黄龙山林区不同培育措施对油松种群数量动态及物种多样性的影响

根据对黄龙山林区经过抚育、渐伐和封育措施的3类油松林种群开展样地调查,研究了3种培育措施对油松林种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和物种多样性的影响,并运用时间序列模型对不同培育措施的油松林种群数量动态进行了预测.结果表明:3种油松林种群结构特征基本一致,其幼、老龄级个体数较少,中龄级个体数量较大,总体判断黄龙山油松林种群属于稳定状态.在经历3种不同培育措施的油松林群落中,抚育和渐伐措施物种丰富度指数最大;封育措施物种多样性和均匀度指数最大.经过抚育和渐伐措施的油松种群属进展型,而经过封育措施的油松种群属稳定型.说明在黄龙山林区,油松林种群未来应该以封育为主,适当的抚育和渐伐措施为辅,以促进群落持续发育.     

秦岭水灾迹地油松和华山松更新种群数量特征

 不同植物种群种间比较研究利于揭示种群的形成机制和影响因素。该文研究了秦岭地区蔡玉河流域范家庄段水灾迹地恢复17年后群落优势种油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 和华山松(P. armandii)的种群数量特征。水灾灾后第一年（1989年）就有油松和华山松个体进入迹地，由于较大的高生长速度和侧生长速度，油松种群的平均高度和地径高于华山松，占据了较大的垂直和水平空间。相对来说， 油松和华山松高度结构和径级结构模式不同，二者均是小个体数量居多，大个体数量极少，但油松中等大小个体多于华山松。油松和华山松种群的年龄结构模式不同，油松的为单峰右偏曲线，华山松的则近似于正态分布。坡向对油松的年龄结构模式没有影响，但对华山松种 群有影响。油松和华山松种群不同高度级、径级和年龄级之间存在显著正或负相关关系，缺少一致性，表明种群大小结构不一定反映年龄结构。油松和华山松种群的密度动态和存活曲线类型一致，均为Ⅱ型，表明二者具有相同的种群动态。总体上说，油松和华山松具有不同的树种生物学特性，使得种群的大小结构和年龄结构不同，但对种群更新存活动态没有影响。     

荒漠草原优势种群油蒿空间分布格局对封育恢复的响应

灌木对维持草原生物多样性、稳定性及生态服务功能等具有重要作用,探究封育措施对优势灌木种群的影响,可为草原恢复和抚育管理提供科学指导。本研究对荒漠草原4个封育时间(封育0、5、15、25年)的优势种群油蒿个体特征及种群空间分布格局进行研究。结果表明: 油蒿种群密度随着封育时间延长先增加后降低,封育15年时最高,为未封育样地的3.7倍;冠幅和投影面积变化趋势与密度正好相反,封育15年后分别减少了31.7%和52.3%;封育5年后个体高度减小了25.3%,之后逐步增加;半方差函数分析表明,各样地油蒿种群分布均符合高斯模型,封育初期种群空间异质性逐渐降低,封育15年后又有所增加。各样地结构比均高于0.75,而块金值相对较小,表明油蒿种群空间自相关性较高,空间分布格局受结构性因素影响较大,受随机性因素影响较小。油蒿种群呈斑块状和条带状空间分布,封育可降低种群小尺度空间变异程度,但封育25年后随着斑块分离,种群空间异质性及尺度依赖性又有所增强。恢复时间是影响荒漠草原优势种群生长及分布的关键因子,长期封育导致优势种群空间异质性增强,建议在封育15年后对草地进行适度人为干预。     

黄龙山林区油松林封育过程中植物物种多样性特征

对黄龙山林区不同封育年限油松林内的高等植物多样性特征进行了初步分析,结果表明:封育45a以前的油松林,群落内部各层物种丰富度随封育年限增加呈递增趋势,45a后群落内部各层物种丰富度随封育年限增加先增后减;不同封育年限的油松林,物种多样性指数表现出灌木层>乔木层>草本层的趋势,各层次的高等植物物种均匀度指数无相同的变化趋势,灌木层与草本层间各项多样性指数,乔木层与灌木层间,乔木层与草本层间的J和E存在显著差异;在乔木层物种多样性特征上,封育30a和封育75a的油松林差异显著;油松林在封育45a后,具有较高的草本植物物种多样性,但林内幼树密度大,形、质差,应进行卫生伐。     

海南重楼(Paris dunniana Lévl.)种群的生存状况

对海南岛尖峰岭林区海南重楼(Paris dunniana Lévl.)种群的生存状况进行了调查,并分析了其生存环境条件及种群结构特征与发展趋势.结果表明:在尖峰岭林区,只有35%的被调查沟谷生境存有海南重楼个体,大多数生境个体不足3株,平均种群密度仅为3.2 株*km-2,小群聚株间距大(3～30 m),种群联系程度低,呈孤立的分散状态.81%的调查个体株高低于100 cm,而低于80 cm的个体占75%以上; 87.5%的个体未开花; 平均根茎长10.5 cm, 变幅在 4～20 cm 之间. 植株小叶片数为 3～9, 只有 34.3% 的植株的小叶片数在 7 片或 7 片以上. 个体年龄 3～14 a,缺失3 a以下的幼年个体和10～11 a的个体,种群年龄结构呈缺失的不正常的"菱"型.综合分析表明,该种的生境退化严重,种群数量小,有性繁殖能力极弱,种群处于衰退状态,如不采取有效的保护措施将濒于灭绝.     

