2018年甘肃省平凉市流行性乙型脑炎病毒的分子特征

为研究甘肃省2018年蚊虫携带流行性乙型脑炎病毒(简称乙脑病毒)的分子特征,2018年7月上旬在甘肃省平凉市4个县采集蚊虫标本,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法开展乙脑病毒筛查;通过高通量测序方法对乙脑病毒基因扩增阳性蚊虫标本进行深度测序研究.结果显示,本次调查在4个县共采集蚊虫1800只,均为三带喙库蚊,分36批研磨和检测.定量RT-PCR结果显示10批(27.8％)蚊虫样本呈乙脑病毒基因扩增阳性.对10批样本进行高通量测序共获得59.7 M读序,其中5.3 M(8.9％)条读序能够比对到病毒基因组数据库上,经注释属于14科15属28种病毒.在其中7批样本中检出乙脑序列共1357条,基因组覆盖度为9.5％-83.1％.系统进化分析显示甘肃省2018年采集的三带喙库蚊中乙脑病毒为基因Ⅰ型.     

用PAP法对流行性乙型脑炎急性期患者外周血白细胞中的乙脑病毒相关抗原定位检测

1991年7—8月在流行性乙型脑炎收治中,用PAP法对急性期患者外周血白细胞进行乙脑病毒相关抗原检测。结果:总检出率为41.2％(24/51),各型检出率:轻型25.0％(2/8)、通普型44.8％(13/29)、重型42.9%(6/14),三型间检出率无差异(p<0.05)。检出病程最早3天,最迟10天。三种白细胞检出率依次为:中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞,可在三种或二种细胞中同时检出,亦有仅见于一种细胞之中。并就检出意义进行了讨论。     

乙型脑炎病毒及其疫苗最新研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎(Japanese encephalitis,JE)简称乙脑,是由乙脑病毒感染,流行在亚洲和太平洋地区重要的病毒脑炎,近年乙脑流行地区在不断扩大。目前尚无特效的治疗流行性乙型脑炎的方法,控制蚊虫传播和免疫接种是当前的主要防御手段。随着对乙脑病毒研究的深入,利用基因工程技术研制新型候选疫苗已成为预防乙脑新的发展方向。简要综述了乙型脑炎病毒的基因组结构及其蛋白功能,以及国内外乙型脑炎疫苗的最新研究进展。     

用体外免疫法建立人—人抗流行性乙型脑炎病毒杂交瘤细胞株

利用单克隆抗体(McAb)进行病毒病的治疗是人们所关心的一个重大课题。 流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)是一种严重威胁人民健康的急性传染病,病死率高,后遗症严重。国内外目前尚无特效疗法。陈伯权等用乙脑病毒皮下或腹腔感染3周龄小白鼠24、48小时及5天后,分别用乙脑病毒51-8McAb进行治疗,平均治愈率分别为78％、73％及22％。     

肠道病毒、乙脑病毒和腮腺炎病毒多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立针对肠道病毒(enterovirus,EV)、乙脑病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)和腮腺炎病毒(mumps virus,MUV)的多重RT-PCR检测方法,分别选择肠道病毒的5′UTR基因、乙脑病毒的E基因和腮腺炎病毒M基因设计3对引物,建立同时检测肠道病毒、乙脑病毒和腮腺炎病毒的多重RT-PCR方法.以中国地区流行的与脑炎相关的麻疹病毒和风疹病毒cDNA为模板验证该检测方法的特异性,同时以梯度稀释的不同滴度的脊髓灰质炎病毒、乙脑病毒、腮腺炎病毒评估该检测方法的检出限.所建立的3种病毒的多重RT-PCR方法可同时或分别特异扩增肠道病毒、乙脑病毒和腮腺炎病毒的152 bp、429 bp和274 bp基因片段,基因序列分别与脊髓灰质炎病毒Sabin 1型5′UTR基因片段、乙型脑炎病毒SA-14-14-2株E基因片段及腮腺炎病毒S79基因片段序列一致;检出限分别达到78.1 CCID50/mL、312.5 PFU/mL、156.2 CCID50/mL;而对麻疹病毒和风疹病毒的扩增均为阴性.所建立的多重RT-PCR特异性和检出限良好,可用于上述3种脑炎病毒的快速检测.     

