气孔参数与大气CO2浓度的相关性及其影响因素

通常认为气孔参数(气孔密度和气孔指数)和大气CO2浓度有负相关关系,但不是每种植物的气孔参数都与CO2浓度的变化有负相关关系,气孔参数对大气CO2浓度的显著反应也只在一定的CO2浓度范围内发生。大气CO2浓度是影响气孔参数变化的主要因素,同时温度、水分的供应和光照条件等其它环境因素也影响气孔参数。CO2浓度和光照条件主要影响气孔发生,而其它环境因素主要影响叶片表皮细胞的大小。气孔指数部分消除了表皮细胞大小带来的影响,用气孔指数指示大气CO2浓度比用气孔密度指示更为可靠。     

西南喀斯特地区轮作旱地土壤CO2通量

中国已承诺大幅降低单位GDP碳排放,农业正面临固碳减排的重任.西南喀斯特地区环境独特,旱地面积占据优势比例,土壤碳循环认识亟待加强.以贵州省开阳县玉米-油菜轮作旱地为研究对象,采用密闭箱-气相色谱法对整个轮作期土壤CO2释放通量进行了观测研究,结果表明:(1)整个轮作期旱地均表现为CO2的释放源.其中油菜生长季土壤CO2通量为(178.8±104.8)mg CO2·m-2·h-1,玉米生长季为(403.0±178.8) mg CO2·m-2·h-1,全年平均通量为(271.1±176.4) mg CO2·m-2·h-1,高于纬度较高地区的农田以及同纬度的次生林和松林;(2)CO2通量日变化同温度呈现显著正相关关系,季节变化与温度呈现显著指数正相关关系,并受土壤湿度的影响,基于大气温度计算得出的Q10为2.02,高于同纬度松林以及低纬度的常绿阔叶林;(3)CO2通量与土壤pH存在显著线性正相关关系,显示出土壤pH是研究区旱地土壤呼吸影响因子之一.     

大气CO2浓度变化对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

蓝藻水华暴发是多因素综合作用的结果,藻类生长受温度、光照、风力、营养盐、pH、微量元素等多个因素的影响[1—4]。藻类属于光能自养型微生物,其生长繁殖离不开自身的光合作用;作为光合作用主要的无机碳源,CO2对藻类生长有着举足轻重的作用。工业的快速发展,化石燃料的燃烧,增加了大气CO2的源,环境破坏引起的森林绿地面积锐减,又使CO2的汇减少,最终导致大气CO2浓度不断增加。     

氮素对高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片光合作用的影响

通过测定小麦拔节期叶片的光合气体交换参数和光强-光合速率（P_n）响应曲线,研究了氮素对长期高大气CO₂浓度（760 μmol·mol^-1）下小麦叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明：在长期高大气CO₂浓度下,增施氮肥能提高小麦叶片P_n、蒸腾速率（T_r）和瞬时水分利用效率（WUE_i）;与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片的P_n和WUE_i增加,气孔导度（G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i）降低.随光合有效辐射的增强,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片的P_n和WUE_i均高于正常大气CO₂浓度处理,G_s则较低,而C_i和T_r无显著变化.高氮水平下小麦叶片G_s与P_n、T_r、WUE_i呈线性正相关,G_s与C_i在正常大气CO₂浓度下呈线性负相关,但高大气CO₂浓度下二者无相关性;低氮水平下小麦叶片的G_s与P_n、WUE_i无相关性,而与C_i和T_r呈线性正相关,表明高大气CO₂浓度下低氮水平的小麦叶片P_n由非气孔因素限制.     

青藏高原草地双子叶植物叶片的气孔特征研究

利用光学显微镜对青藏高原29种草地双子叶植物叶片的气孔形态与数量特征进行观察及差异显著性分析,为揭示青藏高原草地双子叶植物对高原环境的适应机制及探索气孔作为辅助分类的依据奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)青藏高原草地双子叶植物大多数种类在叶片上、下表皮均分布有气孔,气孔随机排列,气孔器多为无规则型。(2)气孔长度(SL)较小,上、下表皮的气孔平均长度分别为26.20μm与25.56μm,且气孔密度(SD)与气孔指数(SI)相对较大。(3)不同科、属、种间叶片上、下表皮的SL、SD、SI差异均极显著。(4)叶片上、下表皮的6个气孔数量特征之间具有显著相关关系。(5)上表皮的SL、SD与不同科、属、种间显著相关,下表皮除SI与物种间相关不显著外,其他指标与科、属、种间显著相关。研究认为,青藏高原草地双子叶植物独特的气孔形态与数量特征是对高寒极端环境长期适应的结果,且气孔数量特征对植物辅助分类具有重要价值。     

