河北环毛蚓神经系统 一氧化氮合酶的组织化学定位

用依赖还原型辅酶Ⅱ的黄酶组织化学方法,研究了环节动物门寡毛纲种类河北环毛蚓（Pheretima tschiliensis)神经系统k 一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性细胞及阳性纤维的分布,结果表明,河北环毛蚓神经系统中脑神经节背侧有大量细胞呈现NO强阳性反应,胞体和突起染色明显。咽下神经中偶尔能见少数染色较浅的神经元。在脑神经节腹内侧、围咽神经、 咽下神经节外侧部及腹神经链中都有一氧化氮合酶阳性纤维存在脸染色很深,实验结果表明,在环节动物中作为信息分子的一氧化氮已广泛存在于神经系统中。     

嫁（虫戚）神经系统结构的初步研究

嫁虫戚神经系统包括一对脑神经节、一对足神经节、一对侧神经节和一个脏神经节.左右脑神经节间有较长的神经联合,脑-足、脑-侧神经节间有较长的连索存在.各神经节均由三部分组成:神经节鞘膜、胞体区和神经纤维网.脑神经节相同类型神经元胞体聚集分布,其余神经节神经元未见有明显分区和分层现象.神经元胞体直径一般不超过20μm,这些特征与已研究的前鳃亚纲种类显著不同,可能与该种螺类处于系统演化中较低等地位有关.     

嫁神经系统结构的初步研究

嫁神经系统包括一对脑神经节、一对足神经节、一对侧神经节和一个脏神经节。左右脑神经节间有较长的神经联合,脑—足、脑—侧神经节间有较长的连索存在。各神经节均由三部分组成：神经节鞘膜、胞体区和神经纤维网。脑神经节相同类型神经元胞体聚集分布,其余神经节神经元未见有明显分区和分层现象。神经元胞体直径一般不超过２０μｍ,这些特征与已研究的前鳃亚纲种类显著不同,可能与该种螺类处于系统演化中较低等地位有关。     

中国蛤蜊神经系统GABA和Glu的HPLC测定和免疫组化定位研究

采用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)和9-芴甲氧羰基(FMOC)联合衍生的HPLC法,测定了中国蛤蜊中枢神经系统中2种氨基酸类神经递质(Glu、GABA)的含量.结果表明:足、脑、脏神经节Glu的含量分别为4.77 μg/神经节、0.54μg/神经节、2.13 μg/神经节,GABA含量分别为11.65 μg/神经节、1.03 μg/神经节、4.89 μg/神经节.同时还运用免疫组织化学方法对2种氨基酸在中国蛤蜊中枢神经系统各神经节的分布进行了定位研究和形态学观察.结果显示:谷氨酸免疫阳性反应细胞分布于脑神经节腹侧和背外侧、脏神经节背外侧及后侧、足神经节偶见大型阳性反应细胞;γ-氨基丁酸阳性反应细胞则分布于脑神经节腹侧、脏神经节小细胞团和足神经节的外侧细胞层中.     

嫁Qi神经系统结构的初步研究

嫁Ｑｉ神经系统包括一对脑神经节,一对足神经节,一对侧神经节和一个脏神经节,左右脑神经节间有较长的神经联合,脑一足,脑一侧神经节间有较长的连索存在,各神经节均由三部分组成：神经节鞘膜,胞体区和神经纤维网。脑神经节相同类型神经元胞体聚集分布,其余神经神经元未见有明显分区和分层现象,神经元胞体直径一般不超过２０μｍ,这些特征与已确定的前鳃亚钢种类显著不同,可能与该种螺类处于系统演化中较低等地位有关。     

扁玉螺中枢神经系统解剖及显微结构观察

对扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)中枢神经系统的大体解剖和显微结构进行了初步研究。结果表明,扁玉螺中枢神经系统包括一对口球神经节、一对脑神经节、一对侧神经节、一对足神经节及一个脏神经节。各神经节均由神经节被膜、胞体区及中央纤维网三部分组成。左右脑神经节之间和左右足神经节之间的联合以及脑-侧、脑-足和侧-足神经节之间的连索均较短。足神经节有明显的分区现象。     

人胎胃壁内NOS阳性神经元发育的研究

研究用NADPH-d组织化学法对第3个月胎龄至足月人胎胃壁内NOS阳性神经元的分化,迁移和生长发育进行了观察。结果表明：第5个月龄时,肌层神经节处的圆形细胞出现一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS)阳性反应。第6个月龄时,NOS阳性细胞分化演变成NOS阳性神经细胞,细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,核大,细胞质极少,由细胞发出短小的6个月龄时,NOS阳性细胞分化演变成NOS阳性神经细胞,细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,核大,细胞质极少,由细胞发出短小的突起,有部分NOS阳性细胞分化演变成梭形的NOS阳性神经细胞,呈条索状排列和粘膜下层延伸,吸的到达粘膜层,在粘膜层形成网状细胞,第7个月龄时,神经元细胞明显增大,细胞质增多,染色加深,在肌层形成神经节,神经节细胞突起投射到整个肌层,第8-10个月龄时,肌层和粘膜下层神经元日趋成熟,细胞质增多,染色强度加深,肌层神经纤维分布密度增加,大多数神经纤维增粗,有的呈弹簧样弯曲,其走向与肌纤维长轴平行。结果提示;人胎胃壁内NOS阳性神经元来源于胚胎早期肌层神经节处的圆形细胞,通过分化,生长发育形成成熟的NOS阳性神经元。     

