烟曲霉rRNA基因ITS区的克隆测序分析

对烟曲霉rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS区)进行了克隆测序,并将之与其他几种常见曲霉的相应序列进行了比较.发现3株烟曲霉的ITSⅠ区完全相同,而其中1株烟曲霉的ITSⅡ区与一条已知相应序列仅有2个碱基的变异.提示烟曲霉rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列均十分保守,而且与黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉及构巢曲霉的相应序列相比较,均有一定程度的变异.     

烟曲霉rRNA基因ITS区的克隆测序分析

对烟曲霉ｒＲＮＡ基因内转录间区（ＩＴＳ区）进行了克隆测序,并将之与其他几种常见曲霉的相应序列进行了比较。发现３株烟曲霉的ＩＴＳⅠ区完全相同,而其中１株烟曲霉的ＩＴＳⅡ区与一条已知相应序列仅有２个碱基的变异。提示烟曲霉ｒＲＮＡ基因的两个ＩＴＳ区序列均十分保守,而且与黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉及构巢曲霉的相应序列相比较,均有一定程度的变异。     

评价ITS、BenA和CaM序列分析在曲霉菌种鉴定方面的应用

目的评价内转录间隔区(ITS)、β-微管蛋白基因(BenA)和钙调蛋白基因(CaM)序列分析技术对曲霉的鉴定能力。方法对169株曲霉临床分离株分别进行ITS、BenA和CaM序列测定,并在Genbank数据库中进行比对分析以获得其菌种鉴定信息。结果 169株曲霉经ITS、BenA和CaM序列分析分别有52.7%、66.3%、97.6%菌株鉴定至种水平,47.3%、33.7%、2.4%菌株鉴定至属水平,3个序列对曲霉均不存在无法鉴定情况。结论 ITS、BenA和CaM均可用于曲霉菌种鉴定,其中以CaM的鉴定能力最强。     

致病菌烟曲霉新基因Afu4g13170生孢致毒相关性初步研究

【目的】对烟曲霉Afu4g13170基因功能进行初步研究。【方法】利用Double-jointPCR方法和一步基因敲除技术,构建Afu4g13170基因缺失突变株。【结果】序列比对表明烟曲霉Afu4g13170蛋白与构巢曲霉Ani04163蛋白和新型隐球菌Gib2蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性为88.6%;表型分析表明基因破坏使突变株生长迟缓、梗基伸长、孢子分化能力下降,产孢推迟、产孢量减少,色素产生量降低;色谱分析显示基因缺失突变株的产毒能力下降。【结论】烟曲霉Afu4g13170基因可以作为控制曲霉致毒的一个靶位点。     

应用反向线点杂交技术鉴定临床常见曲霉属和毛霉目真菌

目的应用反向线点杂交技术(reverse line blot hybridization,RLB)快速鉴定临床常见的曲霉属和毛霉目真菌。方法收集我院真菌和真菌病研究中心保存的5种曲霉菌(烟曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉、构巢曲霉)和7种毛霉目真菌(冻土毛霉菌、总状毛霉菌、卷枝毛霉菌、少根根霉、小孢根霉、微小根毛霉、伞状犁头霉),共计98株菌株。利用真菌通用引物ITS1和ITS4对菌株进行PCR扩增,用12个真菌种特异性探针与扩增后产物进行反向线点杂交。将RLB结果与真菌传统形态学鉴定结果、ITS区DNA测序结果进行比较。结果 RLB可以正确鉴定98株实验菌株,与形态学方法和ITS区测序方法鉴定结果100%一致,种特异性探针之间未见交叉杂交,显示出该方法的高度敏感性和特异性。8株阴性对照菌株(白念珠菌、茄病镰刀菌、尖端赛多孢、马尔尼菲青霉、疣状瓶霉、棒曲霉、日本曲霉以及雅致小克银汉霉),使用RLB方法无法鉴定。通过烟曲霉基因组DNA浓度10倍倍比稀释法验证RLB的敏感性为1.8×10-3 ng/μL。结论 RLB技术为实验室早期快速诊断、鉴定临床常见的曲霉属和毛霉目真菌提供参考。     