乙型脑炎病毒感染神经元细胞的固有免疫识别及其调控分子的研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎(epidemic encephalitis type B,简称乙脑)是由乙型脑炎病毒(encephalitis B virus,简称乙脑病毒)感染引起的中枢神经系统疾病。乙脑病毒感染具有明显的嗜神经性,它在神经元细胞中大量增殖并造成其损伤,以干扰素(interferons, IFNs)为核心的固有免疫应答在机体抵御乙脑病毒感染的过程中发挥重要作用。多项研究表明,乙脑病毒感染神经元细胞后,宿主细胞模式识别受体可识别病毒的结构成分,并经接头分子和转录因子等信号传递,介导IFN的产生。IFN随后激活下游干扰素信号通路,转录多种干扰素诱导基因(interferon stimulated genes, ISGs),启动宿主对病毒的固有免疫应答反应。现就乙脑病毒感染神经元细胞的固有免疫相关分子,如模式识别分子、关键接头分子、转录因子及IFN信号转导过程中相关的调控分子作一概述。     

乙型脑炎病毒毒力基因定位的研究进展

乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)属于黄病毒科(Flaviviridae),简称乙脑病毒.该病毒能引起人类的急性脑炎,致死率在20%左右,另有50%的患者会遗留神经系统方面的后遗症.乙脑病毒流行于亚洲及太平洋地区,有季节性的特点,一般蚊虫滋生的7、8、9月是其发病高峰期.每年在亚洲的乙脑病例有50 000例左右,其中致死的有上万人之多,是亚洲公共卫生的一个大问题[1],因而对乙型脑炎病毒功能与结构的研究,尤其是对影响其毒力的功能域的定位,多年以来都是研究的热点.     

中国流行性乙型脑炎病毒表型和基因型的研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒是引起病毒性脑炎最主要的病毒之一,本文对我国分离株的表型和基因型特性进行了综合分析。生物学特征研究显示,不同毒株间存在空斑形态、小鼠神经侵入致病性、保护性抗原和血凝性的明显差异。中国在1977年前,自然界中仅存在基因Ⅲ型乙脑病毒,但自1977年以后基因Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型病毒均从自然界分离到,而基因Ⅰ型病毒已成为优势病毒,其中多数分离自蚊虫。基因序列分析显示,两种基因型的氨基酸序列差异率很小(≤3%),与当前广泛应用的减毒活疫苗株比较,仅≤3%的氨基酸序列差异率,这些差别主要存在于与SA14-14-2减毒相关的位点,提示SA14-14-2疫苗能够有效地保护这两种基因型毒株的感染。     

用PAPO法对流行性乙型脑炎急性期患者外周血白细胞中的乙脑病毒相关抗原定位检测

1991年7－8月在流行性乙型脑炎收治中,用PAP法对急性期患者外周血白细胞进行乙脑病毒相关抗在的检测。结果：总检出率为41．2％（24／51）,各型检出率：轻型25．0％（2／8）、型44．8％913／29）、重型42．9％（6／14）,三型间检出率无差异（P＜0．05）。检出病程最早3天,最迟10天。三种白细胞检出率依次为：中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞,可在三种或二种细胞中同时检出,亦有仅见于一种细胞之中。并就检出意义进行了讨论。     

ELISA检测流行性乙型脑炎病毒的研究——Ⅲ.联合应用微量细胞培养和ELISA法鉴定临床标本中流行性乙型脑炎病毒

临床疑似流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)病人的血浆和脑脊液共41份,接种C6/36(白纹伊蚊纲胞系)培养后,用ELISA双夹心法检测培养液中乙脑病毒(JEV),其中16份(血浆和脑脊液各8份)为阳性,阳性率为39.5％。14份阳性标本按种小白鼠脑内后均出在典型症状而死亡,取脑组织作中和试验鉴定,表明14份病毒标本均为JEV。8例血浆病毒阳性者中7例血清IgM抗体阳性。说明本法检出的JEV是特异性的。可用于病毒的特异性快速鉴定。     

The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies

In mid-September 2000, Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus was diagnosed as the cause of infection in humans and livestock in Jizan Region, Saudi Arabia. This is the first time that this arbovirus has been found outside Africa and Madagascar. Collections of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were therefore undertaken (from 25 September to 10 October) at eight sites during the epidemic to obtain mosquitoes for attempted RVF virus isolation. Among 23 699 mosquito females tested, six isolations of RVF virus were made from 15 428 Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles and seven from 8091 Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis Patton [corrected]. Minimum mosquito infection rates per 1000 at sites with infected mosquitoes were 0.3-13.8 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and 1.94-9.03 Ae. v. arabiensis. Viral activity moved northwards as collecting was in progress and collectors 'caught up' with the virus at the two most northerly sites on the last two trapping evenings. Other species occurred in small numbers and were identified but not tested. Both Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. v. arabiensis were susceptible to RVF virus and transmitted between hamsters, and an additional quantitative test with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus showed that 71-73% of mosquitoes became infected after ingesting 6.9-7.9 log10 FFU/mL of virus; transmission rates were 10% (post-infection day 14) and 26% (post-infection day 20). It was concluded that both species were vectors on grounds of abundance, distribution, preference for humans and sheep, the virus isolations and vector competence tests.     

