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1.
遗迹化石Chondritess的指相意义和阶层分布   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
龚一鸣 《古生物学报》2004,43(1):94-102
介绍和评述Chondrites的基本特征和流行的成因解释,记述最近发现于美国犹他州中西部北美下一中奥陶统之交层型剖面上的Chondrites遗迹组构的不寻常特征和属性:细小的Chondrites被所有与之共生的遗迹化石交切,形成于水与沉积物界面附近缺氧的早期软底质中,Chondrites是形成最早和最浅的遗迹阶层。流行的遗迹相和遗迹阶层模式的不足是:前者在操作上,简单地将遗迹化石及其组合处理为同沉积或准同沉积的物理沉积构造,忽略了造迹活动的多阶段和多阶层的特点;后者的资料基础仅依据中生代以来的地层记录,对重大生物一环境事件和造迹生物生态习性演化对遗迹阶层形成和分布的影响注重不够。指出Chondrites的阶层分布和对古氧相的示踪在古生代与中生代有重要差别。  相似文献   

2.
遗迹歧异度作为评估生物成因构造中形态轮廓变化的概念被引入,它揭示出造迹生物个体轮廓、运动系统和行为过程的主要创新。遗迹歧异度是基于形态结构设计的测量鉴别,而遗迹多样性是指遗迹分类的数量,即遗迹属或遗迹种的数量。本文统计前寒武纪-寒武纪之交(埃迪卡拉纪和寒武纪纽芬兰世、第二世)的88个遗迹属,并鉴定出40个形态结构设计类型,其中前寒武纪包含22个形态结构设计类型,遗迹多样性为32;寒武纪遗迹形态结构设计类型为38个,遗迹多样性为82。前寒武纪-寒武纪之交的遗迹化石资料显示,埃迪卡拉纪和寒武纪幸运期之交是遗迹多样性与遗迹歧异度的突变期,两者数量均显著增加。这表明造迹生物在数量上急剧增加,在形态类型上更加多样,造迹生物的个体轮廓、运动方式以及行为过程都渐趋复杂、多样,有力地支持了寒武纪生命大爆发事件。遗迹歧异度和遗迹多样性相结合,将会进一步增强遗迹学在演化古生物学中的重要性。  相似文献   

3.
文中详细描述四川广安谢家槽剖面早三叠世地层中17个遗迹化石属,它们是:Arenicolites,Bifungites,Chondrites,Didymaulichnus,Isopodichnus,?Monocraterion,Palaeophycus,Phycodes,Planolites,Psammichnites,Skolithos,Taenidium,Teichichnus,Thalassinoides,Treptichnus,Uchirites和星状遗迹化石,它们可归属于Cruziana遗迹相。在风暴沉积中,Skolithos出现在主要的风暴沉积层,而Planolites和Palaeophycus常常出现在风暴序列的消减沉积层中。机会的遗迹化石如Treptichnus富集在纹层状灰岩中,指示一种贫氧的沉积环境。文中还探讨了遗迹化石在地层中的时空分布特点与P/Tr生物大灭绝后早三叠世海洋生物复苏的关系。  相似文献   

4.
四川龙门山地区下泥盆统平驿铺组的遗迹化石   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
四川龙门山甘溪剖面下泥盆统平驿铺组的滨浅海相地层中赋存无脊椎动物遗迹化石,可识别出居住迹、停息迹、觅食迹3大类,鉴定为11属,包括Arenicolites,Chondrites,Cylindrichnus,Diplocraterion,Palaeophycus,Planolites,Phycodes,Rhizocorallium,Rusophycus,Skolithos和Thalassinoides。根据遗迹化石特征及其沉积环境,可识别出5个遗迹组合:1)Planolites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,主要由觅食迹组成,指示低能的砂质近滨环境;2)Rusophycus-Phycodes遗迹组合,主要是觅食迹和停息迹,形成于低能的近滨环境;3)Chondrites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,主要是居住迹和觅食迹,反映了贫氧低能的近滨下部环境;4)Skolithos-Cylindrichnus遗迹组合,主要由居住迹组成,形成于高能的前滨环境;5)Skolithos-Diplocraterion遗迹组合,主要为居住迹和觅食迹组合,反映了低能、食物丰富的近滨上部环境。  相似文献   

