苹果蠹蛾性信息素对梨小食心虫的诱集和迷向作用

【背景】在中国,苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫经常混合发生,但有关苹果蠹蛾迷向设置对梨小食心虫影响的研究却较少。【方法】在苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫同时发生的果园中设置2种迷向发散器,使用三角胶粘式信息素诱捕器监测2种昆虫的发生动态,以观察苹果蠹蛾性信息素是否会对梨小食心虫产生诱捕效果或类似的迷向作用。【结果】无论是否设置性信息素迷向发散器,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器均能诱集到梨小食心虫的雄性成虫。在2009~2011年的田间试验中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器对梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量最多能达梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器的1.1倍,占2种诱捕器诱集总量的51.7%。在设置性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量受苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的影响而下降:相比无迷向设置的对照果园,同时设置2种昆虫迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了90.9%,梨小食心虫自身性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了92.4%;在仅设置苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了87.5%,梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了60.6%。【结论与意义】苹果蠹蛾迷向发散器对于梨小食心虫雄性成虫存在"迷向"作用。在2种害虫同时发生的情况下使用2种迷向发散器,对于2种害虫能够达到比较好的防治效果。     

不同剂型迷向剂处理对苹果蠹蛾控制效果比较

【背景】苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的检疫性害虫,目前从新疆迅速向东部扩散。苹果蠹蛾性信息素胶条迷向剂对防控苹果蠹蛾高效、安全,但成本较高。【方法】2013年在宁夏中卫市常乐镇马路滩村果园使用3种不同剂型的迷向剂对苹果蠹蛾进行了防治试验,每个处理果园面积3.3 hm~2,分别使用性诱剂处理后,用诱捕器监测处理后的诱蛾量,在生长期调查果实为害率,比较防治效果。【结果】通过整个生长季诱捕器监测,悬挂点以900个·hm~(-2)双层处理,胶条迷向剂在开花前处理1次,整个生长季处理区中心部位没有监测到苹果蠹蛾成虫;透明塑管迷向剂分别在开花前和6月底处理2次,整个生长季中心部位平均每个诱捕器诱到3.3头雄蛾;膏体迷向剂分别在开花前和6月底处理2次,整个生长季中心部位平均每个诱捕器诱到12头雄蛾。在6月下旬和果实采收前进行果实为害率调查,胶条迷向剂区平均蛀果率分别为0和0.56%,透明塑管迷向剂区蛀果率分别为0.89%和1.38%,膏体迷向剂处理区蛀果率分别为0.79%和1.38%。常规农药防治区2个时期蛀果率分别为1.44%和3.13%。【结论与意义】综合考虑防治效果和使用成本,在虫口密度高、效益高的果园可以使用胶条迷向剂,膏体迷向剂和透明塑管迷向剂只有在虫口密度较低的情况下使用。     

应用性信息素迷向法防治茶毛虫的田间试验

2003年在贵州省黔南州都匀茶场进行了性信息素迷向法防治茶毛虫Euproctis pseudoconspersaStrand的田间试验。通过比较处理区和对照区内茶毛虫发蛾量、交配率和后代虫口密度,发现剂量为0.5mg的性信息素释放器按5 m的间隔施放的防治效果显著好于其它处理,它在越冬代和第1代试验中茶毛虫诱蛾量分别减少83.90%和70.25%,交配率分别下降78.18%和73.21%,虫口密度减少59.02%和45.71%。试验结果表明性信息素迷向法可以作为防治茶毛虫的一种手段。     

梨小食心虫迷向液剂的制备及应用研究

【目的】解决梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)迷向丝和迷向管在田间防治使用时悬挂数量多、人工费时等问题,并实现梨小食心虫性信息素在整个防治区域均匀释放。【方法】采用相分离法制备获得了稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂,并参考《农药田间使用准则》进行了田间应用技术研究。【结果】在6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂后,150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理区的平均蛀果率分别为0.17%和0.13%,对照处理的平均蛀果率为1.75%,而未施药果园的平均蛀果率为5.04%。梨小食心虫迷向液剂150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理对梨小食心虫的防治效果显著好于对照处理和未施药处理。【结论】相分离法可制备稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂。6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂150²00 g/667m2对梨小食心虫成虫进行防治,可获得良好的迷向和防治效果,梨小食心虫迷向液剂的成功制备对于生产无公害和有机水果具有较好的经济和社会效益。     