Seasonal prevalence and host-seeking of mosquitoes in southeastern Republic of Korea

Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted at two sites at Gijang-gun, Busan southeastern area of the Korean peninsula, in 2004. The most frequently collected species at cow sheds were Anopheles sinensis sensu lato (s.l.) (83.4%), followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (8.2%), Culex pipiens Coquillett (5.6%) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (2.4%). Adult populations of An. sinensis s.l. peaked during July (Trap Index, TI 1043.1), declining in August (TI 659.4) and September (TI 462.9) in 2004, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations increased in August (TI 77.5) and September (TI 35.9). Adult Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was first collected in the second week of May (TI 4.0) and increased through August with two population peaks in the third week of July (TI 98.0) and the second week of August (TI 99.5). Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) was the most frequently collected mosquito at human-landing collections (30.4%) followed by An. sinensis s.l. (28.6%) and members of the Cx. pipiens complex (19.3%). Anopheles sinensis s.l. demonstrated two peaks of host-seeking activity at 22.00–23.00 hours and 02.00–03.00 hours in July, while in August the host-seeking peaks appeared at 22.00–23.00 hours and 03.00–04.00 hours. The black light trap collections of An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus demonstrated significant correlations to the ambient temperatures.     

Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea

Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus spread to northern Australia during the 1990s, transmitted by Culex annulirostris Skuse and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). To determine the relative importance of various hosts for potential vectors of JE virus, we investigated the host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes in northern Australia and Western Province of Papua New Guinea, with particular attention to pigs, Sus scrofa L. - the main amplifying host of JE virus in South-east Asia. Mosquitoes were collected by CDC light traps baited with dry ice and 1-octen-3-ol, run 16.00-08.00 hours, mostly set away from human habitations, if possible in places frequented by feral pigs. Bloodmeals of 2569 mosquitoes, representing 15 species, were identified by gel diffusion assay. All species had fed mostly on mammals: only <10% of bloodmeals were from birds. The predominant species was Cx. annulirostris (88%), with relatively few (4.4%) bloodmeals obtained from humans. From all 12 locations sampled, the mean proportion of Cx. annulirostris fed on pigs (9.1%) was considerably lower than fed on other animals (90.9%). Highest rates of pig-fed mosquitoes (>30%) were trapped where domestic pigs were kept close to human habitation. From seven of eight locations on the Australian mainland, the majority of Cx. annulirostris had obtained their bloodmeals from marsupials, probably the Agile wallaby Macropus agilis (Gould). Overall proportions of mosquito bloodmeals identified as marsupial were 60% from the Gulf Plains region of Australia, 78% from the Cape York Peninsula and 64% from the Daru area of Papua New Guinea. Thus, despite the abundance of feral pigs in northern Australia, our findings suggest that marsupials divert host-seeking Cx. annulirostris away from pigs. As marsupials are poor JE virus hosts, the prevalence of marsupials may impede the establishment of JE virus in Australia.     

Epidemiological studies on Japanese encephalitis in Kyoto City area, Japan. IV. Natural infection in sentinel pigs.

Natural infection with Japanese encephalitis virus in three sentinel pigs held in separate experimental huts was examined daily by virus recovery from blood samples of the pigs and from mosquitoes after incubation for about 7 days from their blood feeding and by HI antibody titration of the blood samples. After a period of low infection rates, below 6%, for about two weeks in engorged Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus, high mosquito infections of over 30% from each viremic pig occurred for two to three days. The pigs may be probably have been bitten by many infected but not infective mosquitoes in a period of about 10 days before infection.     

Yellow fever/Japanese encephalitis chimeric viruses: construction and biological properties

A system has been developed for generating chimeric yellow fever/Japanese encephalitis (YF/JE) viruses from cDNA templates encoding the structural proteins prM and E of JE virus within the backbone of a molecular clone of the YF17D strain. Chimeric viruses incorporating the proteins of two JE strains, SA14-14-2 (human vaccine strain) and JE Nakayama (JE-N [virulent mouse brain-passaged strain]), were studied in cell culture and laboratory mice. The JE envelope protein (E) retained antigenic and biological properties when expressed with its prM protein together with the YF capsid; however, viable chimeric viruses incorporating the entire JE structural region (C-prM-E) could not be obtained. YF/JE(prM-E) chimeric viruses grew efficiently in cells of vertebrate or mosquito origin compared to the parental viruses. The YF/JE SA14-14-2 virus was unable to kill young adult mice by intracerebral challenge, even at doses of 10(6) PFU. In contrast, the YF/JE-N virus was neurovirulent, but the phenotype resembled parental YF virus rather than JE-N. Ten predicted amino acid differences distinguish the JE E proteins of the two chimeric viruses, therefore implicating one or more residues as virus-specific determinants of mouse neurovirulence in this chimeric system. This study indicates the feasibility of expressing protective antigens of JE virus in the context of a live, attenuated flavivirus vaccine strain (YF17D) and also establishes a genetic system for investigating the molecular basis for neurovirulence determinants encoded within the JE E protein.     

