基于高通量测序的辐射污染区细菌群落特征分析

【目的】为了更加全面地揭示辐射污染区细菌种群多样性,了解辐射污染对辐射区土壤中细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】运用高通量测序方法,分别进行了土样细菌16S r RNA基因的V3可变区测序,进而对无辐射污染对照和不同辐射污染程度的土样中细菌群落组成和多样性进行分析。【结果】研究共获得110 348条有效序列,17 604个OTUs,共涉及细菌域的19个门和6个潜在菌门和其它未分类菌群的726个属。多样性分析表明,辐射污染会引起土壤样品中微生物群落的分布显著差异化,显著提高细菌群落种群多样性和微生物丰度。微生物群落组成分析发现,在辐射污染胁迫下,辐射污染区样品中变形杆菌门分布比例显著下降;随着辐射污染程度的提高,放线菌门所占比例逐步提高,未分类菌门、厚壁菌门和酸杆菌门也有明显的提高。同时,研究发现辐射污染区中存在着大量未分类菌属。【结论】研究揭示了辐射污染区极为丰富的细菌多样性,大量微生物新物种资源有待发掘。     

组学技术在重离子辐射微生物诱变育种中的应用

重离子辐射诱变具有诱变率高、诱变谱宽、突变体易稳定等优势,在微生物育种实践中已得到广泛应用。随着测序技术的发展,对重离子辐射诱变效应的研究可以实现较为全面地了解突变体在基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组等多个层面的生物学信息。本文综述了利用重离子辐射诱变技术进行微生物育种的研究进展,以及联合高通量测序技术探究重离子诱变产生的生物学效应机理。在此基础上,进一步探讨利用组学方法研究重离子诱变微生物的新思路,旨为重离子诱变微生物育种技术提供参考和建议。     

UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降对入侵植物乌桕生长的影响

外来植物入侵是全球性问题,严重威胁入侵地生态系统功能和稳定性。入侵植物与其在原产地生长特征的不同,使其在抵抗胁迫生境和利用资源方面具有较强的竞争能力,从而具有较高的入侵潜力。UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降加剧作为两种全球变化因子,可能与土壤微生物共同作用于植物入侵的整个过程。了解UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降加剧是如何直接或间接影响微生物介导的植物生长,有助于揭示全球变化背景下的植物入侵机理,为有效控制植物入侵并降低其对生态系统功能的危害提供理论依据。该试验采用四因素裂区设计,以入侵美国的中国乌桕(Triadica sebifera)为研究对象,通过模拟UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降加剧,在土壤微生物控制条件下,研究三者对不同种群乌桕生长的影响。结果显示:UV-B辐射增强、氮沉降加剧和土壤微生物可能共同作用于乌桕成功入侵的整个过程。UV-B辐射增强导致乌桕形态学和生物量分配发生变化,大部分的资源分配给叶片以抵抗外界UV-B辐射胁迫。氮沉降使得乌桕将更多资源分配至地上部分,特别是叶片,减少了对地下生物量的分配。原产地土壤微生物对乌桕生长具有显著正效应,同时,氮沉降增强了该效应而UV-B辐射增强对该效应没有影响。氮沉降没有减缓UV-B辐射对乌桕的胁迫作用。入侵地乌桕种群相比于原产地乌桕种群在株高、叶生物量和总生物量方面已经进化出了较为明显的优势,此外,入侵地乌桕种群相比于原产地乌桕种群减弱了在根冠比和根生物量方面对原产地土壤微生物的依赖性,但是增强了在叶面积比方面的依赖性。     

辐射污染区盐爪爪根际可培养细菌群落组成及功能特性

【背景】我国西北某辐射污染区存在着丰富多样的耐辐射微生物资源,部分区域覆盖着耐盐植物盐爪爪,其根际存在明显的"离子岛"效应,开展其根际微生物相关研究对进一步挖掘污染区微生物资源及揭示盐爪爪的盐适应性和"离子岛"的形成具有重要的意义。【目的】分析辐射污染区盐爪爪根际微生物群落组成,挖掘潜在的微生物资源和功能特性。【方法】通过可培养方法,共选择了10种筛选培养基开展盐爪爪根际微生物的分离筛选,并对所获得的细菌进行了16S rRNA基因序列分子鉴定,进而进行相关菌株的抗逆特性、产酶特性和植物促生特性分析。【结果】分离获得的267株细菌归属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)等3个菌门中的20个属,发现潜在新种8个,其中放线菌门所含种属最丰富,说明盐爪爪根际存在着丰富的微生物多样性。相关抗逆性分析表明,分离得到的菌株70%以上可耐受10%NaCl,40%的菌株可耐受不同浓度的重金属胁迫。同时,研究获得了一批可产蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的菌株以及植物促生菌株,可为相关酶制剂的筛选和微生物菌肥的研制提供丰富的材料。【结论】辐射污染区盐爪爪根际存在大量潜在的宝贵微生物资源,有待挖掘和开发。     