5.
刘琦  杨柳 《化石》2003,(3):28-29
笔者在参加中国古生物学会 2 2届学术年会期间 ,有幸听了贵州工业大学的王约老师作的关于凯里生物群中的一些水母状动物化石和遗迹化石共生保存研究的学术报告 ,在王老师的报告中 ,展示了很多奇特的水母状化石的标本 ,在这些水母状化石的标本上都可以看到有很多虫迹化石分布。有的穿插整个水母状动物而过 ,有的从边缘穿插 ,有的在动物的中部向下潜穴。目前认为这些遗迹是由于造迹生物去吃死去的水母状动物的腐烂尸体而形成的 ,这个理论得到了多数人的认可。回云南之后 ,我观察了我们云南出产的很多甲壳类生物的表面 ,同样发现了很多遗迹化石…  相似文献   

6.
西秦岭甘南地区晚二叠世–中三叠世半深海–深海相地层中赋存丰富的遗迹化石, 出现了居住迹、觅食迹、停歇迹和牧食迹4大类, 14属, 包括: Arenicolites、Chondrites、Dictyodora、Diplichnites、Diplopodichnus、Helminthopsis、Laevicyclus、Lockeia、Nereites、Palaeophycus、?Phycodes、Planolites、Protovirgularia、Scolicia。二叠纪乐平统毛毛隆组主要包括Protovirgularia组合、Dictyodora–Helminthopsis组合和Diplichnites–Palaeophycus组合, 上述3个遗迹化石组合主要由牧食迹和觅食迹组成, 结合沉积相标志, 指示了斜坡相沉积环境。早三叠世山尕岭群识出现了Diplopodichnus–Planolites组合, 结合相应岩性及沉积相标志, 反映了斜坡–盆地的深海沉积环境。中三叠世古浪堤组出现了Laevicyclus组合和丰富多样的沉积构造, 指示了浊积扇的内扇环境。  相似文献   

7.
青海曲麻莱-治多地区巴颜喀拉山群(上三叠统)遗迹化石   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
首次对青海南部曲麻莱-治多地区巴颜喀拉山群上部(上三叠统)遗迹化石进行了系统采集,共采获遗迹化石33属54种。据遗迹化石的形态、习性、水深等环境成因特征,可划分为两类组合:一类以Cosmorhaphe,Helminthopsis,Helminthoida,Megagrapton,Paleodictyon等为主,产生于浊流事件前;另一类以Chondrites,Neo-nereites,Palaeophycus,Phycosiphon,Planolites,Zoophycos等为主,产生于浊流事件后,两者均为半深海-深海Nereites遗迹相的典型代表,反映晚三叠世研究区应为浊流沉积发育的复理石相沉积。  相似文献   

8.
川中-川南地区上三叠统滨浅湖沉积中的遗迹化石   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
川中-川南地区上三叠统滨浅湖沉积中产有丰富的动物遗迹化石,识别为3大类6属8种,包括Sko-lithos linearis,S.verticalis,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Planolites beverleyensis,P.montanus,Palaeophycus tubularis,Taenidiumsatanassi和Cochlichnus anguineus,另外,逃逸构造也很发育。这些遗迹化石主要是无脊椎动物的居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,大多为全浮痕和上浮痕保存。根据遗迹化石的组合特征及其沉积环境,可识别出3个遗迹组合:1)Skolithos linearis遗迹组合,主要由长的垂直或高角度倾斜的悬食居住潜穴构成,反映高能的砂质滨湖环境;2)Cochlichnus-Planolites遗迹组合,主要由进食迹和牧食迹组成,形成于低能的滨湖沼泽环境;3)Skolithos-Planol-ites遗迹组合,以居住潜穴和进食潜穴为主,遗迹化石的丰度较高,代表潮湿气候条件下的浅湖环境。根据生物扰动的分布及扰动强度,浅湖中可识别出两类扰动类型,即1)砂泥边界扰动,扰动主要发育于砂泥交界处,代表了浅湖下部环境;2)薄砂层扰动,扰动主要发育于薄砂层中,主要出现于浅湖中下部沉积中。  相似文献   

9.
豫西寒武系第三统张夏组鲕粒灰岩中赋存大量机会种留下的遗迹化石Planolites montanus,沿层面水平或低角度倾斜分布,呈无定向弯曲状。潜穴管不发育衬壁、充填物为土黄色的灰泥。尽管鲕粒灰岩形成于高能的碳酸盐岩浅滩环境,但P.montanus造迹生物却在鲕粒沉积物深层活动,不易受水动力搅动作用影响,故留下深阶层进食潜穴。造迹生物以鲕粒表面的细菌及黏附的其他有机质为食,潜穴充填物应为其肠道消化的残余物。从机会生态学角度分析,P.montanus造迹生物能够根据环境或食物来源选择适合其生存的策略,具有较短的生命周期和较强的繁殖能力,对极端环境的适应能力强,并且作为狭适性动物对其生存环境具有专属性。  相似文献   