温度和CO2浓度升高下转Bt水稻种植对土壤活性碳氮和线虫群落的短期影响

全球气候变化下转Bt水稻种植对土壤生态系统的影响仍是未知领域。利用野外开顶式气室(OTC)模拟气候变化,探讨了温度和CO2浓度([CO2])升高后种植转Bt(华恢1号)水稻对土壤活性碳氮和线虫群落的影响。结果表明:(1)温度和[CO2]升高条件下种植转Bt水稻显著影响土壤可溶性碳(DOC)、可溶性氮(DON)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量,同时DOC和DON受到升温和[CO2]升高与转Bt水稻的交互影响;在正常温度和[CO2]下,转Bt水稻显著降低了土壤微生物量碳氮含量(MBC、MBN),但在温度和[CO2]升高后转Bt水稻种植使土壤MBC和MBN含量显著高于亲本水稻。(2)在温度和[CO2]升高条件下,转Bt水稻土壤线虫总数呈高于亲本水稻的趋势,植食性线虫的比例随[CO2]和温度升高呈增大的趋势。此外,升温和转Bt水稻种植提高了土壤线虫群落的能流通道指数,而[CO2]升高和转Bt水稻种植则提高了土壤线虫群落的富集指数。总之,在模拟全球气候变化下,种植转Bt水稻在短期内对土壤活性碳氮和线虫群落均产生影响,但短期研究并未发现转Bt水稻种植对土壤生态系统的不利影响。     

干旱和CO_2浓度升高对干旱区春小麦气孔密度及分布的影响

通过对不同土壤水分状况、不同 CO2 浓度条件下春小麦叶片气孔的观测结果表明 :干旱和 CO2 浓度升高不仅影响叶片气孔密度 ,而且也影响其分布。随干旱程度的加剧 ,气孔密度有明显的上升趋势 ,气孔在叶片上的分布趋向均匀 ;随 CO2 浓度的升高 ,气孔密度有明显的下降趋势 ,其分布也趋向均匀。水分状况和 CO2 浓度相同时 ,气孔密度及分布受不同温度的影响     

华北平原农田CO2浓度变化特征

旨在了解农田CO2浓度长期动态变化特征、趋势、浓度增量分布模式等,收集了2007—2018年中国气象局固城生态与农业气象试验站开路式涡相关CO2浓度观测数据。研究了华北平原农田CO2浓度的年际、年内、昼夜和CO2通量等动态变化特征,对比分析了华北平原农田CO2浓度与城市站和大气本底站CO2浓度变化趋势及差异。结果表明,近十多年来华北平原农田CO2年平均浓度显著升高31.0 μmol/mol（r=0.263, P<0.01）,年均增幅(2.58 μmol/mol)与全球和瓦里关本底站大气CO2浓度增幅接近,但农田CO2浓度年际和年内季节变化波动巨大,日平均浓度和逐时平均浓度标准差分别为33.7和33.5 μmol/mol。夜间CO2平均浓度395.8 μmol/mol,比白天高36.2 μmol/mol（10.1%）,8月最高差值达到74.4 μmol/mol（20.6%）。在作物生长季节,5月和8—9月白天CO2浓度出现的两个谷值准确地对应了CO2通量动态变化的两个峰值,表明4—9月昼间CO2浓度和通量动态变化很好地反映了华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米生长过程、农事活动和农田碳交换的关系。农田CO2浓度动态变化与城市、湿地和大气本底站的变化特征不同,表明其动态变化的形成机制有差异。农田CO2浓度昼夜及季节变化特征为研究和评估CO2浓度升高影响作物生长和产量提供指导依据。     