极地微生物的工业用途

微生物具有强大的环境适应能力,在其他生物无法生存的强酸、强碱、高盐、强辐射、高压、高温、低温、寡营养等极端环境中,都能发现微生物存在的踪迹。     

快中子辐射在抗生素产生菌育种上的应用

自1945年Myers和Hanson用回旋加速器产生的中子处理青霉素产生菌以来,快中子辐射已成为微生物诱变处理的一种手段。本文着重介绍快中子辐射在抗生素产生菌育种上的一些应用及其研究成果。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡可培养石生细菌多样性及抗紫外辐射能力

【背景】珠穆朗玛峰地区具有寒冷低温、强辐射等极端环境条件,珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生微生物研究未见报道。【目的】针对珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生微生物开展研究,阐明珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生生境中可培养细菌多样性,开发珠穆朗玛峰北坡抗紫外辐射菌株资源。【方法】通过可培养法、16S rRNA基因序列分析方法以及紫外辐射筛选对珠穆朗玛峰北坡可培养石生细菌多样性以及抗紫外辐射能力进行研究。【结果】从珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生生境中共分离获得52株石生细菌,归类为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中放线菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门,鞘脂单胞菌属、节杆菌属、链霉菌属为优势菌属,有2株菌为潜在新种。从已分离鉴定菌株中筛选出了2株抗紫外辐射能力较高的菌株,分别是芽孢杆菌属菌株ZFBP4009和链霉菌属菌株ZFBP1009。【结论】珠穆朗玛峰北坡石生环境蕴含多样性丰富的石生细菌,所分离菌株抗紫外辐射能力突出,为揭示相关极端环境下微生物的分布特征及极端环境微生物资源开发提供了数据支持及菌株资源。     

放射性污染对铀矿区土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为探究放射性及其伴生污染对铀矿区附近土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响，采集退役铀矿冶周围不同辐射值的土壤为研究对象，通过测定其土壤理化性质、土壤可培养微生物计数及Biolog-ECO微孔板培养，分析土壤放射性污染程度及理化性质对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和数量的影响。结果表明，矿区放射性污染土壤中重金属含量普遍较高，尤其是铅已超出管控标准。随着辐射值的增加，土壤中可培养微生物数量显著下降，特别是放线菌和真菌的数量；微生物群落功能多样性指数、物种丰富度指数、优势度、均一性指数显著下降；对碳源利用也逐渐下降，尤其是对酚酸类和胺类碳源，利用率分别下降25.8%、29.7%。RDA分析发现放射性核素是该区域驱动土壤微生物群落代谢发生变化的主要因素。铀矿区放射性污染及伴随的重金属污染明显改变土壤微生物群落结构，抑制了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性，造成土壤微生物群落功能多样性下降。     

岷江上游半干旱河谷区3种林型土壤氮素的比较

比较研究了岷江上游半干旱河谷区辐射松人工林、油松人工林与邻近灌丛0-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm土层土壤氮素和氮循环过程相关酶的特征,包括土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮、微生物量氮含量及蛋白酶、脲酶、硝酸盐还原酶活性。结果表明,辐射松林和油松林各土层土壤有机碳含量、碳氮比和硝酸盐还原酶活性无显著差异,油松林土壤无机氮含量和脲酶活性显著高于辐射松林土壤,而辐射松林土壤微生物量氮含量是3种林型土壤中最高的,灌丛0-20cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮含量最高。此外,有机碳、全氮含量、脲酶活性随土层深度增加而降低;而硝酸盐还原酶活性却随土层深度的增加而增强;同时,各土层间蛋白酶活性差异较小。因此,植被类型对土壤氮素转化有一定影响,而从目前的土壤氮素状况来看,油松林土壤中植物可直接吸收利用的氮素高于辐射松林和灌丛;辐射松林土壤微生物固持的氮素含量最高。区域3种植被类型土壤氮素状况还受到半干旱气候因素的强烈影响。     

重离子诱变微生物育种的研究进展

近年来,重离子束作为一种新的辐射诱变源在微生物育种领域已多有应用。与传统的辐照源相比,重离子束具有更高的传能线密度,可以产生更强的辐射损伤生物效应,因此突变效率高。本文综述了近年来重离子诱变在微生物育种中取得的进展、诱变后突变体菌株的筛选策略、重离子束引起微生物遗传物质改变的直接和间接机制以及突变后的修复机理,并对其在微生物育种中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Chlorophyll isolation,structure and function: major landmarks of the early history of research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

This paper covers major events of the early history of chlorophyll research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union from 1771 until 1952, when the modern period of studies on photosynthesis began in full swing. Short biographical sketches of key scientists, reviews of their major research contributions and some selected photographs are included. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

兰科一新属和新亚族——丫瓣兰属和丫瓣兰亚族

基于丫瓣兰Ypsilorchis fissipetala (Finet)Z.J.Liu,S.C.Chen &L.J.Chen(基名为裂瓣羊耳蒜Liparis fissipetala Finet)建立了兰科新属--丫瓣兰属Ypsilorchis Z.J.Liu,S.C.Chen&.J.Chen.新属与羊耳蒜属Liparis的区别点为:新属有两个粉蜡质花粉团:每个花粉团具1个多少有弹性的花粉团柄;花瓣二深裂;叶具强烈波状的边缘,其先端有一个长达1 mm的芒尖.这些特征表明了其与羊耳蒜亚族Liparidinae有明显的差别,为此,建立了一个新的亚族--丫瓣兰亚族Ypsilorchidinae Z.J.Liu,S.C.Chen &L.J.Chert.     