10.
描述在重庆万州区铁峰山下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段首次发现的遗迹化石,鉴定为新种Palaeophycus tiefengshanensis。该种以潜穴表面瘤状凸起特征与较大的潜穴尺寸区别于古藻迹其他遗迹种。遗迹组构分析表明该遗迹化石产出层位的层面生物扰动指数为最高级5,说明原始沉积环境的食物供给充足,氧含量高,造迹生物大量繁盛并活动频繁。根据沉积相变化特征,四川盆地东部地区自流井组沉积期经历了与四川盆地北部地区类似的古环境变迁即湖退过程。两者区别在于四川盆地东部自流井组局部层段可能更适宜底栖动物生存。  相似文献   

11.
We describe a unique Lower Cambrian (Lontova Formation, Latvia) occurrence of a branching trace fossil assigned toDendrorhaphe isp. In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic this type occurs exclusively in deep-water flysch deposits.Dendrorhaphe may, therefore, be an additional example of a flysch-type trace fossil with an origin in early Palaeozoic shallow-water environments and subsequent onshore-offshore displacement, or perhaps, expansion. Recently,Dendrorhaphe Seilacher 1977, has been synonymized withDendrotichnium Farrés 1967 andUbinia Grosshejm 1961. This needs further consideration, especially because of possible relation of these ichnogenera toChondrites patulus Fischer-Ooster 1858.  相似文献   

12.
The fossil record holds a wealth of ecological data, including data on biotic interactions. For example, holes in the skeletons of invertebrates produced by drilling activities of their enemies are widely used for exploring the intensity of such interactions through time because they are common and easily distinguished from non-biotic holes or holes produced by other types of interactions. Such drill holes have been described in numerous studies of Palaeozoic brachiopods but rarely in those focusing on brachiopods of the post-Palaeozoic, a striking pattern given that in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic drilling gastropods diversified and frequencies of drilled molluscs increased dramatically. During the past several years, however, drilled brachiopods were reported in several studies of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, suggesting that this phenomenon may be more common than has been previously assumed. Here we report on drilled brachiopods from a Pliocene locality in Algeria where 90 of 261 (34.5%) specimens of Megerlia truncata show evidence of predatory drilling. These data confirm that Cenozoic drilling frequencies of brachiopods may be locally high and, when taken together with other published data, that drilling frequencies are highly heterogeneous in space and time.  相似文献   

13.
We report the results of simple experiments which support the hypothesis that changes in ocean chemistry beginning in the Mesozoic Era resulted in an increase in the nutritional quality per mole of C and per cell of planktonic algal biomass compared to earlier phytoplankton. We cultured a cyanobacterium, a diatom, a dinoflagellate, and a green alga in media mimicking aspects of the chemistry of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic‐Cenozoic oceans. Substantial differences emerged in the quality of algal biomass between the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic‐Cenozoic growth regimes; these differences were strongly affected by interspecific interactions (i.e., the co‐existence of different species alters responses to the chemistry of the medium). The change was in the direction of a Mesozoic‐Cenozoic biomass enriched in protein per mole C, although cells contained less carbon overall. This would lead to a lower C:N ratio. On the assumption that Mesozoic‐Cenozoic grazers’ assimilation of total C was similar to that of their earlier counterparts, their diet would be stoichiometrically closer to their C:N requirement. This, along with an increase in mean cell size among continental shelf phytoplankton, could have helped to facilitate observed evolutionary changes in the Mesozoic marine fauna. In turn, increased grazing pressure would have operated as a selective force for the radiation of phytoplankton clades better equipped with antigrazing capabilities (sensu lato), as found widely in phytoplankton with biomineralization. Our results emphasize potential links between changing seawater chemistry, increased predation pressure and the rise to ecological dominance of chlorophyll a+c algae in Mesozoic oceans. The experiments also suggest a potential role for ocean chemistry in changes of marine trophic structure from the Palaeozoic to the later Mesozoic Era.  相似文献   