高CO2浓度和固氮菌对斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物利用效率的影响

"补偿取食"假说认为CO2浓度升高后植食性昆虫会增大取食量以弥补植物组织中氮素营养的不足。但实证研究并非都支持该假说。用人工智能气候箱设置CO2浓度(390μL/L和780μL/L)和固氮菌(有、无)等2因素4处理,种植菜豆饲喂刚蜕皮进入4龄的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,测定其取食和食物利用效率。协方差分析结果表明,CO2浓度与固氮菌互作对斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食量具有显著影响,在无固氮菌处理下,斜纹夜蛾幼虫对高CO2浓度处理的菜豆取食量明显高于当前CO2浓度处理的;而在有固氮菌处理下,斜纹夜蛾幼虫对高CO2浓度下菜豆的取食量又比当前CO2浓度处理下的低。固氮菌对斜夜蛾4龄幼虫最终体重没有显著影响,但高CO2浓度处理的4龄幼虫终体重大于当前CO2浓度处理的幼虫。CO2浓度、固氮菌及其互作对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的相对取食率(RCR)和相对生长率(RGR)具有显著影响,在当前CO2浓度处理下,斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫的RCR和RGR在有、无固氮菌处理之间没有显著差异;但在升高CO2浓度下,无固氮菌处理下的RCR和RGR显著大于有固氮菌处理。CO2浓度及其与固氮菌互作显著影响近似消化率(AD),在无固氮菌处理下,CO2浓度升高使AD增大;但在有固氮菌、CO2浓度升高下,其AD略有降低。CO2浓度和固氮菌双因素处理对消化食物转化率(ECD)无显著影响。研究结果支持"补偿取食"假说。     

CO2浓度和辐射强度变化对沙柳光合作用速率影响的模拟研究

沙柳是毛乌素沙地防护林的主要灌木树种 ,模拟研究沙柳对 CO2 浓度和辐射强度的响应有利于准确有效地制定全球变化下的沙漠化防治和水土流失的战略对策。结果表明 ,沙柳的光合作用速率对 CO2 浓度的响应表现为线性关系 ,对辐射的响应表现为对数函数关系。沙柳光合作用速率有随辐射强度增加和 /或 CO2 浓度的升高而增大的变化规律。CO2 浓度越高 ,沙柳的光合作用速率对辐射的反应越明显。同样 ,辐射越强 ,沙柳的光合作用速率对 CO2 浓度的反应越敏感。在高辐射条件下增加大气中 CO2 的“施肥效应”比低辐射条件下要显著。土壤干旱对沙柳的光合和暗呼吸都有抑制作用 ,使沙柳的生理过程受到影响 ,从而使沙柳对 CO2 浓度和辐射的反应规律不如土壤水分适宜时显著。     

Elevated CO2 concentrations and stomatal density: observations from 17 plant species growing in a CO2 spring in central Italy

Stomatal density (SD) and stomatal conductance ( g _s) can be affected by an increase of atmospheric CO₂ concentration. This study was conducted on 17 species growing in a naturally enriched CO₂ spring and belonging to three plant communities. Stomatal conductance, stomatal density and stomatal index (SI) of plants from the spring, which were assumed to have been exposed for generations to elevated [CO₂], and of plants of the same species collected in a nearby control site, were compared. Stomatal conductance was significantly lower in most of the species collected in the CO₂ spring and this indicated that CO₂ effects on g _s are not of a transitory nature but persist in the long term and through plant generations. Such a decrease was, however, not associated with changes in the anatomy of leaves: SD was unaffected in the majority of species (the decrease was only significant in three out of the 17 species examined), and also SI values did not vary between the two sites with the exception of two species that showed increased SI in plants grown in the CO₂-enriched area. These results did not support the hypothesis that long-term exposure to elevated [CO₂] may cause adaptive modification in stomatal number and in their distribution.     

Stomatal frequency of Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris shows no proportional relationship with atmospheric CO2 concentration

We investigated the relationship between stomatal frequency and a range of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]_atm) in Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris , two important boreal trees in Scandinavia. If strong relationships exist, they can be used to reconstruct past [CO₂]_atm from stomatal frequency of fossil Betula and Pinus leaves. Responses of epidermal characters (stomatal density (SD), epidermal cell density (ED), stomatal index (SI)) to different CO₂ concentrations were investigated utilising (1) the lower partial pressure of CO₂ at increasing altitudes for B. pubescens , and in herbarium specimens of B. pubescens and P. sylvestris collected during the post-industrial rise of [CO₂]_atm from c. 280 ppmv to c. 360 ppmv in 1997 and (2) concentrations (560 ppmv) and temperatures (3° summer) above present day in the CLIMEX greenhouse experiment. All the results show no clear relationship between SD or SI and [CO₂] _atm for either B. pubescens or P. sylvestris. Most likely there are stronger genetically and environmentally induced factors that affect the development of the leaves. Problems with collecting representative samples from herbarium specimens are discussed. Since the effects of changes in [CO₂]_atm cannot be statistically modelled, B. pubescens and P. sylvestris are not suitable for reconstructing past atmospheric CO₂ concentrations from fossil leaves using stomatal density or stomatal index     

