Spatial spread and infestation risk assessment in the Asian longhorned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis

The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is recognised as potentially one of the most damaging invasive insects in Europe and North America. International trade has increased the risk of accidental introduction of ALB. An eradication programme was initiated in Northeast Italy in June 2009, when an ALB infestation was discovered. The infestation was monitored by annual surveys of all host‐tree species growing in the eradication area. Infested trees were cut down and chipped. This study analyses the spatiotemporal distribution of infested trees for a 5‐year period from 2008 to 2012 using a generalised linear model approach. The results show that spread and infestation risk were significantly affected by (1) distance of suitable hosts from the nearest infested trees, (2) number of infested trees in the surroundings, and (3) annual variation. The significant differences in beetle dispersal between years reflect to some extent the onset of the eradication programme. The model allowed the estimation of arbitrary probability‐based management boundaries surrounding ALB‐infested trees. For example, the model estimated a 0.1% probability of attack on a suitable host tree 1 910 m from an existing attack.     

A local risk map using field observations of the Asian longhorned beetle to optimize monitoring activities

The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most dangerous xylophagous pests affecting broadleaf trees in the world. Eradication programmes are undertaken in non‐native regions, requiring extensive resources and involving high costs. An adapted strategy must be set up to optimize the ratio cost/probability of success. We developed a method to generate a risk index of A. glabripennis presence at a local scale, in the surrounding area of an infestation, using field observations (counts of adult insects, exit holes and infested trees). The method, mathematically based on the bivariate symmetric Laplace distribution, has thus reasonable input requirements. The output risk map is easy to interpret and can be directly used by decision‐makers. We used our approach in three infestations in Switzerland. The risk map represented well the insect pressure (beetle population density). We highlighted the fact that survey boundaries, commonly chosen using constant distances from the infestation, should be selected regarding the spatial distribution of the insect pressure, to prioritize monitoring activities. The risk map provides a helpful instrument for advanced survey planning after a first overview, for example to decide which area and which host trees should be inspected for infestations.     

Phenology and flight periodicity of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in central New York,U.S.A.

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History and development of an isolated outbreak of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

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Efficacy of fiber bands impregnated with Beauveria brongniartii cultures against the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Use of 50 × 500 mm non-woven fiber bands impregnated with cultures of entomopathogenic fungi was investigated for control of Anoplophora glabripennis. Fungal bands produced as a commercial pest control product and obtained from industry contained Beauveria brongniartii NBL 851 while lab-produced bands contained B. brongniartii WU 20 or Metarhizium anisopliae VD 1. In the laboratory, adult longevity decreased when adult A. glabripennis were forced to walk for 5 s on bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 and for 25 s on B. brongniartii WU 20 and M. anisopliae VD 1 bands. A field experiment was conducted over a 31-day period in Huaiyuan, Anhui, China, by attaching bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or WU 20 around the trunks of willows (Salix sp.) at two sites infested with A. glabripennis. Treatments were compared directly, by monitoring adult longevity, and indirectly, by counting oviposition scars and exit holes per tree to quantify relative oviposition per female. Adults collected from trees treated with B. brongniartii WU 20 died more quickly than adults from the trees treated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or controls. At the site with higher A. glabripennis population densities, relative oviposition per female was significantly lower for both fungal treatments compared with the control treatment. Between fungal treatments, B. brongniartii NBL 851 had a 5 day earlier negative effect on oviposition per female than B. brongniartii WU 20.     

Timing and duration of the life cycle of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

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Reducing spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) emergence for hibernation in central British Columbia by felling infested trees

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Ecology and management of exotic and endemic Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis

• 1 The Asian longhorned beetle is native to China and Korea, and was found for the first time outside its native habitat in the U.S.A. in 1996, with subsequent detections being made in Canada and several European countries.
• 2 We review the taxonomy, distribution, basic biology, behaviour, ecology and management of endemic and exotic Anoplophora glabripennis, including information that is available in the extensive Chinese literature.
• 3 This species has caused massive mortality of Populus species in China and models have demonstrated that it could become established in many locations worldwide.
• 4 Anoplophora glabripennis is polyphagous but prefers Acer, Salix and Populus, section Aigeiros.
• 5 Although A. glabripennis adults do not disperse far when surrounded by host trees, they have the potential to fly more than 2000 m in a season.
• 6 Volatile organic compounds from preferred host trees are attractive to A. glabripennis and this attraction is heightened by drought stress. Males and females orientate to a volatile released by female A. glabripennis and males attempt to copulate after contacting a sex pheromone on the female cuticle.
• 7 At present, A. glabripennis is being (or has been) eradicated from areas where it has been introduced. After detection, extensive surveys are conducted and, if breeding populations are detected, at the very least, infested trees are removed and destroyed. Close attention is paid to imported solid wood packaging material to prevent new introductions.
• 8 Standard practice to control A. glabripennis in China is to spray insecticides in tree canopies. In North America, largely as a preventative measure, systemic insecticides are injected into trees. Entomopathogenic fungi have been developed for the control of A. glabripennis, and entomopathogenic nematodes, coleopteran and hymenopteran parasitoids and predatory woodpeckers have been investigated as biocontrol agents.
• 9 Ecological control of A. glabripennis in China involves planting mixtures of preferred and nonpreferred tree species, and this practice can successfully prevent outbreaks.

     

Seasonal changes in supercooling capacity and major cryoprotectants of overwintering Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) larvae

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Pre-treatment with salicylic acid induces phenolic responses of Norway spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>) bark to bark beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ips typographus</Emphasis>) attack

Keymessage

The temporal gradations of the investigated phenolics in Norway spruce bark after bark beetle (Ips typographus) attack followed the general eco-physiological concept. Treatment with salicylic acid inhibits bark beetle colonisation, alleviates the phenolic responses and activates the synthesis of condensed tannins on later sampling dates.

Abstract

Conifer bark is the target of numerous organisms due to its assimilated transport and nutrient storage functions. In the presented study, 100 mM salicylic acid (SA) was applied onto Norway spruce stems prior to being infested with bark beetles (Ips typographus L.), to study the temporal gradation of changes in condensed tannins (CT) and total phenolics (tPH) and their significance for mediating stress-tolerance. A significant accumulation of CT was monitored in untreated trees in response to progressive bark beetle infestation occurring from May onwards. In SA-treated infested trees, the CT values remained at control levels until May, but after the re-treatment of infested trees in June, the concentrations of CT rose significantly in comparison to the controls. The tPH values dropped 16 days after SA-treatment, independent of infestation, and later on remained at control level until July. In contrast, tPH contents accumulated in untreated infested trees in May, eased in June and increased again in July, when the trees were affected by the second generation of bark beetles. To sum up, in May and July when the highest beetle-flight activity was monitored the metabolic shift of phenolics within untreated infested trees differed significantly from the response of SA-treated trees. In addition, on SA-treated trees less entrance holes were monitored over the whole period of sampling when compared to untreated infested trees. These results provide evidence that SA-treatment alleviates the phenolic responses, activates the synthesis of condensed tannins and inhibits bark beetle colonisation.