棉花转基因技术和转基因棉花

概述了棉花转基因育种技术和转基因抗虫棉、转抗除草剂基因棉花、转抗病基因棉花、转品质改良基因棉花及天然彩色棉花等的研究概况。     

不同棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性鉴定

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一。我国对棉盲蝽研究基础比较薄弱,棉盲蝽的综合治理工作迫在眉睫。本实验通过田间调查,系统研究了棉盲蝽在不同时期对美中棉、荆7516-1、皖棉小黄花、海7124、SGK321、N73DelpatineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚叶棕絮和池州红叶棉8个不同棉花品种的为害情况,得到如下结论:皖棉小黄花对棉盲蝽的抗性较高且比较稳定,而N73DeltapineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚棉棕絮这2个棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性较低。     

Resistance of different cotton varieties to cotton mirids

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一.我国对棉盲蝽研究基础比较薄弱,棉盲蝽的综合治理工作迫在眉睫.本实验通过田间调查,系统研究了棉盲蝽在不同时期对美中棉、荆7516-1、皖棉小黄花、海7124、SGK321、N73 DelpatineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚叶棕絮和池州红叶棉8个不同棉花品种的为害情况,得到如下结论:皖棉小黄花对棉盲蝽的抗性较高且比较稳定,而N73 DeltapineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚棉棕絮这2个棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性较低.     

湖北棉区转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的控制作用

2000-2001年通过田间系统调查,表明转Bt基因棉（品种为GK19）在湖北江汉平原棉区对棉铃虫抗性稳定。试验设3个处理：转Bt基因棉化防田（使用化学农药控制害虫）、转Bt基因棉自控田（依靠天敌控制害虫）及常规棉对照田（利用综合防治措施控制害虫）。从棉铃虫的第2代到第5代整个发生期内,即使在不进行化学防治的情况下,棉铃虫在Bt棉田的发生量也保持在极低的水平(最高百株虫量为12头)。室内饲养结果表明,转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的生长发育（幼虫体重、蛹重）有较为明显的影响,使6龄幼虫体重减少25.6%,蛹重减少18.2%。棉铃虫幼虫取食转Bt基因棉组织后,发育迟缓,相对于常规棉喂养的整个发育历期延长17 d,使棉铃虫在田间的危害减少至少一个世代。另外,接虫试验表明,棉铃虫幼虫在常规棉上的取食时间是转Bt基因棉株上的6.1倍,极大地减轻了棉铃虫的危害程度。     

转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对棉铃虫的抗虫性及对二种地老虎幼虫生长发育的影响

为了明确转Bt Cry1A+CP4EPSPS基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)的抗性水平及对八字地老虎Amathes c-nigrum和黄地老虎Agrotis segetum的影响,作者用转基因棉花和非转基因棉花叶片对棉铃虫、八字地老虎和黄地老虎幼虫进行了室内饲养观察。结果表明,转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对新疆南部第2代棉铃虫表现为中抗,幼虫校正死亡率为70.4%;棉花叶片在整个生育期均能表达Bt毒蛋白,整个生育期Bt毒蛋白含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对八字地老虎幼虫有强烈的毒杀作用,可以引起幼虫大量死亡,对存活幼虫的生长发育也有明显的抑制作用,幼虫发育迟缓,不能顺利化蛹;但对黄地老虎幼虫没有明显的影响,幼虫可以正常生长。     

施肥与摘蕾对棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量及棉花产量的影响

分析比较了不同施氮水平(0-450kg·hm^-2)与不同摘蕾处理(0-12个·株^-1)对转Bt基因棉花(GK-12)和常规棉花(泗棉3号)的棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量以及棉花产量的影响．结果表明,两个品种的棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量和有效铃量没有显著性差异。在本实验水平下,施肥和摘蕾与施肥的交互作用对两种棉花的棉蚜数量有显著性的影响,而摘蕾、施肥和两者的交互作用对两种棉花的棉叶蝉数量没有显著影响．在花铃期,施氮肥能增加两种棉花的有效铃数．线性回归分析表明,两种棉花的棉蚜、棉叶蝉的数量与施氮肥量和摘蕾量成正相关关系;有效铃量与施氮肥量呈正相关,与摘蕾量呈负相关．     

转基因棉花对棉铃虫天敌寄生率的影响

采用分期接虫、分期回收法研究常规棉与转基因棉花品种 (系 )上棉铃虫寄生性天敌在不同棉花品种上的寄生作用。结果表明 ,无论是第 2代棉铃虫发生期间还是第 3 ,4代棉铃虫发生期间 ,无论是棉铃虫卵期还是幼虫期 ,转基因棉花品种 (系 )的棉铃虫卵、幼虫寄生率均显著低于常规棉花品种上的寄生率。棉铃虫卵期寄生蜂主要是拟澳洲赤眼蜂 ,幼虫寄生蜂为棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂等。由此看出转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生性天敌存在非亲和性。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉与常规棉中几种同工酶的比较——转基因植物安全性评价生理指标初探

经基因改造的转基因抗虫棉在我国已开始进入大规模商业化应用,对此进行安全性评价是一个十分重要的生态学问题。本文比较了抗虫棉和常规棉中过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、酯酶等几种重要同工酶的酶活和酶谱的差异,发现在一定生长期中,抗虫棉的可溶性过氧化物酶活性显著高于常规棉,酯酶的酶活和酶谱在两种棉花中也存在着差异。认为这些差异可能影响抗虫棉的次生代谢,进而导致一些综合的生态学效应,提出植物生理上的改变也是转基因植物安全性评价研究的重要内容。     