Hyperpnoea and CO2 sensitivity of the respiratory centres during exercise

The aim of this study was to specify whether exercise hyperpnoea was related to the CO2 sensitivity of the respiratory centres measured during steady-state exercise of mild intensity. Thus, ventilation (VE), breathing pattern [tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), inspiratory time (TI), total time of the respiratory cycle (TTOT), VT/TI, TI/TTOT] and CO2 sensitivity of the respiratory centres determined by the rebreathing method were measured at rest (SCO2re) and during steady-state exercise (SCO2ex) of mild intensity [CO2 output (VCO2) = 20 ml.kg-1.min-1] in 11 sedentary male subjects (aged 20-34 years). The results showed that SCO2re and SCO2ex were not significantly different. During exercise, there was no correlation between VE and SCO2ex and, for the same VCO2, all subjects had very close VE values normalized for body mass (bm), regardless of their SCO2ex (VEbm0.75 = 1.44 l.min-1.kg-1 SD 0.10). A highly significant positive correlation between SCO2ex and VT (normalised for bm) (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01), TI (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01) and TTOT (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01) existed, as well as a highly significant negative correlation between SCO2ex and (normalised for bm-0.25) (r = -0.73, P less than 0.01). We conclude that the hyperpnoea during steady-state exercise of mild intensity is not related to the SCO2ex. The relationship between breathing pattern and SCO2ex suggests that the breathing pattern could influence the determination of the SCO2ex. This finding needs further investigation.     

Stomatal density and stomatal index as indicators of paleoatmospheric CO(2) concentration

A growing number of studies use the plant species-specific inverse relationship between atmospheric CO(2) concentration and stomatal density (SD) or stomatal index (SI) as a proxy for paleo-CO(2) levels. A total of 285 previously published SD and 145 SI responses to variable CO(2) concentrations from a pool of 176 C(3) plant species are analyzed here to test the reliability of this method. The percentage of responses inversely responding to CO(2) rises from 40 and 36% (for SD and SI, respectively) in experimental studies to 88 and 94% (for SD and SI, respectively) in fossil studies. The inconsistent experimental responses verify previous concerns involving this method, however the high percentage of fossil responses showing an inverse relationship clearly validates the method when applied over time scales of similar length. Furthermore, for all groups of observations, a positive relationship between CO(2) and SD/SI is found in only 相似文献   

Heritable variation in stomatal responses to elevated CO2 in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae)

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide may affect plant populations in the short term through effects on photosynthesis and carbon allocation, and over the long term as an agent of natural selection. To test for heritable effects of elevated CO2 on stomatal responses and plant fecundity in Raphanus raphanistrum, we grew plants from 12 paternal families in outdoor open-top chambers at ambient (35 Pa) or elevated (67 Pa) CO2. Contrary to results from a previous study of this species, total flower and fruit production were marginally lower under elevated CO2. Across families, stomatal index and guard cell length showed little response to CO2 enrichment, but these characters varied significantly among paternal families in both the direction and magnitude of their response to changing CO2. Although these family-by-CO2 interactions suggest that natural selection might affect stomatal characters when ambient CO2 levels increase, we found no significant correlation between either character and flower or fruit production. Therefore, our data suggest that while heritable variation for stomatal index and guard cell length exists in this population, selection due to increasing CO2 is not likely to act on these traits because they had no detectable effect on lifetime fecundity.     

Interactions between increasing CO2 concentration and temperature on plant growth

The global environment is changing with increasing temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, [CO₂]. Because these two factors are concomitant, and the global [CO₂] rise will affect all biomes across the full global range of temperatures, it is essential to review the theory and observations on effects of temperature and [CO₂] interactions on plant carbon balance, growth, development, biomass accumulation and yield. Although there are sound theoretical reasons for expecting a larger stimulation of net CO₂ assimilation rates by increased [CO₂] at higher temperatures, this does not necessarily mean that the pattern of biomass and yield responses to increasing [CO₂] and temperature is determined by this response. This paper reviews the interactions between the effects of [CO₂] and temperature on plants. There is little unequivocal evidence for large differences in response to [CO₂] at different temperatures, as studies are confounded by the different responses of species adapted and acclimated to different temperatures, and the interspecific differences in growth form and development pattern. We conclude by stressing the importance of initiation and expansion of meristems and organs and the balance between assimilate supply and sink activity in determining the growth response to increasing [CO₂] and temperature.     