紫芝基因组rDNA序列特征及ITS2二级结构比较

紫芝栽培品种‘紫芝S2’(武芝2号)的ITS序列与NCBI数据库中5个紫芝菌株/分离株相似度高达99.79%-100%,在系统进化树上相聚成一类。本研究预测‘紫芝S2’基因组与参考基因组中的rRNA基因簇,分析rDNA结构及各构件序列间的多态性。从高质量‘紫芝S2’基因组中挖掘得到完整rDNA,序列全长40.377 kb,由4组串联重复的(18S、5.8S、28S、5S) rRNA基因簇组成,并含有完整的基因内间隔区(ITS1、ITS2)和基因间间隔区(IGS1、IGS2)。在紫芝S2的rDNA中,高度保守的28S rRNA基因间出现3个SNP和2个插入(1 bp,10 bp)位点;虽然第4条ITS2中有1个SNP位点,但紫芝S2的4条ITS2在二级结构上的分子形态高度一致,与ITS2数据库中其他紫芝菌株仅存在螺旋区间夹角的微小差异。由‘紫芝S2’基因组rDNA的ITS2生成的DNA条形码与二维码,可以作为该栽培品种鉴定与同源物种其他菌株鉴别的分子标记。     

中国南海硇洲岛潮间带产胞外蛋白酶的可培养海洋真菌多样性

【目的】研究中国南海硇洲岛潮间带产胞外蛋白酶的可培养海洋真菌多样性。【方法】从中国南海硇洲岛潮间带采集海水和沉积物样品,采用分离培养、蛋白酶生产菌平板检测法和基于内转录间隔区1-5.8S rRNA基因内转录间隔区2(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)序列的系统进化分析法,研究产胞外蛋白酶真菌的多样性。【结果】采用50%海水配制的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)固体培养板从所采集的样品中分离、纯化并收集了198株真菌分离株,并采用ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列PCR扩增、测序、BLAST和系统进化分析的方法成功鉴定了其中的178株。其中,有10株的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列与其在NCBI数据库中最匹配的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列的一致性<97,表明它们有可能是新的物种;其余168株的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列与NCBI数据库中已存在的相关ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列的一致性均≥98%。这178株真菌归属为66个种,分布在子囊菌门和担子菌门的6纲,16个目,27个科的45个属中。其中的主要属为青霉菌属,占28.70%;其次为曲霉属,占11.24%。有83株真菌在加在脱脂奶粉的PDA固体培养板上的菌落周围有一透明圈,表明其可产生分泌胞外蛋白酶。【结论】从中国南海硇洲岛潮间带共分离、鉴定和收集了178株真菌,其中10株可能是新的物种,83株为胞外蛋白酶生产菌。     

福建橄榄18S-26S rRNA及其ITS片段的克隆与序列分析

利用18S-26S rRNA基因及其ITS片段的PCR扩增、克隆及测序分析,对福建14个橄榄品种进行分子标记及遗传分类。序列分析结果表明:14个品种可分为4个类别,以1号品种为参照,3、4、6、7、8、9、11号品种的ITS1、ITS2和5.8S共634个碱基序列完全一致,与1号仅ITS2上有1个碱基差异,2号和1号品种的ITS1和5.8S序列完全一致,仅ITS2上有2个碱基差异,归为第一类;5号和14号的序列完全一致,与1号在ITS1和ITS2上各有1个碱基差异,归为第二类;10号和12号序列完全一致,与1号在ITS1上有2个碱基差异,归为第三类;13号品种5.8S的序列与1号相同,但在ITS1上有1个碱基差异,在ITS2上有24个碱基差异,归为第四类。使用DNAMAN软件建立的同源关系树说明了不同橄榄品种的变异程度。将橄榄18S-26S rRNA基因及其ITS序列登陆GenBank,登陆号:DQ517524。     

核糖体基因ITS作为苎麻疫霉、恶疫霉分类辅助性状的研究

以2个雄器大多围生、少数侧生的苎麻疫霉菌株与1个雄器侧生、偶有围生的恶疫霉菌株为材料,采用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区（ITS）通用引物,PCR扩增3个供试菌株核糖体基因的ITS1和ITS2,并对PCR产物进行了克隆和序列分析。结果是苎麻疫霉的ITS1和ITS2分别由206和453个碱基组成,而恶疫霉则分别由218和415个碱基组成。2个供试苎麻疫霉菌株的ITS1和ITS2的碱基序列同源性均分别为100%。苎麻疫霉和恶疫霉ITS1同源性为74.9%,其中中间区域40bp-164bp之间在两种间变异丰富,同源性只有59.4%,而1bp-39bp和165bp-239bp两区域的同源性分别为92.3%和92.1%;ITS2在两种疫霉菌间的同源性为71.0%。结果表明苎麻疫霉和恶疫霉ITS的碱基序列有明显差异。上述结果提示,ITS区域碱基序列可区分苎麻疫霉和恶疫霉。     