Kaolin particle film associated with increased cotton aphid infestations in cotton

Highly reflective white kaolin‐based particle film was sprayed on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), plots in south Texas during 2004 and 2005 to observe its effect on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). Populations of cotton aphids on the ventral surfaces of leaves in the kaolin‐treated plots were greater than in non‐treated control plots during both years. Alate cotton aphids were attracted less to white than to other pan trap colors, and parasitism by Lysiphlebus spec. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was either unaffected or greater in the kaolin‐treated plots, hence these two factors (color and parasitism) do not explain the increased infestations in the treated plots. However, mean temperatures on the ventral surfaces of kaolin‐treated cotton leaves were cooler than those of control leaves. The observed temperature difference where cotton aphids reside on cotton leaves is a potential reason for the greater infestations in the kaolin treatment plots. Our study demonstrates that applications of kaolin can exacerbate a pest infestation in cotton.     

不同类型棉田棉蚜种群动态研究

根据华北棉区8种不同时空类型棉蚜种群密度调查结果,分析和比较了不同播种时间、间套作及免耕措施对棉蚜种群密度的影响。     

胚轴切断法诱导棉株对棉铃虫生长发育的影响

通过室内饲喂棉铃虫的方法,测定了诱导棉株对棉铃虫幼虫发育历期、幼虫体重和肾重的影响。结果表明,不加菌处理和加菌处理的诱导抗性棉株可分别使棉铃虫幼虫发育历期延长０．５和３ｄ,幼虫体重（５龄）降低１１．４５％和１９．６０％,蛹重降低６．５４％和１０．８１％。用诱导棉株叶片饲养８日龄棉铃虫幼虫３天后,菌诱导和无菌诱导分别使棉铃虫的相对生长率降低２２．９％和１７．２％,相对取食量降低２６．１％和２１．４％     

试管棉纤维与天然棉纤维超微结构的差异（简报）

Native cotton fiber and in vitro cotton fiber that was induced from cotton ovule callus by suspension culture were observed using transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The ovule surface on the first day preanthesis was quite smooth. On the anthesis, it had a lot of protuberances. Two kinds of callus, smooth and rough were found. The microfibrils of callus was vertical to the cell long axis and they changed their orientations with the development of the in vitro cotton fiber: from the vertical to shallow spiral and then to parallel to the cell long axis. So was the native cotton fiber. It suggests that in vitro cotton fiber and native cotton fiber have similar development process. Compared with the ovule surface cell, most callus cells had smaller nuclear. During the development of the fiber, the plasm of native cotton fiber was denser than that of in vitro fiber, and it has more cellular organ than in vitro fiber. The cell wall of native cotton fiber was thicker and denser than that of the in vitro cotton fiber too. It suggests that the physiological activity of in vitro cotton fiber was less active than native cotton fiber.     

转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

The cotton kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein associates with cortical microtubules in cotton fibers

Microtubules in interphase plant cells form a cortical array, which is critical for plant cell morphogenesis. Genetic studies imply that the minus end-directed microtubule motor kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) plays a role in trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, it was not clear whether this motor interacted with interphase microtubules. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers, cortical microtubules undergo dramatic reorganization during fiber development. In this study, cDNA clones of the cotton KCBP homolog GhKCBP were isolated from a cotton fiber-specific cDNA library. During cotton fiber development from 10 to 21 DPA, the GhKCBP protein level gradually decreases. By immunofluorescence, GhKCBP was detected as puncta along cortical microtubules in fiber cells of different developmental stages. Thus our results provide evidence that GhKCBP plays a role in interphase cell growth likely by interacting with cortical microtubules. In contrast to fibers, in dividing cells of cotton, GhKCBP localized to the nucleus, the microtubule preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast. Therefore KCBP likely exerts multiple roles in cell division and cell growth in flowering plants.     

转Bt基因棉田与常规棉田节肢动物群落多样性的比较研究

研究了在棉花生长的早期、中期和后期转Bt(bacillus thuringiensis)基因棉和常规棉两种棉田的节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落多样性。结果表明,GK-12未防治区的节肢动物群落多样性指数和害虫亚群落的多样性指数在棉花生长前期和后期要高于泗棉3号未防治区;GK未防治区的天敌亚群落多样性指数在棉花生长后期高于泗棉3号未防治区,在棉花生长的早期和中期,两者的大小没有表现出显著性差异。对影响棉田生态系统3种多样性指数的因子的方差分析表明,棉花品种和化学防治措施的共同作用是影响棉田生态系统节肢动物群落和天敌亚群落多样性指数的主要因子。     

三种棉盲蝽对不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及种群动态

【目的】明确我国华北地区棉盲蝽优势种对不同种棉花品种的选择偏好性,以及这几种盲蝽的种群动态及发生规律。【方法】2013和2014年通过小区随机排列田间系统调查的方法,比较分析了中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis(Jakovlev)、三点盲蝽Adelphocoris fasciaticollis(Reuter)和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对12个棉花品种的选择偏好性,种群动态及与温度的关系。【结果】3种盲蝽均对石亚系1号表现出明显偏好性,对N73Deltapine FO表现出明显的不偏好性。棉盲蝽在每年7月初开始危害,7月下旬及8月上旬盲蝽种群密度达到峰值,9月上旬种群密度逐渐降低,9月中下旬盲蝽迁出棉田。在本实验调查的温度范围内(17~35℃),盲蝽种群密度随着温度升高而增大。【结论】棉盲蝽对不同品种有明显选择偏好性,盲蝽种群大的地区推荐种植盲蝽厌食品种。