高浓度二氧化碳对植物影响的研究进展

工业革命后全球大气CO2浓度持续上升,不仅对全球气候的变迁产生重大影响,而且对植物的形态、水分利用、蛋白质合成、光合、抗性、生长及生物量等都有不同程度的影响。高浓度CO2促进植物根、幼苗的生长,叶片增厚,降低气孔密度、气孔导度及蒸腾速率,增加水分利用效率、作物的产量及生物量,促进乙烯生物合成,增强植物的抗氧化能力。不同光合途径(C3、C4及CAM)及不同植被类型的植物对高浓度CO2的响应不同。长期和短期的高浓度CO2处理,植物响应方式有很大的差异,如短期高CO2处理使光合能力增强,而长期处理则使光合能力下调。     

Differences in the response sensitivity of stomatal index to atmospheric CO2 among four genera of Cupressaceae conifers

Background and Aims

The inverse relationship between stomatal density (SD: number of stomata per mm² leaf area) and atmospheric concentration of CO₂ ([CO₂]) permits the use of plants as proxies of palaeo-atmospheric CO₂. Many stomatal reconstructions of palaeo-[CO₂] are based upon multiple fossil species. However, it is unclear how plants respond to [CO₂] across genus, family or ecotype in terms of SD or stomatal index (SI: ratio of stomata to epidermal cells). This study analysed the stomatal numbers of conifers from the ancient family Cupressaceae, in order to examine the nature of the SI–[CO₂] relationship, and potential implications for stomatal reconstructions of palaeo-[CO₂].

Methods

Stomatal frequency measurements were taken from historical herbarium specimens of Athrotaxis cupressoides, Tetraclinis articulata and four Callitris species, and live A. cupressoides grown under CO₂-enrichment (370, 470, 570 and 670 p.p.m. CO₂).

Key Results

T. articulata, C. columnaris and C. rhomboidea displayed significant reductions in SI with rising [CO₂]; by contrast, A. cupressoides, C. preissii and C. oblonga show no response in SI. However, A. cupressoides does reduce SI to increases in [CO₂] above current ambient (approx. 380 p.p.m. CO₂). This dataset suggests that a shared consistent SI–[CO₂] relationship is not apparent across the genus Callitris.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that it is not possible to generalize how conifer species respond to fluctuations in [CO₂] based upon taxonomic relatedness or habitat. This apparent lack of a consistent response, in conjunction with high variability in SI, indicates that reconstructions of absolute palaeo-[CO₂] based at the genus level, or upon multiple species for discrete intervals of time are not as reliable as those based on a single or multiple temporally overlapping species.     

植物光合作用对大气CO2浓度升高的反应

近年来大气中ＣＯ２浓度急剧增加使人们重新对研究ＣＯ２浓度升高对植物光合作用影响感兴趣。预计在未来的１００ａ中,大气ＣＯ２浓度还将不断增长并达到当今的２倍。ＣＯ２排放量的增加不仅加剧了地球上的温室效应,也将改变全球生态系统中碳的平衡。离浓度ＣＯ２对植物光剑作用的影响表现为短期和长期效应。短时间地供给高浓度ＣＯ２促进阿 光合作用,而长时间生长在高浓度ＣＯ２下抒使某些植物光合能力下降,出现了光合适应现象     

Stomatal density of cowpea correlates with carbon isotope discrimination in different phosphorus, water and CO2 environments

* Stomatal formation is affected by a plant's external environment, with long-distance signaling from mature to young leaves seemingly involved. However, it is still unclear what is responsible for this signal. To address this question, the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) and stomatal density was examined in cowpea (Vigna sinensis). * Plants were grown under various environments that combined different amounts of soil phosphorus (P), soil water, and atmospheric CO(2). At harvest, stomatal density was measured in the youngest fully expanded leaf. The (13)C : (12)C ratio was measured in a young leaf to determine the Delta in mature leaves. * Results indicated that stomatal density is affected by P as well as by amounts of water and CO(2). However, stomatal responses to water and CO(2) were complex because of strong interactions with P. This suggests that the responses are relative, depending on some internal factor being affected by each external variable. Despite such complicated responses, a linear correlation was found between stomatal density and Delta across all environments examined. * It is proposed that the Delta value is a good surrogate for the long-term mean of the intercellular (C(i)) to the atmospheric (C(a)) CO(2) concentration ratio (C(i) : C(a)) and may be useful in understanding stomatal formation beyond complicated interactions.