核糖体基因ITS作为苎麻疫霉、恶疫霉分类辅助性状的研究*

以2个雄器大多围生、少数侧生的苎麻疫霉菌株与1个雄器侧生、偶有围生的恶疫霉菌株为材料,采用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区（ITS）通用引物,PCR扩增3个供试菌株核糖体基因的ITS1和ITS2,并对PCR产物进行了克隆和序列分析。结果是苎麻疫霉的ITS1和ITS2分别由206和453个碱基组成, 而恶疫霉则分别由218和415个碱基组成。2个供试苎麻疫霉菌株的ITS1和ITS2的碱基序列同源性均分别为100%。苎麻疫霉和恶疫霉ITS1同源性为74.9%,其中中间区域40bp-164bp之间在两种间变异丰富,同源性只有59.4%,而1bp-39bp和165bp-239bp两区域的同源性分别为92.3%和92.1%; ITS2在两种疫霉菌间的同源性为71.0%。结果表明苎麻疫霉和恶疫霉ITS的碱基序列有明显差异。上述结果提示,ITS区域碱基序列可区分苎麻疫霉和恶疫霉。     

1株盾叶薯蓣植物内生烟曲霉菌的分离鉴定

从药用盾叶薯蓣地下茎组织中分离内生菌。选取盾叶薯蓣地下茎核心组织,32℃恒温孵育,分离菌株;依据形态学、分子生物学特征鉴定菌株;通过纸片扩散法检测分离株与同种植物内生Bcillus subtilis SWB8菌株的拮抗作用。结果显示,孵育48 h后,培养基表面呈现扁平、白色或深绿色绒毛状菌落,显微镜下见孢子囊和圆形分生孢子;ITS序列分析显示,分离株ITS基因序列与GenBank数据库中烟曲霉菌同源性为100%,鉴定为烟曲霉菌(A.fumigatus YHY01)。拮抗实验显示,其与B.subtilis SWB8菌没有明显相互抑制现象。首次从盾叶薯蓣植物中分离出A.fumigatus,推测其与B.subtilis SWB8菌株间存在共生关系。     

Molecular identification of Aspergillus and Eurotium species isolated from rice and their toxin-producing ability

Thirty milled rice samples were collected from retailers in 4 provinces of Malaysia. These samples were evaluated for Aspergillus spp. infection by direct plating on malt extract salt agar (MESA). All Aspergillus holomorphs were isolated and identified using nucleotide sequences of ITS 1 and ITS 2 of rDNA. Five anamorphs (Aspergillus flavus, A. oryzae, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus and A. niger) and 5 teleomorphs (Eurotium rubrum, E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. cristatum and E. tonophilum) were identified. The PCR-sequencing based technique for sequences of ITS 1 and ITS 2 is a fast technique for identification of Aspergillus and Eurotium species, although it doesn't work flawlessly for differentiation of Eurotium species. All Aspergillus and Eurotium isolates were screened for their ability to produce aflatoxin and ochratoxin A (OTA) by HPLC and TLC techniques. Only A. flavus isolate UPM 89 was able to produce aflatoxins B1 and B2.     

Identification of the pathogenic Aspergillus species by nested PCR using a mixture of specific primers to DNA topoisomerase II gene

For PCR-based identification of Aspergillus species, a common primer of the DNA topoisomerase II genes of Candida, Aspergillus and Penicillium, and species-specific primers of the genomic sequences of DNA topoisomerase II of A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus (A. oryzae), A. nidulans and A. terreus were tested for their specificities in PCR amplifications. The method consisted of amplification of the genomic DNA topoisomerase II gene by a common primer set, followed by a second PCR with a primer mix consisting of 5 species-specific primer pairs for each Aspergillus species. By using the common primer pair, a DNA fragment of approximately 1,200 bp was amplified from the Aspergillus and Penicillium genomic DNAs. Using each species-specific primer pair, unique sizes of PCR products were amplified, all of which corresponded to a species of Aspergillus even in the presence of DNAs of several fungal species. The sensitivity of A. fumigatus to the nested PCR was found to be 100 fg of DNA in the reaction mixture. In the nested PCR obtained by using the primer mix (PsIV), the specific DNA fragment of A. fumigatus was amplified from clinical specimens. These results suggest that this nested PCR method is rapid, simple and available as a tool for identification of pathogenic Aspergillus to a species level.     

