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1.
硝基芳烃化合物特别是 2 ,4-二硝基甲苯 (2 ,4-DNT)是一种典型的环境污染物 ,美国环保局将其列为优先监测污染物。我国松花江水中和鱼体中已多次检出此类污染物。因此研究 2 ,4-DNT在鱼体内的生物转化规律对于保护生态环境 ,维护人类健康具有实际意义。近年来通过体外实验研究硝基芳烃化合物在生物体内的代谢过程 ,以哺乳动物 (鼠 )的研究比较系统[1—3] ,在水生生物方面还未见报道。本文从酶学角度进行体外实验 ,探讨 2 ,4-DNT在鲤肝S9组份作用下的生物转化规律 ,为研究 2 ,4-DNT在鱼体内的代谢机制提供依据。1 材料与方法1 …  相似文献   

2.
三油酸酯-半渗透膜采样装置对有机氯农药的富集作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在实验室流水条件下研究了林丹、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、4 ,4′ 滴滴涕及六氯苯在三油酸酯 半渗透膜采样器 (SP MDs)中的富集。所研究的 5种有机氯农药在SPMDs中富集迅速 ,动力学过程可以用线性关系描述 ,2 0d后富集系数达到 15 0 0— 180 0 0。当暴露于接近天然水体浓度时 (2 μg/L) ,富集量能够达到对生物标记物研究制样量的要求 ,富集量大小顺序为六氯苯 >4 ,4’ 滴滴涕 >七氯环氧 >艾氏剂 >林丹 ,与有机氯化合物的脂 /水分配系数成正相关。初步研究结果表明SPMDs可以用来作为生物标记物测试的样品前处理手段 ,或替代水体生物进行微量或痕量有毒有机污染物的生物毒性监测。  相似文献   

3.
闵军  陈卫卫  李俊德  胡晓珂 《微生物学报》2020,60(12):2816-2835
硝基芳烃化合物作为一种重要的化工原料,广泛应用于医药、染料、农药等化工产品的合成。在给人类社会带来空前的物质繁荣的同时,其造成的环境污染问题也成为人类社会面临的重要挑战之一。微生物在这些环境污染物的降解中起着重要的作用。近几十年,环境微生物工作者对微生物降解硝基芳香污染物的各个步骤,包括趋化感应、分解代谢及生物修复进行了大量的研究工作,获得了丰富的知识。本文综述了硝基芳烃及其卤代衍生物的微生物代谢途径、代谢机理、趋化及修复研究进展,并对本领域的研究进行了展望,有助于全面认知硝基芳烃污染物的微生物降解过程,为污染环境修复提供理论基础。  相似文献   

4.
芳香族化合物是一类具有苯环结构的有机物,它们结构稳定,不易分解,并可通过食物链进行生物富集和生物放大,对生态环境及人类健康造成极大危害。细菌具有超强的分解代谢能力,能降解多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)等多种难降解芳香族污染物。吸附和转运是细菌进行芳香族化合物细胞内代谢的前提。虽然芳香族化合物的细菌降解已取得较为显著的研究进展,但吸附和转运机理仍不甚清楚。本文讨论了细菌对芳香族化合物的吸附有积极作用的细胞表面疏水性、生物被膜形成和细菌趋化性等影响因素,总结了FadL家族、TonB依赖性受体蛋白、OmpW家族等外膜转运系统和主要协同转运蛋白超家族(major facilitator superfamily, MFS)转运体、ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette, ABC)转运蛋白等内膜转运系统对该类化合物跨膜运输作用,并对跨膜转运机制进行了讨论和阐述,旨在为芳香族污染物的防控和治理提供一定理论参考。  相似文献   

5.
污染土壤中多环芳烃的共代谢降解过程   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22  
1 前 言多环芳烃是一类普遍存在于环境中的重要有机污染物 ,因其致癌性、致畸性、致突变性而被认为是危险物质。由于其水溶性低 ,辛醇 水分配系数高 ,因此 ,该类化合物易于从水中分配到生物体内、沉积层中。土壤成为多环芳烃的重要载体 ,多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复也因此倍受关注。多环芳烃在土壤中有较高的稳定性 ,其苯环数与其生物可降解性明显呈负相关关系。很少有能直接降解高环数多环芳烃的微生物。研究表明 ,高分子量的多环芳烃的生物降解一般均以共代谢方式开始[1 3] 。共代谢作用可以提高微生物降解多环芳烃的效率 ,改变微生物碳…  相似文献   