Protein intake regulation in the weanling rat: Effects of additions of lysine,arginine and ammonia on the selection of gluten and energy

The effects of adding lysine, arginine and ammonia to gluten on the self-selection of protein and energy by the weanling rat simultaneously offered a choice of two diets differing only in gluten concentration (15 and 55%) were tested. Previous studies have shown that while lysine (6 g/100 g) additions to gluten decreased the amount of gluten selected by the rat from 40 to 20 g per 100 g of food eaten, selection was not related to the nutritional quality of the gluten. When graded levels of arginine (1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 g/100 g) were added to the gluten with or without lysine (0 or 6 g/100 g) the dietary protein selection was unaffected. The addition of ammonia (1.4 g/100 g as NH₄Cl) to gluten had initially the same effect as lysine (6 g/100 g) but with time protein intake returned to control levels. This effect of ammonia was unaltered by arginine additions. It is concluded that the mechanisms which lead to decreases in gluten selection caused by lysine or ammonia are not similar, and that the effects of lysine on gluten selection are not caused by an increased arginine requirement for urea cycle activity.     

巴戟天根的结构及其与蒽醌类化合物积累的关系

应用石蜡切片法、荧光显微镜和紫外分光光度法,对不同年生巴戟天根组织结构的变化进行了观察、对蒽醌类化合物在根中的分布场所及其积累动态进行了研究。结果表明:巴戟天根的结构类似一般多年生草本植物,薄壁细胞是巴戟天根中蒽醌类化合物的分布储存场所,蒽醌类化合物含量随着根生长年限的增加而增加。由以上研究总结出巴戟天以四年或四年以上采收为好,并以根皮厚、木心细者为上品。     

Identification and quantification of endogenous gibberellins in apical buds and the cambial region of Eucalyptus

Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted and purified from apical buds of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maid.) Maid. and the cambial region of E. globulus (Labill.). then analysed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. GA₁ GA₁₉ GA₂₀ and GA₂₉ were identified by full scan mass spectra. Kovats retention indices and high resolution selected ion monitoring. Using deuterated internal standards. GA₁. GA₁₉. GA₂₀ and putative GA₂₉ and GA₅₃ were quantified in the apical buds, while GA₄. GA₈. GA₉ and GA₄₄ were shown to be either absent or present at very low levels. From the cambial region. GA₁ and GA₂₀ were quantified at levels of 0.30 ng (g fresh weight)-¹ and 8.8 ng (g fresh weight)-¹ respectively. These data suggest that the early 13-hydroxylation pathway is the dominant pathway for GA biosynthesis in Eucalyptus .     

Comparison of the effects of neuropeptide Y and adrenergic transmitters on LH release and food intake in male rats

In view of the recent demonstrations that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adrenergic transmitters coexist in neurons of the rat brain, we have compared the effects of intraventricular (Ivt) injections of NPY and catecholamines on LH release and food intake in intact male rats. Of the three catecholamines, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), only E (5.3 micrograms or 15.9 micrograms/rat) significantly stimulated LH release, although NE and E (5.3 micrograms/rat) were equally effective in eliciting food intake in satiated rats. Ivt administration of 10 micrograms NPY significantly stimulated LH release, whereas either lower (0.5 or 2 micrograms/rat) or higher (25 micrograms/rat) doses were ineffective. In contrast, NPY at doses of 0.5 - 10 micrograms/rat increased cumulative food intake in a dose-related fashion. These findings present preliminary evidence of the physiological correlates of the neuronal coexistence of adrenergic transmitters and NPY in the brain and raise the possibility that NPY may normally act either independently, in concert with or via adrenergic systems to evoke LH release and feeding responses in the rat.     

Singchia and Gunnaria, two new genera of Orchidaceae

Singchia Z. J. Liu ＆ L. J. Chen, a new orchid genus, is established based on the new species S. malipoensis Z. J. Liu ＆ L. J. Chen found in southeast Yunnan, China. The new genus is related to Pteroceras, from which it differs by having a lip with its basal margins immovably adnate to the lower part of the pendent column foot, a thin-walled spur, and very unequally and deeply split pollinia, each with a distinct caudicle. In addition to a discussion on Ascocentrum pusillum, a species of questionable placement, another new genus, namely Gunnaria S. C. Chen ex Z. J. Liu ＆ L. J. Chen, is set up and a new combination, namely G. pusilla （Aver.） Z. J. Liu ＆ L. J. Chen, is made. The new genus Gunnaria differs from its allyAscocentrum by having a cross-shaped pollinarium, sulcate or split pollinia, each with a distinct caudicle attached to a common linear stipe much longer than either pollinia or viscidium, and strongly incurved side lobes of the lip.