日本三角涡虫神经系统的组织学观察

为了给涡虫神经生物学的比较研究提供基础资料和通过RNAi技术为研究与脑部再生有关基因的功能奠定基础,本研究使用石蜡连续切片技术,经HE和Masson染色后,对日本三角涡虫Dugesia japonica的神经系统进行观察.日本三角涡虫的中枢神经系统由脑和2条纵神经索组成,脑呈马蹄形;纵神经索从头部到尾部逐渐变细;脑部神经细胞突起连接成网状,纵神经索内神经细胞突起呈纵向排列;咽壁神经组织排列成内外2个圆筒状.这些结构差异反映出日本三角涡虫在涡虫纲系统演化中处于较高级的地位.     

绿盲蝽腹神经节的解剖结构

【目的】揭示绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum腹神经节的组成结构。【方法】采用免疫组织化学染色方法,利用突触蛋白抗体对绿盲蝽成虫的腹神经节进行免疫标记,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜扫描照相获得原始数据,用图像分析软件进行标记,构建三维结构模型。【结果】绿盲蝽成虫腹神经节位于腹神经索的末端,与其前方的后胸神经节和中胸神经节紧密融合,形成后部神经节。与脑和胸神经节类似,腹神经节由周围的细胞体和内部的神经髓构成。腹神经节的神经纤维束主要包括位于腹侧的两条纵向神经连索和向两侧发出的9束神经纤维。9束神经纤维连接着9个神经原节,即富含突触联系的神经髓。这些神经原节紧密融合,无明显的边界,最后两节形成膨大的末端腹神经节。两侧的神经原节由横向的神经连锁连接起来。腹神经节外周的细胞体数量较多,排列紧密,大小一致,仅在前端背侧中间和后端腹侧中间位置分别有2个和5个体积较大的细胞体。【结论】本研究结果明确了绿盲蝽腹神经节的结构,为进一步研究昆虫的行为调控及神经系统发育和演化奠定一定的形态学基础。     

脑源性神经营养因子在大鼠后足切割疼痛中的作用

目的:观察脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)对大鼠后足切割疼痛的影响。方法:采用纵行切割大鼠后足作为疼痛模型,运用免疫组织化学与免疫荧光双标记方法,观察大鼠后足切割后不同时间点(1-72hr)BDNF在相应节段背根神经节与脊髓内表达的变化。腹腔或鞘内注射BDNF抗体中和内源性BDNF后,以Von Frey尼龙纤维刺激后足行机械痛敏评价。结果:大鼠后足切割后1-24hr内,BDNF在切割侧L42-L5脊髓后角表达明增加,BDNF主要位于后角神经元内与神经末梢,星形胶质细胞与小胶质细胞内未见明显表达;在L42-L5背根神经节,BNDF免疫阳性细胞百分比在切割后1-24hr内也明显增加,增加的主要为大直经神经元;鞘内给予BDNF抗体可明显增加大鼠后足切割后的缩足阈值,而腹腔给予BDNF抗体对大鼠的缩足阈值影响较小。结论:BDNF参与了大鼠后足切割后机械痛敏的过程。     

Egg laying inAplysia

1. Central pathways for bag cell activation were identified by examining the frequency of spontaneous egg laying episodes in animals with central connective lesions. Bilateral lesions of the cerebropleural (but not the cerebropedal) connectives abolished spontaneous egg laying. In contrast, bilateral lesions of all cerebral ganglion peripheral nerves did not abolish spontaneous egg laying, suggesting that sensory input to the cerebral ganglion is not necessary for activating the bag cells. 2. Backfilling either pleuroabdominal connective labelled cell bodies in the cerebral ganglia (via the ipsilateral cerebropleural connective) that could project to the bag cells. Focal extracellular stimulation of these stained clusters activated the bag cells in isolated brains. 3. Central pathways for initiating egg laying behaviors were identified by selectively eliciting bag cell discharges in animals with central connective lesions. Bilateral lesions of the cerebropedal (but not the cerebropleural) connectives completely abolished elicited egg laying behaviors. 4. Pathways for motor output during rhythmic head and neck movements were identified by eliciting bag cell discharges in animals with peripheral nerve lesions. Bilateral lesions of the four tegumentary nerves in combination with the anterior pedal nerve completely abolished elicited egg laying behaviors, indicating that these nerves are necessary for normal motor output. A normal pattern of egg laying behaviors occurred when the four tegumentary and the anterior pedal nerves were left intact and all other pedal ganglion nerves were lesioned bilaterally, indicating that these nerves are also sufficient for normal motor output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Origins of nerve fibers containing nitric oxide synthase in the rat celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion

The origin of nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in rat celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion was examined using retrograde tracing techniques combined with the immunofluorescence method. Fluoro-Gold was injected into the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion. Neuronal cell bodies retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold in the thoracic spinal cord, the dorsal root ganglia at the thoracic level, the nodose ganglion, and the intestine from the duodenum to the proximal colon were examined for nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. About 60% of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral nucleus projecting to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase, as were approximately 27% of nodose ganglion neurons and about 65% of dorsal root ganglion neurons projecting to the cceliac-superior mesenteric ganglion. Neurons projecting to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion were found in the myenteric plexus of the small and large intestine. In the proximal colon, about 23% of such neurons were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase. However, in the small intestine, no immunoreactivity was found in these neurons.     