6.
随着经济的发展,分布于热带、亚热带沿海潮间带的红树林遭受到各类污染物的威胁。各种陆源有机污染物严重威胁着红树林湿地的水体、沉积物及生物体。汇总我国红树林生态系统水、沉积物及生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药、抗生素、溴代阻燃剂等机污染物的研究结果,进而评价我国红树林生态系统的有机污染现状及生态风险。总体来看,已有多种污染物在红树林水体、沉积物及生物体中检出,有机污染物含量处于较低水平。红树林水体中有农药及抗生素检出;沉积物中多环芳烃、多氯联苯含量在珠江口地区最高,二者在沉积物中的潜在生态风险较低;DDT在红树林沉积物中的生态风险属于较低水平,但部分红树林区DDT含量存在超过ERM的现象,应引起重视;多溴联苯醚等"新型"有机污染物在珠江口红树林沉积物中普遍检出。多种有机污染物在红树林植物及林内生物体种存在生物富集效应。红树林是多种有机污染物的重要蓄积地。  相似文献   

7.
微藻-细菌共生体系在废水处理中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在微藻-细菌协同共生的过程中,藻类光合作用释放的氧气被异养微生物利用来矿化水体中的污染物,细菌呼吸为藻类提供二氧化碳作为碳源。近年来,藻类-细菌协同共生体系在污水处理中的应用得到了广泛的研究。本文重点综述了菌藻协同共生体系中微藻与细菌之间的三种相互作用,以及菌藻协同共生体系在废水处理中的应用。菌藻协同共生体系中的微藻与细菌通过营养交换、信号转导及基因转移等相互作用实现共赢。该体系广泛用于处理富营养化、重金属、药物、多环芳烃(polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)、石油烃化合物等难降解的有机污染的水体。对于氮、磷等营养物质的去除,其主要机理涉及同化作用、厌氧氨氧化作用、硝化与反硝化作用、磷酸化作用等。对重金属、药物、石油烃化合物及其他有机化合物的去除机制主要是生物吸附、生物富集及细胞内外的生物降解。  相似文献   

8.
多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)是一类对环境有严重危害的持久性有机污染物。具有高生物富集性、致癌性、致毒性和难降解性,修复治理PAHs污染环境备受国内外政府及学者的关注。目前主要采用物理、化学以及生物方法对多环芳烃污染的土壤和水体进行修复。其中生物修复是一种高效、经济和生态可承受的环保技术,具有成本低、无二次污染等优点。本文从植物修复、微生物修复以及植物-微生物联合修复方面,阐述了国内外生物修复PAHs污染的最新研究进展。指出了生物修复PAHs污染环境需要进一步解决的问题,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。  相似文献   

9.
角果发育对某些物种的生殖发育具有重要的作用。拟南芥种子附着在角果里,角果在早期发育时进行光合作用,角果成熟后开裂散落种子之前,其细胞会经历一个衰老的过程。一般植物细胞在衰老过程中要经历膜脂降解的过程,但是角果细胞衰老过程仍未知。通过比较角果衰老过程中拟南芥野生型(WS)及与膜脂代谢密切相关的磷脂酶Dδ缺失突变体(PLDδ KO)中膜脂分子的组成情况、膜脂含量、相对含量及双键指数值,结果发现,在拟南芥角果衰老过程中:(i)质体膜脂和质体外膜脂显著下降;(ii)不同膜脂降解速率不一样,质体膜脂的降解比质体外膜脂的降解快;(iii)总的双键指数DBI下降;(iv)磷脂酶Dδ缺失突变体(PLDδ KO)的角果膜脂组成的基本水平和变化样式与野生型(WS)非常相似。结果说明,角果在衰老过程中发生了膜脂的激烈降解。据此推测:(i) 膜脂水解产物可能转移到种子中用于储藏脂三酰甘油的合成;(ii) 质体膜脂相对含量下降和质体外膜脂相对含量上升导致了总的DBI下降;(iii) PLDδ参与了角果衰老中的膜脂代谢。  相似文献   

10.
蚯蚓在有机污染土壤生物修复中的作用机理与应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
蚯蚓的各类活动能够改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤微生物活性,引入高效降解菌等,直接或间接地促进有机污染物在土壤中的降解和转化。其中蚓触圈是有机污染物降解的热点区域。此外,生物富集也是蚯蚓修复土壤有机污染的重要机理之一。研究表明,蚯蚓能够促进土壤中多种有机污染物的降解,在土壤有机污染生物修复方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了蚯蚓在土壤有机污染生物修复中的作用机理及在修复多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药等污染土壤方面的应用,指出当前研究存在的不足,并对未来研究进行展望,以期为土壤有机污染生物修复提供参考和依据。  相似文献   