苹果蠹蛾诱芯性信息素含量变化及其有效时间

载有反口橡皮塞诱芯的三角式诱捕器是我国目前进行苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella（L.）监测的主要工具。在室内理论条件下悬挂自制的橡皮塞信息素诱芯,苹果蠹蛾性信息素释放持续时间为20周,最后1周的信息素剩余含量仍在500μg左右。在室外自然条件下,2个处理能够检测到信息素剩余含量的最后时间分别为第9周和第5周,剩余含量分别为33.3μg和37.7μg;装有该信息素诱芯的诱捕器能够诱集到苹果蠹蛾成虫的时间可达15周。综合室内和室外结果,得到该自制苹果蠹蛾诱芯的最长有效时间为15周,高效时间为4周。     

不同剂量信息素缓释迷向剂防治苹小卷叶蛾的比较

【目的】明确信息素缓释迷向剂在不同果园防治苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana beijingensis Zhou et Fu的持效期及合理使用密度。【方法】本研究采用信息素迷向法,分别于2013、2014年在河南省郑州市应用0.3 g/根苹小卷叶蛾信息素缓释迷向剂防治苹果园和桃园苹小卷叶蛾进行了试验,试验设置600、500、400根/hm~2 3个密度梯度。【结果】桃园中在苹小卷叶蛾越冬代活动前以600、500、400根/hm2处理,处理后124 d的防治效果分别为85.86%、91.98%和70.12%,8月份以后防效显著降低。苹果园中3种密度处理后5个月对苹小卷叶蛾的防效均为100%。【结论】结合防治成本,建议桃园中早熟品种可使用信息素缓释迷向剂400根/hm~2密度进行处理防治苹小卷叶蛾,晚熟品种使用信息素缓释迷向剂500根/hm2以上密度处理,持效性可达4个月,苹果园可使用信息素缓释迷向剂400根/hm2密度进行处理防治苹小卷叶蛾,持效期可达5个月。     

库尔勒香梨上苹果蠹蛾发生规律及其性信息素迷向防控效果

【目的】苹果蠹蛾是我国进境检疫性有害生物。库尔勒香梨是苹果蠹蛾在新疆果树种植区的主要寄主。研究苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向防控技术在新疆库尔勒香梨产区的应用效果,可为该害虫的绿色防控提供参考。【方法】通过持续监测与调查,掌握苹果蠹蛾在库尔勒香梨上的发生规律和危害特点,并通过定期调查诱蛾量和蛀果率,比较微胶囊迷向剂、迷向丝、常规化学农药对苹果蠹蛾的防治效果。【结果】库尔勒香梨产区苹果蠹蛾一年发生2~3代,以老熟幼虫越冬,且死亡率较低。4月中旬越冬代羽化出土,5月开始为害;第1代成虫高峰期为7月上中旬,第2代成虫高峰期为8月下旬至9月中旬。微胶囊迷向剂、迷向丝、常规化学农药处理区每周的平均诱蛾量分别为2.85、2.98、4.95头·台~(-1),平均蛀果率分别为2.25%、0.8%、0.99%,与空白对照区的差异均达极显著水平。【结论】使用性信息迷向剂能够降低苹果蠹蛾第1代、第2代幼虫及成虫的数量。     

用性信息素加农药诱杀器防治梨小食心虫的田间试验

在设计出性信息素加农药诱杀器后,以60、135、240、480个／km2诱杀器田间处理,看出以135个／km2诱杀器处理即有明显的防治效果。经在不同的虫口密度果园试验,以诱蛾量下降率、为害率和雌蛾交配率3项指标考察,该诱杀器1次挂出,在田间有效期达70～80天,取得了较理想防治效果。     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素的研究和应用进展

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)是我国重要的检疫害虫, 在我国仅分布于新疆和甘肃以西局部地区, 但一直保持向我国东部扩张的趋势。在国际上, 利用性信息素监测和迷向防治苹果蠹蛾已经成为一种切实可行并广泛应用的害虫管理技术。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾性信息素的成分鉴定、人工合成和应用情况的研究进展, 指出了目前存在的问题和应用前景, 以期为我国苹果蠹蛾的防控策略的研究和应用提供参考。     

梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用技术研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园、桃园重要的果树害虫。本文比较研究了梨小食心虫性信息素在梨园、桃园悬挂不同高度、设置不同密度对梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响,结果表明:在梨树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为2 m;在桃树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为1.5 m;同时,田间诱捕效果与性信息素设置密度密切相关,梨园中,每0.067 hm2设置密度为6¹0个诱芯时,对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果影响不大,而桃园中每0.067 hm2设置8个诱芯时,有最好的诱集效果。本研究可为梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用提供指导。     

Dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in pears

Codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) are very important orchard pests worldwide, and particularly in Victoria, Australia, where both species damage pome fruit. Individually CM and OFM have been controlled successfully by pheromone‐mediated mating disruption, but treatment of pome fruit with full registered rates of two individual hand‐applied dispensers for CM and OFM could be uneconomical for growers. Field trials conducted over three seasons in plots sprayed with insecticides consistently demonstrated that dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers, designed to disrupt both CM and OFM, were as effective as Isomate CTT and Isomate OFM Rosso dispensers applied individually in pears for control of CM and OFM respectively. The dual‐ and individual‐species dispensers reduced moth catches and fruit damage to a similar degree. The results suggest that combined control of CM and OFM in pears by applying dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers at the full‐recommended rate of 500 dispensers per hectare will be more economical than use of individual species dispensers, because the price and application cost of dual dispenser is about half that for individual dispensers.     

Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the codling moth: effect of dispenser type, field aging of dispenser, pheromone dose and type of trap on male captures

The effects of dispenser type, dispenser aging in the field, pheromone dose in the dispenser and trap type on trapping efficiency of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.), males were investigated in Israel. An Israeli-manufactured rubber septum was significantly better than the CM Pherocon cap in attracting males to a Pherocon 1C cap trap or an IPS trap. The effect of aging of the dispenser in the field on trapping efficiency was significant in CM Pherocon caps and the Israeli septa. Captures in traps were negatively correlated with aging of septa. The effect of aging of dispensers was more marked during summer than during spring. The fairly rapid loss of attractancy indicates that the lures should be replaced after 2 weeks at the most. The release rate of the pheromone from the dispensers was measured in a flow system. The emission from the Israeli septa and Pherocon caps decreased sharply after 2 weeks and then was almost constant, which explains the lower attractancy of aged septa. However, there was a marked difference in the release profiles of the pheromone from the two types of dispensers, which may explain the different performance of the two dispensers. Within the range of 0.1 to 100 μg pheromone per dispenser, male response increased positively with the pheromone dose. Pheromone loadings of 100 or 1000 μg per dispenser did not differ significantly in their attractiveness for males. A load of 5000 μg per dispenser was significantly less attractive to males than was 100 or 1000 μg per dispenser. The non-sticky IPS trap was significantly better in capturing codling moth males than was the sticky, commonly used Pherocon 1C trap, provided it was baited with the Israeli dispenser. The two traps were equally effective when baited with the CM Pherocon caps. The possibility of using the non-sticky, nonsaturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps for monitoring codling moth is of great importance. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50-250, Israel. No 3702-E, 1992 series.     

A comparison of various mating disruption technologies for control of two internally feeding Lepidoptera in apples

Sex pheromone mating disruption (MD) is an approach used to control several moth pest species of pome fruit by disrupting the ability of the males to find females and consequently prevent mating. The following experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of several new and experimental sex pheromone MD technologies, and dispenser densities for simultaneous control of the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), and the oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck) (both Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Pennsylvania apple orchards. In one study, three MD approaches to control CM and oriental fruit moth – CM and OFM Disrupt Micro‐Flakes, Isomate CM/OFM TT, and both a CideTrak OFM and a CideTrak CM dispenser containing both codlemone and pear ester – and an insecticides‐only treatment were compared over the course of 2 years. In the other studies, the efficacy of several CheckMate Duel dispenser densities (i.e., 250, 375, 425, and 500 dispensers ha^?1) were compared against Isomate CM/OFM TT, and an insecticides‐only treatment. The CideTrak CM/pear ester combination and Isomate CM/OFM TT treatments both substantially reduced CM captures in traps in 2007 and 2008. Meanwhile, OFM trap shutdown was highest in the CheckMate Duel densities of 375 (99.9 ± 0.08%) and 500 dispensers ha^?1 (98.9 ± 0.07%) and the Isomate CM/OFM TT treatment (98.0 ± 1.13%), and lowest in the 250 dispensers ha^?1 density treatment (94.3 ± 3.23%). In orchards where OFM is the dominant pest species, a CheckMate Duel dispenser density of 375 ha^?1 is necessary for effective control, whereas higher densities are needed to control CM.     