脉红螺（Rapana Venosa）神经系统解剖的初步研究

本文对腹足纲、狭舌目、骨螺科的脉红螺神经系统的大体解剖和组织学进行了初步研究。脉红螺神经系统头向集中程度较高,神经节愈合现象较为明显。切片上观察,中枢神经节均由神经节被膜、胞体区和神经纤维网构成;形态上相似的神经细胞有集中分布的现象。     

豚鼠小肠神经节丛的NADPH—黄递酶组织化学观察

目前已知,ＮＡＤＰＨ－－黄递酶组化法可选择性地显示－－氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯｓｙｎｔｈａｓｅ,ＮＯＳ）神经元。因此,我们以ＮＡＤＰＨ－黄递酶组化法,观察了豚鼠小肠肌间神经丛和粘膜下神经丛的神经网格以及ＮＯＳ神经元。结果表明,三段小肠肌间神经丛的神经网眼大小和形态有明显差异,与对应的粘膜下神经丛相比,差异更显著。在肌间神经丛中,ＮＡＤＰＨ－黄递酶阳性神经元胞体大小不等;其长突起伸入节间束,而短突起较多,并可见短突起彼此连接．构成节内偶见的局部神经元回路。从小肠上段到下段,ＮＯＳ神经元数量呈下降趋势。在粘膜下神经丛,我们也观察到少数ＮＯＳ神经元。     

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis

Summary A substance immunologically related to vertebrate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been visualized in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus with the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, by use of an antiserum raised in sheep against rat brain GAD. The results show that GAD-like immunoreactivity is present both in neuronal perikarya and in nerve fibers. Positive neurons are located mainly among the fibers of the ganglion neuropil at the commissural level, and more rarely close to unreactive cortical cell bodies. Immunoreactive nerve fibers are observed throughout the neuropil and also in cerebropedal and pedal nerves.Supported by Ministero Pubblica Istruzione (40%)     

Nitric oxide synthase in the glossopharyngeal and vagal afferent pathway of a teleost, Takifugu niphobles

To examine the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the sensory system of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves of teleosts, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) activity and immunoreactivity for NOS were examined in the puffer fish Takifugu niphobles. The nitrergic sensory neurons were located in the ganglia of both the glossopharyngeal and the vagal nerves. In the vagal ganglion, positive neurons were found in the subpopulations for the branchial rami and the coelomic visceral ramus, but not for the posterior ramus or the lateral line ramus. In the medulla, nitrergic afferent terminals were found in the glossopharyngeal lobe, the vagal lobe, and the commissural nucleus. In the gill structure, the nitrergic nerve fibers were seen in the nerve bundles running along the efferent branchial artery of all three gill arches. These fibers appeared to terminate in the proximal portion of the efferent filament arteries of three gill arches. On the other hand, autonomic neurons innervating the gill arches were unstained. These results suggest that nitrergic sensory neurons in the glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia project their peripheral processes through the branchial rami to a specific portion of the branchial arteries, and they might play a role in baroreception of this fish. A possible role for nitric oxide (NO) in baroreception is also discussed.     

Distribution and changes with age of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerves of the rat urinary bladder, ureter and in lumbosacral sensory neurons

In the distal parts of the urinary tract, nerves containing nitric oxide (NO) are either postganglionic parasympathetic nerves, with cell bodies in the major pelvic ganglia, or sensory nerves with cell bodies in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia. We have used indirect immunohistochemical techniques to examine the distribution and regional variation of nerves immunoreactive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the urinary bladder, distal ureter and in neurons in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (L1-L2 & L6-S1) of young adult (3 months) and aged (24 months) male rats. Semi-quantitative estimations of nerve densities were made of NOS fibres innervating the dome, body and base of the urinary bladder and distal ureter. Quantitative studies were also used to examine the effects of age on the percentage of dorsal root ganglion neurons immunoreactive for NOS. The dome and the body regions, in both age groups, contained no NOS-immunoreactive axons. The bladder base and distal ureter in young adults showed sparse to moderate numbers of fibres immunoreactive to NOS within the urothelium and in the subepithelium and muscle coat. In the aged rat there were slight reductions in the densities of NOS-immunoreactive nerves in all three regions. In the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, the percentage of NOS-immunoreactive neuronal profiles showed a significant reduction from 4.6 +/- 0.2% in young adult to 2.7 +/- 0.2% (means +/- S.E.M) in aged rats. These findings suggest that the effects of NO on the bladder and distal ureteric musculature and also its expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons are affected in aged rats and that the micturition reflex may be perturbed as a result.