Selective expression of a major allergen and cytotoxin, Asp f I, in Aspergillus fumigatus. Implications for the immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus-related diseases.

Asp f I is a major 18-kDa Aspergillus fumigatus allergen and a member of the mitogillin family of cytotoxins. The nucleotide sequence of the Asp f I gene was determined by sequencing polymerase chain reaction products amplified from A. fumigatus spore DNA. The entire 678-bp DNA includes an 81-bp leader sequence, preceding the N-terminal alanine codon, a 52-bp intron, and a 444-bp open reading frame, encoding a 149-amino acid protein (M(r) 16,899), which is 99% homologous to mitogillin from Aspergillus restrictus. A mAb-based ELISA was used to compare Asp f I levels in spores, mycelia, and culture filtrate, and to determine the kinetics of allergen production. Disrupted hyphae or spore extracts had a 1000-fold lower level of Asp f I than culture filtrate, suggesting that germination of spores and growth of the fungus are essential for allergen production. Asp f I levels in A. fumigatus and A. restrictus peaked at day 3 (0.87 to 12.1 micrograms/ml), however, the allergen was not detected in Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans cultures (< 1.5 ng/ml) on either days 3 or 8. Northern analysis confirmed that Asp f I mRNA was detected only in A. fumigatus and A. restrictus, but not in the other four Aspergillus spp. Asp f I-specific DNA was generated after polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic mycelial DNA obtained from A. fumigatus and A. restrictus, but not from the other Aspergillus spp. The results show that Asp f I is selectively expressed in A. fumigatus, and suggest that this cytotoxin could be a specific virulence factor for A. fumigatus.     

Purification and characterization of two forms of endo-beta-1,4-mannanase from a thermotolerant fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus IMI 385708 (formerly Thermomyces lanuginosus IMI 158749)

Two extracellular endo-beta-1,4-mannanases, MAN I (major form) and MAN II (minor form), were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a locust bean gum-spent culture fluid of Aspergillus fumigatus IMI 385708 (formerly Thermomyces lanuginosus IMI 158749). Molecular weights of MAN I and MAN II estimated by SDS-PAGE were 60 and 63 kDa, respectively. IEF afforded several glycoprotein bands with pI values in the range of 4.9-5.2 for MAN I and 4.75-4.9 for MAN II, each exhibiting enzyme activity. MAN I as well as MAN II showed highest activity at pH 4.5 and 60 degrees C and were stable in the pH range 4.5-8.5 and up to 55 degrees C. In accordance with the ability of the enzymes to catalyze transglycosylation reactions, 1H NMR spectroscopy of reaction products generated from mannopentaitol confirmed the retaining character of both enzymes. Both MAN I and MAN II exhibited essentially identical kinetic parameters for polysaccharides and a similar hydrolysis pattern of various oligomeric and polymeric substrates. Both beta-mannanases contained identical internal amino acid sequence corresponding to glycoside hydrolase family 5 and also a cellulose-binding module. These data suggested that both MAN I and MAN II are products of the same gene differing in posttranslational modification. Indeed, the corresponding gene was identified within the recently sequenced Aspergillus fumigatus genome (http://sanger.ac.uk/Projects/A_fumigatus/).     

REMARKABLE CONSERVATION OF INTERNALLY TRANSCRIBED SPACER SEQUENCES OF ARTHROSPIRA (“SPIRULINA” ) (CYANOPHYCEAE,CYANOBACTERIA) STRAINS FROM FOUR CONTINENTS AND OF RECENT AND 30‐YEAR‐OLD DRIED SAMPLES FROM AFRICA1

The internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 21 Arthrospira clonal strains from four continents and assigned to four different species (A. platensis, A. maxima, A. fusiformis, A. indica) in the culture collections were determined. Two main clusters, I and II, were differentiated by 49 positions out of 475 nt or 477 nt, respectively. Each cluster was further subdivided into two subclusters. Subclusters I.A and I.B were separated by two substitutions, whereas subclusters II.A and II.B were distinguished by four substitutions. After direct sequencing of the PCR products, three dried samples from Chad aged between 3 months and 35 years yielded a sequence belonging to subcluster I.A, as did a recent commercial product. The strains grown in production plants belonged to the same (sub)clusters as strains from culture collections, mainly I.A and II. PCR primers specific for each cluster and subcluster were designed and tested with crude cell lysates of Arthrospira strains. One dried sample (“dihé” 1) and a herbarium sample from Lake Sonachi (Kenya) only contained I.A sequences, whereas the commercial product was a mixture of the four genotypes and the other two dried samples contained minor polymorphisms characteristic of different clusters. Five clonal Arthrospira strains, thought to be duplicates, showed the simultaneous presence of the two forms of the four diagnostic positions that distinguish subclusters genotype II.A and genotype II.B. This is likely to be caused by multiple copies of the rDNA operon, in a intermediate stage of homogenization between subcluster II.A and subcluster II.B. The high conservation of ITS sequences is in contrast with the assignment to four different species, the great morphological variability of the strains, and their wide geographic distribution.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Phytophthora species inferred from sequence analysis of mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase I and II genes