Evaluation of extended-season mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in apples

Abstract:  Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) has recently become a key pest of apples throughout the eastern USA. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth was successfully used in North Carolina apple orchards in the past few years. However, low levels of late-season fruit damage occurred in some orchards treated in late May with hand-applied pheromone dispensers because of inadequate dispenser longevity. To investigate alternative pheromone application schedules for extended mating disruption control, the following pheromone treatments were compared with conventional insecticides in Henderson County (NC) in 2002: late May application of hand-applied dispensers; late June application of hand-applied dispensers; late May application of hand-applied dispensers supplemented with a late August application of sprayable pheromone dispensers; late May application of hand-applied dispensers which have a longer activity period; and conventional insecticides as a control. All treatments were sprayed with an insecticide at petal fall in late April for thinning and for control of the first generation Oriental fruit moth adults. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in all mating disruption blocks compared with conventional insecticide blocks. Among pheromone treatments, the highest trap captures were recorded in the delayed hand-applied dispenser treatment in June before treatment. However, the mean percentage fruit damage did not vary with timing of application of hand-applied dispensers and the type of pheromone dispenser used. Clearly, the combination of each mating disruption treatment with insecticide application against first generation Oriental fruit moth was as effective as the conventional insecticide treatment under moderate population pressure.     

Combined approaches using sex pheromone and pear ester for behavioural disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Attractive properties of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate, and codlemone, (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were utilized in experiments on behavioural disruption of mating. Standard dispensers loaded with codlemone alone or in combination with pear ester (combo) were applied at 500–1000/ha. Larger (10‐fold) combo dispensers (Meso) were evaluated at a rate of 80/ha. The addition of microencapsulated pear ester, PE‐MEC, sprayed with insecticides at 30 ml/ha was also evaluated. Male moth catches in unmated female‐baited traps were lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Female moth catch in traps baited with the combination of pear ester, codlemone and acetic acid was lower in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. In 12 comparative experiments spanning from 2006 to 2012, male moth catch in unmated female‐baited traps was consistently and significantly lower in combo than in codlemone dispenser–treated plots. Male catch in codlemone‐baited traps did not differ between dispenser treatments in eight studies from 2006 to 2009. These results emphasize the benefit of alternatively using traps baited with unmated females over codlemone lures for the analysis of dispenser activity. Fruit injury was significantly reduced with the addition of PE‐MEC to insecticide applications across untreated and dispenser treatments. Proportion of unmated females trapped was higher in standard combo dispenser than in codlemone dispenser–treated and untreated plots. Similarly, the proportion of unmated females caught was higher in the Meso combo dispenser than in nearby or distant codlemone dispenser–treated plots. These field studies conducted in apple over 3 years demonstrate that adding pear ester both to pheromone dispensers, either standard or Meso, and to supplementary insecticide sprays can provide a significant increase in the disruption of sexual communication, reductions in female mating and reductions in fruit injury.     

Evaluating dispensers loaded with codlemone and pear ester for disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Polyvinyl chloride polymer (PVC) dispensers loaded with ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) plus the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were compared with PVC dispensers and a commercial dispenser (Isomate-C Plus) loaded with codlemone. Evaluations were conducted in replicated plots (0.1-0.2 ha) in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen) during both generations of codling moth from 2007 to 2009. Dispensers were applied at 1,000 ha(-1). Male captures in traps baited with virgin female moths and codlemone lures were recorded. Residual analysis of field-aged dispensers over both moth generations was conducted. Dispensers exhibited linear declines in release rates of both attractants, and pear ester was released at a significantly higher rate than codlemone during both time periods. The proportion of virgin female-baited traps catching males was significantly lower with combo dispenser TRE24 (45/110, mg codlemone/mg pear ester) during the second generation in 2007 and the combo dispensers TRE144 (45/75) and TRE145 (75/45) during the first generation in 2008 compared with Isomate-C Plus. Similarly, male catches in female-baited traps in plots treated with the combo dispensers TRE144 during the first generation in 2008 and TRE23 (75/110) during the second generation, in 2007 were significantly lower than in plots treated with Isomate-C Plus. No significant differences were found for male catches in codlemone-baited traps in plots treated with Isomate-C Plus and any of the combo dispensers. However, male catches were significantly lower in plots treated with Cidetrak CM (codlemone-only dispenser) than the combo TRE144 dispenser during both generations in 2009.     