14.
The oldest Mesozoic nearshore Zoophycos: evidence from the German Triassic   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The trace fossil Zoophycos has been described from the Middle Triassic carbonates of the German Basin for the first time. It occurs in a calcilutite bed at the top of a shallowing-upward cycle (parasequence) in the transgressive systems tract of the Middle to Upper Muschelkalk sequence of Thuringia (Germany). Based on sedimentological and palaeontological features, the studied interval is interpreted as deposited in a marine nearshore environment with proximal storm deposits (tempestites). Zoophycos occurs in a very simple planar form with lobate spreiten, which were most likely produced by a worm-like animal by strip mining. The upper tier of the ichnofabric consists of Zoophycos, whereas the lower tier is occupied by cylindrical trace fossils of unknown taxonomic affiliation and with decreasing size towards the bottom. Associated trace fossils such as Rhizocorallium, Balanoglossites and Trypanites indicate a partly firm to hard substrate. No mixed layer is developed at the top of the trace fossil bearing succession. The ichnofabric together with the sedimentological features (disseminated pyrite, blue-grey colour) and palaeontological circumstances (poor benthic fauna, meiofauna with a small body size) support an interpretation of a dysaerobic environment. In the view of evolutionary change, Palaeozoic Zoophycos occurs in both deep and shallow marine deposits, whereas Mesozoic and Cenozoic Zoophycos is only common in shelfal and deeper-marine deposits. The new finding from the shallow-marine Middle Triassic represents the first reliable occurrence of Zoophycos after the end-Permian mass extinction and shows close similarities to its Palaeozoic precursors. It demonstrates that the producer survived the end-Permian mass extinction, became re-established in the nearshore realm and progressively colonized deeper-marine environments during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.  相似文献   

15.
Research on drilling predation, one of the most studied biological interactions in the fossil record, has been concentrated on prey with calcareous skeletons (e.g. molluscs, echinoids, rhynchonelliform brachiopods). Based on a compilation of literature sources and surveys of paleontological collections of the Florida Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of Natural History, we provide a tentative evaluation of the post‐Palaeozoic history of drilling predation on the organophosphatic brachiopods of the family Lingulidae. Despite temporal, geographical and methodological limitations of the data assembled here, the results indicate that lingulide brachiopods have been subject to drilling predation since at least the Eocene. Variation in drilling frequencies at the locality level suggests that lingulides may occasionally experience somewhat elevated predation pressures from drilling organisms. Overall, however, drilling predation on lingulide brachiopods has been infrequent in the Cenozoic and may have been absent in the Mesozoic. The Mesozoic‐to‐Cenozoic increase in drilling frequencies on lingulides is similar to the trends observed in other marine benthic invertebrates and consistent with the hypothesis that predation pressures increased through time in marine ecosystems.  相似文献   

16.
中国中生代哺乳类化石   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
本文对迄今所知的中国中生代哺乳类的化石地点、层位、时代、化石材料和系统分类位置作了总结和讨论。  相似文献   

17.
Ganei (Switzerland) is a classical locality for trace fossils. At this site, Heer (1877) described a large number of trace fossils, several of which were new taxa. The trace fossils occur in thin‐bedded turbidites in which the basal divisions of the Bouma sequence are typically absent; the turbidites are assigned to the Ganei Slates and are Eocene in age. They are interpreted to have been deposited in an overbank environment within an upper to middle fan area distal to a channel. Two trace‐fossil associations occur: the first (I) is characterized by bulldozing organisms producing biodeformational structures, Scolica, and Nereites irregularis; the second (II) association shows a distinct tiering pattern with near‐surface graphoglyptids and a mixed layer with simple tubes such as cf. Palaeophycus and Planolites, plus patterned tubes such as Nereites cirrinalis, and Chondrites. Deeper turbidite layers were colonized by Chondrites and Gyro‐phyllites. All trace fossils show a normal size spectrum compared to previously studied trace‐fossil associations, so the degree of oxygenation probably did not influence the composition of either trace‐fossil association. Seafloor sediment was probably soft and did not affect the trace‐fossil associations. Sedimentation rate and event frequency did not change and are estimated to have been in a range of 5–10 cm/1000 years and 2–5 events per 1000 years, respectively. The composition of trace‐fossil associations I and II is therefore interpreted to have been controlled by the benthic food content being higher for trace‐fossil association I than for II.  相似文献   