11.
The effects of nonylphenol (NP) on plasma vitellogenin (VTG) and steroid hormone values, as well as hepatic cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, were measured in goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed a diet with a low (formulated diet, FD) or high (commercial diet, CD) content of phytoestrogens, including genistein and daidzein. Male goldfish with secondary sexual characteristics were exposed to nominal NP concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 microg/L in the water for 28 days while being fed either the FD or CD diet at 1.0% of body weight daily. Plasma VTG concentration in male goldfish exposed to 100 microg of NP/L and fed FD was significantly higher than that in the FD-fed control fish at seven, 21, and 28 days. However, fish of the CD-fed group exposed to 100 microg of NP/ L had significantly higher plasma VTG concentration than did fish of the CD-fed control group at 28 days only. Moreover, plasma VTG concentration in fish of the CD-fed control group was about 100-fold higher than that in fish of the FD-fed control group. Although the estrogenic effects of a phytoestrogen-enriched diet caused a decrease in testosterone and/or 11-ketotestosterone values in the CD-fed fish, there was no dose-response relationship between androgen and amount of NP to which the FD-fed fish were exposed. Nonylphenol does not have appreciable effects on hepatic CYP1A and GST activities in male goldfish at concentrations as low as 100 microg/L. These results suggest that NP has estrogenic activity in male goldfish at the nominal concentration of 100 microg/L, and that phytoestrogens, such as genistein and daidzein, in the CD inhibit an aspect(s) of steroid release and/or synthesis common to testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. However, results of in vivo screening assays for endocrine-disrupting chemicals may be seriously affected by phytoestrogens in the diet, depending on content or potency of estrogenic activity; therefore, we recommend use in research of a standardized, open-formula diet in which estrogenic substances have been reduced to amounts that do not alter the results of studies that are influenced by exogenous estrogens.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Hydrostatic pressure has been shown to reverse the effects of anaesthetics in intact animals. To account for this, a range of thermodynamic hypotheses and models based on the physicochemical properties of various hydrophobic systems have been put forward. All these hypotheses and models predict that temperature should have some simple effect equivalent to that of pressure. The present work was undertaken to study the relationship between n-butanol concentration, temperature and the performance of a conditioned response in the goldfish, to see if it fitted any of the theories.It was found that the concentration of n-butanol required to just block the conditioned response in the goldfish was maximal (18mM) at about 18 °C and that both raising the temperature and lowering it reduced the required concentration. The sharp reduction in successful behaviour at the normal thermal limits were little changed by the presence of the alcohol.The absence of a simple relationship between temperature and concentration indicates the necessity of proposing a more complex model than the simple hydrophobic site, and a cellular mechanism is put forward linking both membrane and metabolic events.  相似文献   

13.
Vitamin A and fatty acids are critical to photoreceptor structure, function, and development. The transport of these nutrients between the pigment epithelium and neural retina is mediated by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). IRBP, a 133-kDa (human) glycolipoprotein, is the major protein component of the extracellular matrix separating these two cell layers. In amphibians and mammals, IRBP consists of four homologous repeats of about 300 amino acids which form two retinol and four fatty acid-binding sites. Here we show that IRBP in teleosts is a simpler protein composed of only two repeats. Western blot analysis shows that goldfish IRBP is half the size (70 kDa) of IRBP in higher vertebrates. Metabolic labeling studies employing Brefeldin A taken together with in situ hybridization studies and the presence of a signal peptide show that goldfish IRBP is secreted by the cone photoreceptors. The translated amino acid sequence has a calculated molecular weight of 66.7 kDa. The primary structure consists of only two homologous repeats with a similarity score of 52.5%. The last repeats of human and goldfish IRBPs are 69.1% similar with hydrophobic regions being the most similar. These data suggest that two repeats were lost during the evolution of the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), or that the IRBP gene duplicated between the emergence of bony fish (Osteichthyes) and amphibians. Acquisition of a multirepeat structure may reflect evolutionary pressure to efficiently transport higher levels of hydrophobic molecules within a finite space. Quadruplication of an ancestral IRBP gene may have been an important event in the evolution of photoreceptors in higher vertebrates. Correspondence to: F. Gonzalez-Fernandez  相似文献   

14.
We recently characterized macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) of fish (the goldfish). Here, we report for the first time that goldfish CSF-1 acts through the CSF-1 receptor by showing loss of CSF-1 function in CSF-1R knockdown monocytes using RNAi, and demonstrate that goldfish CSF-1 administration in vivo increases the amount of circulating monocytes in blood. We also show that conditioned supernatants from goldfish fibroblast cultures induced the proliferation of goldfish monocytes indicating that, like in mammals, teleost fibroblasts are an important producer of CSF-1. The continuous addition of recombinant CSF-1 to primary goldfish macrophage cultures stabilized and extended their longevity and resulted in a long-term culture of functional macrophages capable of mounting a potent nitric oxide response upon activation with goldfish recombinant TNF-alpha.  相似文献   

