非典型的超富集植物,但对污染土壤仍有较好的修复效果.     

Response of ectomycorrhizalPinus banksiana andPicea glauca to heavy metals in soil

Pinus banksiana andPicea glauca inoculated or not with the ectomycorrhizal fungusSuillus luteus were grown in a sandy loam soil containing a range of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were significantly reduced on Pinus and Picea seedlings by the heavy metals, particularly Cd and Ni. Needle tissue metal concentrations were lower in ectomycorrhizal seedlings at low soil metal concentrations. However, at higher soil concentrations, heavy metal concentrations of needle tissue were similar in ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. The growth of nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to heavy metals was reduced compared to those inoculated withSuillus luteus. Apparently ectomycorrhizal colonization can protect Pinus and Picea seedlings from heavy metal toxicity at low or intermediate soil concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.     

芜湖钢铁厂周边土壤及油菜籽中镉、铜、锌、铅含量和形态分布研究

研究了污染土壤、油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量、形态分布特征和重金属富集状况及可能存在的生物毒性.结果表明,土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态、Cu以残留态占5种形态最高比例,分别为31.81%、39.83%、53.79%、46.24%;Cd、Pb交换态比例较高,为23.47%、16.32%,Cu、Zn的交换态比例较小,为3.14%、0.54%;土壤中不同重金属与各重金属形态相关关系有差别,5种重金属形态转化为有效态重金属难易程度不同;油菜籽和油菜籽壳中不同重金属累积趋势有差异,Cu易在油菜籽壳中累积,Cd、Zn、Pb易在油菜籽中累积;油菜籽中不同重金属累积率不同,Cd累积率最高,为0.56.油菜籽中重金属累积率与土壤中重金属总量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),土壤中重金属的形态、转化差异是此种负相关关系的主要原因;油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Pb以氯化钠态为主,分别为32.50%、22.94%、34.69%,Zn以EDTA态为主,为45.97%.油菜籽中重金属形态可能影响其毒性,但其毒性的人类膳食风险还需进一步研究证实.油菜籽中重金属形态与油菜中重金属总量相关性不好.     

河北主要土壤中Cd、Pb形态与油菜有效性的关系

当今土壤重金属污染日趋严重而表征土壤污染程度 的指标不够完善、相关性亦较差。为此,采用网室盆栽试验,研究了河北平原主要土壤类型潮土和潮褐土上Cd、Pb的化学形态特征及其与油菜植株干物重、油菜吸收重金属含量的关系。结果表明Cd对油菜的毒害作用大于Pb。总量及各形态Cd、Pb含量与油菜可食部分干物重呈负相关,对油菜干物重影响最大的是交换态Cd、Pb。而对油菜吸收Cd、Pb贡献最大的形态是碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态。深入研究重金属形成与植物有效性间的关系,可为进一步揭示重金属的生物有效性,为更准确评价土壤重金属污染程度提供理论依据,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

Distribution features and internal relations of heavy metals in soil–maize system of mining area,Anhui Province,Eastern China

A total of 59 topsoil and corresponding maize plants were collected from this study area. The spatial distribution, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression of heavy metals were researched detailedly in this article. The results showed that distribution characteristics of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni) in different parts of maize plants (immature stage) accumulated mostly in stems, with Pb mainly accumulated in roots (mature period), and Cd and Ni mostly in leaves. Except for the southeastern local region of this mining area, Mn and Cu possessed roughly similar spatial distribution characteristics. The results of partial correlation analysis indicated that Cu, Cd in the roots of the tested maize plants and Ni in soil may have antagonistic effects, Cu (soil)–Cu (stem) and Ni (soil)–Pb (stem) had a certain promoting effect. Besides, Cu, Pb, and Ni in soil promoted the absorption of Cu, Pb, and Ni in the leaves, whereas Cr and Pb in soil can promote the enrichment of Mn in maize grains. Our findings suggested that the concentrations of heavy metals in maize organs could be predicted accurately using the established models.     

Factors affecting the distribution of cadmium,copper and lead and their effect upon yield and zinc content in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the roots, stems and leaves of bulgarian bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined for plants grown in various soils of increasing levels of contamination of these metals. Most of each heavy metal absorbed by plants was retained in roots. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in roots increased in response to soil concentrations, whereas, in stems, only Cd and Pb concentrations increased and Cu concentration was relatively constant. It is thought that Cu transport to the stele was metabolically controlled, whereas Cd and Pb reached the stem by leakage across non suberised areas of the endodermis. Uptake of heavy metals was associated with a decrease in zinc content in plants and a decrease in yield. By regression analysis decrease in both zinc content and plant yield could be best related to Cd content in stems. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.     

施用污泥对油菜根际养分和不同种类重金属的影响

根际是控制植物养分动态的重要因素,养分动态也影响着根际土壤环境。当土壤被污水污泥改良后,根际土壤中的养分和重金属性质也会发生变化。目前很少有人研究施用污泥的土壤中植物根系对根际重金属有效性和分布的影响。采用根垫—冰冻薄层切片法对施用污泥后土壤中油菜根际的养分和重金属分布情况进行研究,以期探明污泥改良土壤中根际重金属的活化特征。当土壤施用污泥后,根际土壤中DTPA提取态Zn,Cd,Ni,Mn,有效磷,有效钾和铵态氮被显著消耗,而根际土壤中DTPA提取态Cu没有明显的消耗或积累。当土壤中施用大量污泥时,根际土壤的pH值随着离根表面距离的增加而增加。无论土壤是否用污泥处理,油菜根际土壤中可交换态Cu都显著减少。当土壤被50%污泥改良时,在距离根表面0—2 mm处的油菜根际土壤中碳酸盐结合态,铁锰氧化物结合态,有机物结合态,残渣态的Cu和Zn都被消耗较多。污泥的施用对油菜的生长有促进作用。随着污泥施用量的增加,油菜地上部分Cu和Zn的含量没有显著变化。施用污泥量小于25%的土壤中,污泥没有增加重金属的可利用性和移动性。除了Cu,油菜根际土壤中DTPA提取态Zn,Cd,Ni的减少表明施用污泥的土壤中重金属的活化是非常有限的。