Application of synthetic herbivore‐induced plant volatiles causes increased parasitism of herbivores in the field

We previously reported that Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella; Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) larvae, was attracted to volatiles from crucifer plants infested by moth larvae kept in a desktop acrylic box, and that a blend of four DBM‐induced plant volatiles was responsible for this attraction. In this study, using a specially designed dispenser to release the four compounds, we demonstrated that the wasp was attracted to intact komatsuna plants (Brassica rapa var. perviridis). The experiments were performed in a climate‐controlled room, which was approximately 1000 times larger than the acrylic box used previously. Similarly, using the dispenser in the field, C. vestalis females were attracted to intact komatsuna plants with the dispenser from a distance of three metres. We also examined the effect of the volatile blend on the incidence of parasitism of DBM larvae in the field. Three small containers containing DBM‐infested komatsuna plants with dispensers, and three control containers containing only infested plants (control) were arranged in two lines running perpendicular to a komatsuna field in which both DBM larvae and C. vestalis populations were maintained, at distances of 12, 30 and 70 m. The results showed that the incidence of DBM parasitism was significantly higher in containers containing dispensers than in the control containers, suggesting that the blend could potentially be applied to DBM control in agroecosystems.     

Mating disruption of codling moth Cydia pomonella with high densities of Ecodian sex pheromone dispensers

A mating disruption approach using high densities of pheromone dispensers, has recently been proposed for controlling codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep., Tortricidae). Ecodian® CP dispensers, made of low‐cost biodegradable material and easy to apply, were formulated with 10 mg of codlemone and placed at a rate of 1400–2000 dispensers/ha. Seasonal dispenser performance was evaluated using different methods. The release rate of new Ecodian dispensers, measured directly by solid‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME), was significantly higher than that of the standard monitoring lure. The release rate of field‐aged dispensers decreased over time; it was comparable with that of the standard monitoring lure after 55–90 days of field exposure and significantly lower beyond. Electroantennographic (EAG) recordings showed that field‐aged dispensers strongly stimulated virgin male moths’ antennae. Dispensers elicited close‐range approaches in wind tunnel irrespective of their age. Traps baited with aged Ecodian CP dispensers captured males throughout the season. Our results demonstrate that Ecodian dispensers achieved a good level of activity and longevity over the season. Field trials carried out from 2002 to 2004 confirmed the efficacy of Ecodian CP dispensers for codling moth control, regardless of the size of the treated area. The potential of this strategy for the control of C. pomonella is discussed.     

Honey bee dispersal of biocontrol agents: An evaluation of dispensing devices

Many reports have been published lately on the use of honey bees to disseminate biocontrol agents to flowers, using various kinds of inoculum dispensers. This technique is mainly used to deliver agents for controlling fire blight and gray mold. The present study evaluated the relative efficiency of a newly developed 'Triwaks' dispenser with three other dispenser types, 'Peng', 'Tub', and 'Harwood', with respect to effects of the dispensers on bee activity, and effectiveness for contaminating bees with high levels of inoculum for a long period of time after its application. We found differences in these parameters of performance between dispenser types, with the Triwaks dispenser having the overall best performance. This dispenser could prove to be an effective tool for biocontrol. The evaluation methods that we present could be used for evaluating other dispenser types.     

Sprayable microencapsulated sex pheromone formulation for mating disruption of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Australian peach and pear orchards

Areawide mating disruption treatments have been effective in controlling infestation of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Australian pome and stone fruit orchards. Although successful, the areawide mating disruption program has been an expensive approach by using hand-applied Isomate dispensers. Sprayable microencapsulated (MEC) pheromone formulations that can be applied with standard spray equipment could substantially reduce the cost of application. Field trials conducted during two consecutive seasons (2002-2004) demonstrated that monthly applications of MEC-OFM phase V (3M Canada, London, Ontario, Canada) at a rate of 125 ml/ha (37.1 g [AI]/ha) in replicated 2-ha blocks of both peaches and pears reduced oriental fruit moth shoot tip and fruit damage as effectively as a single application of Isomate OFM Rosso hand-applied dispensers (500 dispensers per ha) and as or more effectively than standard broad-spectrum insecticide sprays. Fruit protection was achieved despite high oriental fruit moth population densities in both crops as measured by moth catches in terpinyl acetate food and pheromone traps. Similar numbers of oriental fruit moths were captured among all treatments in food traps but captures of males in pheromone traps were disrupted (96-99%) in pheromone-treated blocks relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that microencapsulated formulations of pheromone could be effectively used in areawide mating disruption programs for oriental fruit moth in Australia as a cost-saving alternative to reservoir-style dispensers requiring labor-intensive hand application.