我国流行性乙型脑炎病毒毒力和抗原性的研究

流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒的毒力,多与毒株的大小空斑数的比例有关;同株内大斑小斑的特征各异。60年代和80年代的乙脑毒株,其毒力无明显差异。单克隆抗体(McAb)51～8对15株乙脑病毒的中和指数(log10)为:6.05～6.25者3株,5.08～5.67者5株,4.0～4.67者4株,1.95～3.83者3株。这种差别与毒株的分离年份和地区无关。多克隆抗体(PcAb)的中和指数(log10):5.0～5.33者11株,4.0～4.73者4株。可见McAb能较好地反映乙脑毒株的抗原性差别。文中讨论了毒力检查和McAb抗原分析的流行病学和免疫学意义。     

Emergence of Zika Virus in Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis Mosquitoes in China

Zika virus(ZIKV) has been isolated from mosquitoes such as Aedes, Mansonia uniformis, and Culex perfuscus; However,the isolation of ZIKV from Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus has not yet been reported. In June and July2018, 22,985 mosquitoes and 57,500 midges were collected in Jiangxi Province in southeastern China. Among them, six strains of ZIKV were isolated from mosquitoes: four from An. sinensis and two from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Molecular genetic analysis showed that the ZIKV isolated from An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus belonged to genotype 2 in the Asian evolutionary branch of ZIKV. In addition, the ZIKV strains isolated from An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus had amino acid substitutions identical to ZIKV strains prevalent in South America since 2015. This study is the first to isolate ZIKV from mosquito specimens collected in the wild of Jiangxi Province, China; This is also the first time that ZIKV has been isolated from An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Given that An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus have a very wide geographical distribution in China and even in eastern and southern Asia, the isolation of several strains of ZIKV from these two mosquitoes poses new challenges for the prevention and control of ZIKV infection in the mainland of China and countries and regions with the same distribution of mosquitoes.     

Genotype v Japanese encephalitis virus is emerging

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a global public health issue that has spread widely to more than 20 countries in Asia and has extended its geographic range to the south Pacific region including Australia. JE has become the most important cause of viral encephalitis in the world. Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) are divided into five genotypes, based on the nucleotide sequence of the envelope (E) gene. The Muar strain, isolated from patient in Malaya in 1952, is the sole example of genotype V JEV. Here, the XZ0934 strain of JEV was isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus, collected in China. The complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of XZ0934 strain have been determined. The nucleotide divergence ranged from 20.3% to 21.4% and amino acid divergence ranged from 8.4% to 10.0% when compared with the 62 known JEV isolates that belong to genotype I-IV. It reveals low similarity between XZ0934 and genotype I-IV JEVs. Phylogenetic analysis using both complete genome and structural gene nucleotide sequences demonstrates that XZ0934 belongs to genotype V. This, in turn, suggests that genotype V JEV is emerging in JEV endemic areas. Thus, increased surveillance and diagnosis of viral encephalitis caused by genotype V JEV is an issue of great concern to nations in which JEV is endemic.     

Flavivirus isolations from mosquitoes collected from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait, Australia, during an incursion of Japanese encephalitis virus

Adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in January and February 2000 from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait of northern Australia, and processed for arbovirus isolation during a period of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus activity on nearby Badu Island. A total of 84 210 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation, yielding six flavivirus isolates. Viruses obtained were single isolates of JE and Kokobera (KOK) and four of Kunjin (KUN). All virus isolates were from members of the Culex sitiens Weidemann subgroup, which comprised 53.1% of mosquitoes processed. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the pre-membrane region of the genome of JE isolate TS5313 indicated that it was closely related to other isolates from a sentinel pig and a pool of Cx. gelidus Theobald from Badu Island during the same period. Also molecular analyses of part of the envelope gene of KUN virus isolates showed that they were closely related to other KUN virus strains from Cape York Peninsula. The results indicate that flaviviruses are dynamic in the area, and suggest patterns of movement south from New Guinea and north from the Australian mainland.