15.
Purpose: To observe if any biochemical abnormalities exist between the eye of megalophthalmic and non-megalophthalmic goldfish by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method: Aqueous humour and sera from megalophthalmic and non-megalophthalmic goldfish were subjected to HPLC and monitored by photodiode array detection (Waters, MA, USA). Results: An unusual accumulation of a compound with a UV absorption maximum at 290 nm was observed in the aqueous humour of megalophthalmic eye. This compound was also present in the sera of both normal goldfish and one of its megalophthalmic mutant. However, it was significantly elevated in the aqueous humour of the megalophthalmic eye only. This compound concentration was very high in the eye of small fish and its concentration increased only slightly with the expansion of the eye in larger fish. Conclusions: The presence of this compound in the serum and aqueous humour indicates a specific systemic metabolic variation in Black Moor goldfish not seen other animal species we had studied (humans, bovine, chick, rabbits and rats). The marked elevation of this compound in the megalophthalmic eye indicates a possible association of this compound with the metabolic variation accounting for the expansion of the eye in megalophthalmic goldfish.  相似文献   

16.
In germ-line chimera, gametes originate from both the donor and recipient. In order to increase the proportion of gametes from the donor, the elimination or reduction of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from the recipient is required. In the present study, histological and genetic analyses were performed in the chimeric fish obtained when sterile goldfish × common carp hybrid and fertile goldfish embryos were used as a recipient and donor, respectively. Chimerism was induced by transplantation of the lower part of the goldfish blastoderm into the hybrid blastoderm at the blastula stage. Neither spermatid nor spermatozoa were observed in the testis of the male hybrid. Motile sperm were obtained from 15 chimeric males by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) injection. When the sperm of chimeric fish were genetically analyzed, only goldfish-specific repetitive DNA sequences were detected. These results revealed that chimeric fish of the cross between a sterile male hybrid and fertile goldfish produced sperm exclusively derived from the donor goldfish.  相似文献   

17.
1. The maximum velocity (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of brain and liver monoamine oxidase (MAO) in goldfish were different in fish acclimated to 22 degrees C and to 7 degrees C ambient temperature. 2. In brain, Vmax and Km were dependent upon incubation temperature, but both parameters were lower in 7 degrees C, adapted fish over most of the incubation temperature range. 3. The values obtained for Km showed a plateau at incubation temperatures at and below 25 degrees C for warm water fish, and at and below 20 degrees C for cold water fish. The activation energy of brain MAO was lower in fish adapted to the colder water. 4. These results show that goldfish MAO displays changes in functional activity in response to a change in environmental temperature. Apparently the purpose of this adaptation is to compensate for a reduction in enzyme concentration.  相似文献   

18.
19.
It is widely accepted that mitochondria and its DNA (mtDNA) exhibit strict maternal inheritance, with sperm contributing no or non-detectable mitochondria to the next generation. In fish, nuclear transfer (NT) through the combination of a donor nucleus and an enucleated oocyte can produce fertile nucleocytoplasmic hybrids (NCHs) even between different genera and subfamilies. One of the best studied fish NCHs is CyCa produced by transplanting the nuclei plus cytoplasm from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis) into the oocytes of the wild goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has been propagated by self-mating for three generations. These NCH fish thus provide a unique model to study the origin of mitochondria. Here we report the complete mtDNA sequence of the CyCa hybrid and its parental species carp and goldfish as nuclear donor and cytoplasm host, respectively. Interestingly, the mtDNA of NCH fish CyCa is 99.69% identical to the nuclear donor species carp, and 89.25% identical to the oocyte host species goldfish. Furthermore, an amino acid sequence comparison of 13 mitochondrial proteins reveals that CyCa is 99.68% identical to the carp and 87.68% identical to the goldfish. On an mtDNA-based phylogenetic tree, CyCa is clustered with the carp but separated from the goldfish. A real-time PCR analysis revealed the presence of carp mtDNA but the absence of goldfish mtDNA. These results demonstrate – for the first time to our knowledge – that the mtDNA of a NCH such as CyCa fish may originate from its nuclear donor rather than its oocyte host.  相似文献   

20.
The study of the mercury and methylmercury bioaccumulation by various species of fish is only possible experimentally when the animals are maintained fasting during a few days. With a such experimentation in the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), the authors are showing that methylmercury is much more accumulated than inorganic mercury: the transfert factor is about 760 to 780 for the methylmercury chloride and only 90 for the mercuric chloride. In fact a lot of variables occur in this phenomena of bioaccumulation (experimentation time, size and age of fish, solvant space, concentration of oxygen and mercury in water,...) and make this study difficult.  相似文献   

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