18.
Various causes, such as increased predation pressure, the lack of planktotrophic larvae, a 'resetting' of diversity, increased competition from benthic molluscs and the decline of the Palaeozoic fauna, have been suggested to explain the failure of the brachiopods to reradiate following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Increased predation pressure has hitherto appeared improbable, because typical predators of brachiopods, such as teleostean fish, brachyuran crabs and predatory gastropods, did not undergo major radiation until the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic. However, new evidence strongly suggests that one important group of predators of shelly benthic organisms, the asteroids, underwent a major radiation at the beginning of the Mesozoic. Although asteroids appeared in the early Ordovician, they remained a minor element of the marine benthos during the Palaeozoic acme of the brachiopods. However, these early asteroids lacked four important requirements for active predation on a bivalved epifauna: muscular arms (evolved in the early Carboniferous); suckered tube feet, a flexible mouth frame and an eversible stomach (all evolved in the early Triassic). Thus radiation of the Subclass Neoasteroidea coincided with both their improved feeding capability and the decline of the articulates. The asteroids were the only group of predators of brachiopods that underwent a major adaptive radiation in the earliest Mesozoic. The asteroids may therefore have contributed to inhibiting a Mesozoic reradiation of the brachiopods. Epifaunal species lacking a muscular pedicle may have been particularly vulnerable. Unlike bivalve molluscs, modern brachiopods show only a limited range of adaptations to discourage asteroid predation. □ Asteroidea, Brachiopoda, evolution, predation, functional morphology.  相似文献   

19.
Ichnofossils are typically well expressed at bed transitions within rhythmically bedded marine sequences. This is because most discrete biogenic structures therein are actively or passively filled with sediment derived wholly or partly from overlying layers; hence they contrast sharply with ambient sediments. These bed transitions, or 'piped zones', provide the opportunity to assess the nature of infaunal tiering using two different approaches: (1) cross-cutting relationships among recurring ichnotaxa; and (2) apparent maximum penetration depths of piped-zone ichnofossils below their intervals of origination (primary strata). Both approaches were applied to piped zones at chalk-marl and marl-chalk transitions within the rhythmically bedded Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Demopolis Chalk of western Alabama. Quantitative analysis of cross-cutting relationships indicates the existence of a deep Chondrites tier, a shallow Thalassinoides tier, and a diverse intermediate tier characterized by Anconichnus, Planolites, Taenidium, Teichichnus , and Zoophycos. Analyses of penetration depths similarly document the presence of a deep Chondrites tier but indicate that the Thalassinoides producer occupied the same tier as the tracemakers of the remaining five ichnotaxa. The latter approach, which should be broadly applicable to heterolithic sequences of various sorts, appears to yield a more accurate picture of tiering because it provides a more direct reading of the depths of activity of tracemakers within a substrate, and because results are less likely to be influenced by behavioral factors (e.g., phobotaxis and preferential sediment exploitation) or other parameters (e.g., burrow size differences) that can impact cross-cutting relationships. Results of both approaches indicate that the tiering structure in pelagic carbonate substrates may not be as organized or complex as indicated by previous qualitative analyses of cross-cutting relationships in analogous chalk sequences.  相似文献   

20.
Nickel and zinc are both bio-essential micronutrients with a nutrient-like distribution in the modern ocean, but show key differences in their biological functions and geochemical behavior. Eukaryotic phytoplankton, and especially diatoms, have high Zn quotas, whereas cyanobacteria generally require relatively more Ni. Secular changes in the relative availability of these micronutrients may, therefore, have affected the evolution and diversification of phytoplankton. In this study, we use a large compilation of Ni and Zn concentration data for Phanerozoic sediments to evaluate long-term changes in Ni and Zn availability and possible links to phytoplankton evolution. Modern data suggest that organic-rich sediments capture the dissolved deep ocean Ni/Zn ratio, regardless of local depositional conditions. We use this observation to constrain Ni/Zn ratios for past oceans, based on data from the sedimentary record. This record highlights long-term changes in the relative availability of these micronutrients that can be linked to the (bio)geochemical conditions on the Earth's surface. Early Palaeozoic oceans were likely relatively Ni rich, with sedimentary Ni/Zn ratios for this interval mostly being around ~1 or higher. A comparison with Phanerozoic strontium-, carbon-, and sulfur-isotopic records suggests that the late Palaeozoic decrease in sulfidic conditions and increase in hydrothermal inputs and organic-carbon burial rates caused a shift towards more Zn-rich conditions. Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments show relatively Zn-rich oceans for these time intervals, with sedimentary Ni/Zn ratios mostly being around ~1 or lower. These observations imply that the diversification of the dominant groups of modern eukaryotic phytoplankton occurred in relatively Zn-rich oceans and that these organisms still carry this signature in their stoichiometries. However, the Phanerozoic transition to a more Zn-rich ocean pre-dates the origin and diversification of modern eukaryotes and, therefore, this transition was likely not the main direct cause for eukaryotic diversification in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.  相似文献   

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