The phylogenetic relationships of 51 isolates representing 27 species of Phytophthora were assessed by sequence alignment of 568 bp of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase II gene. A total of 1299 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I gene also were examined for a subset of 13 species. The cox II gene trees constructed by a heuristic search, based on maximum parsimony for a bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus tree, revealed 18 species grouping into seven clades and nine species unaffiliated with a specific clade. The phylogenetic relationships among species observed on cox II gene trees did not exhibit consistent similarities in groupings for morphology, pathogenicity, host range or temperature optima. The topology of cox I gene trees, constructed by a heuristic search based on maximum parsimony for a bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus tree for 13 species of Phytophthora, revealed 10 species grouping into three clades and three species unaffiliated with a specific clade. The groupings in general agreed with what was observed in the cox II tree. Species relationships observed for the cox II gene tree were in agreement with those based on ITS regions, with several notable exceptions. Some of these differences were noted in species in which the same isolates were used for both ITS and cox II analysis, suggesting either a differential rate of evolutionary divergence for these two regions or incorrect assumptions about alignment of ITS sequences. Analysis of combined data sets of ITS and cox II sequences generated a tree that did not differ substantially from analysis of ITS data alone, however, the results of a partition homogeneity test suggest that combining data sets may not be valid.     

Cloning of amadoriase I isoenzyme from Aspergillus sp.: evidence of FAD covalently linked to Cys342

Amadoriases are a novel class of FAD enzymes which catalyze the oxidative deglycation of glycated amino acids to yield corresponding amino acids, glucosone, and H(2)O(2). We previously reported the purification and characterization of two amadoriase isoenzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus and the molecular cloning of amadoriase II. To identify the primary structure of amadoriase I, we prepared a cDNA library from Aspergillus fumigatus and isolated a clone using a probe amplified by polymerase chain reaction with primers designed according to the partial amino acid sequences from peptide mapping. The primary structure of the enzyme deduced from the nucleotide sequence comprises 445 amino acid residues. The enzyme contains 1 mol of FAD as a cofactor, which is covalently linked to Cys342, as determined by mutagenesis analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization-collisional-activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. Sequence alignment studies show that amadoriase I has 22% homology with monomeric sarcosine oxidase in which FAD is also linked to a homologous Cys residue. Amadoriases are of potential importance as tools for uncoupling hyperglycemia and glycation reactions that are thought to play a role in diabetic complications.     

Microbiological and molecular determination of mycobiota in fresh and ensiled maize silage

The mycobiota of fresh and ensiled maize was studied with culturing techniques and a DNA sequence-based approach. Freshly chopped and ensiled maize were collected for 2 y from 12 farms in Pennsylvania. Samples were plated on selective media and isolates identified by morphology and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA, 800-900 bp of the 5' end of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and a portion of the rodA gene (Aspergillus fumigatus only). ITS regions were amplified from total silage DNA, cloned, sequenced and compared to fungal ITS sequences in GenBank with the BLAST-N algorithm. For samples analyzed by both methods, the molecular technique detected a greater number of species than selective plating. Plating recovered several Penicillium and Fusarium species and Aspergillus fumigatus, while molecular analysis detected Alternaria, Penicillium and Fusarium species. Data from both methods found that Fusarium and Penicillium were the dominant mycotoxigenic fungi in silage, while yeast made up the majority all fungi recovered or detected. Known mycotoxigenic species often accounted for 50% or more of the total number of species isolated or detected at each site. Viable Fusaria were not isolated from or detected in ensiled maize, suggesting that Fusarium species do not survive the ensiling process. Results from this study suggest that given the numerous species of fungi present in silage with mycotoxin producing ability, there is a strong possibility that silage may be contaminated with multiple toxins simultaneously.