黄龙山林区封育天然油松群落种群生态位特征

选择黄土高原气候交错带的典型地段,将封育年限作为一维资源状态,以物种的重要值作为资源位上的表征特征,对6个封育年限内的油松群落乔木层、灌木层的主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了分析,结果表明:多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,生态位宽度较大的种群,生态位宽度排序与其重要值排序并非一致;种群间的生态位重叠较为普遍,这些结果与群落封育过程中物种对光等生态因子要求不同直接相关。研究结果有助于理解天然林封育过程中种群的生态适应性变化规律。     

独叶草种群年龄结构及动态分析

对太白山不同生境条件下的独叶草种群年龄结构、生命表及存活曲线进行了研究,结果表明,不同生境的独叶草种群在3～6年生阶段个体数量最多。幼年个体和老年个体数量较少,生命表中。幼龄级的dx、qx、Kx等为负数,可以反映种群幼龄个体缺乏程度．以无性繁殖独叶草不同与以有性生殖为主的植物,它可产生不同龄级的无性系分株,幼龄个体少的年龄结构并不代表种群必然衰退．随海拔升高,种群密度增加,个体寿命延长,反映了种群在适应性方面的调整．独叶草种群根状茎生存于腐殖质层中,仅有叶片露出地面;种群所在的牛皮桦、巴山冷杉和太白红杉群落人为干扰较少。生境相对稳定,种群可以长期维持．对种群保护应注重所处的环境及森林群落保护。     

不同生境条件下沙冬青种群分布格局与特征的初步研究

 对阿拉善荒漠区不同生境出现的3种沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）种群的生态格局、密度特征、形态格局和动态特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：1）沙冬青种群因生境异质性而形成了各自的生态格局。在流动和半固定风沙地上,种群呈均匀分布,在半固定及砾质沙地、冲积洪积坡地和古河床上,种群呈集群分布。2）单株生长状况因种群密度和区域环境特点而形成了不同的形态格局。种群密度按流动沙地→半固定沙地和砾质沙地交错带→冲积洪积砾质坡地的次序依次减小,不同生境条件下种群密度与个体高度、幅度间、个体高度与幅度间的相关性不同。3）种群年龄结构因生境异质性形成了各自的年龄格局。在流动沙地上,种群内中、老龄个体数分布较均匀,但缺少幼龄个体,种群走向老龄化。半固定和砾质沙地交错带的种群内不但幼龄个体极少,而且种群内不同龄级个体数的分布不均匀,种群趋于衰退。砾质坡地上的种群内不同高度级和幅度级的个体数分布极不均匀,种群严重退化。4）3种生境中以沙冬青为优势种组成单优群落,种群内均出现严重断代现象,表现为老龄个体多,幼龄、中龄个体极少,种群缺乏后备资源的势态。     

濒危植物大果木莲种群格局及濒危原因分析

采用径级结构代替年龄结构以及方差均值比率法对木兰科(Magnoliaceae)木莲属(Manglietia Bl.)濒危植物大果木莲(Manglietia grandis Hu et Cheng)种群的年龄结构和种群格局进行了研究,并编制了大果木莲种群的特定时间生命表和存活曲线;结合生殖生物学特征以及遗传多样性研究结果,分析了导致大果木莲濒危的主要原因.根据株高和胸径可分别将大果木莲种群的年龄结构分为5级、高度结构分为6级;在大果木莲的5个年龄结构分级中,成年个体较多,幼年个体较少;其高度结构完整,个体高度主要在20 m以下.种群的方差均值比率为0.838 3,其空间分布格局属于随机分布.根据特定时间生命表可将大果木莲种群的发育分为3个阶段:幼树阶段(年龄级为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级)、成树阶段(年龄级为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)、老树阶段(年龄级为Ⅳ～Ⅴ级),其中成树阶段个体死亡率最低.大果木莲种群存活曲线接近Deevey Ⅰ型,属于衰退型种群.种群自我更新能力差、种子生产力低下、有性生殖困难、生境片断化导致的基因流受限以及人为干扰是大果木莲濒危的主要原因.针对大果木莲濒危现状和致危原因,提出了相应的保护对策和建议.     

塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态

采用样带调查法对塔里木河上游3个断面8.5 hm2天然胡杨林进行野外调查,绘制了胡杨种群年龄结构图和存活曲线,结合种群动态量化方法与时间序列预测,分析种群结构与动态特征。结果表明:塔里木河上游胡杨种群密度随径级增大而减小,自疏指数接近-3/2,个体胸径达24 cm后种群密度保持相对稳定。中、下段胡杨种群年龄结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级所占比例较大、林分年轻;存活曲线为Deevey C型,且动态指数0,为增长种群。受所处生境条件影响,上段不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异明显。阿瓦提县胡杨种群结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级比例高达77.2%,存活曲线属Deevey C型,为增长种群;南口镇与托海乡胡杨种群结构呈壶型,幼龄级比例极低、中大龄级比例高达84.7%,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为衰退种群;沙黑里克镇胡杨种群结构呈钟型,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为暂时稳定种群。种群数量动态与时间序列分析表明,中、下段胡杨更新资源丰富,未来种群能够稳定增长;上段南口镇、托海乡与沙黑里克镇幼龄级数量随时间推移减少,种群向大老龄级发展,未来种群将走向衰退。总之,上段胡杨种群因更新资源不足而趋于衰退,未来保持适当的人工辅助恢复措施和加强保护现有植株及其生境是保持胡杨种群自然更新和进行种群恢复的关键。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.