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1.
控制果蔬采后病害的生物学技术   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
田世平  范青 《植物学报》2000,17(3):211-217
化学农药对环境和农产品的污染直接影响人类的健康,已成为当今公众所关注的主要问题之一。为了保证农产品的卫生和安全,世界各国都在探索能代替化学农药的防病新技术。生物防治是近年来被证明很有成效的新途径,它主要是利用微生物之间的拮抗作用,选择对农产品不造成危害的微生物来抑制引起采后腐烂的病原真菌的生长。生物防治的研究主要包括以下三方面:(1)选用有拮抗作用的微生物;(2)利用植物和动物产生的自然抗病物质;(3)抗性的诱导。本文主要论述近年来生物防治领域的研究结果与进展,拟在为进一步开拓和发展控制采后病害的安全有效的技术提供新的思路。  相似文献   

2.
适合飞虱虫疠霉菌丝生产的液体培养基组分及发酵条件   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
蚜虫、飞虱、叶蝉等是威胁农业生产的刺吸式口器害虫,长期以来依赖化学农药防治,严重影响农产品的安全性和农业生态环境.探讨这类害虫的生物防治途径,减轻农产品化学农药的残留污染,一直受到国内外学者的关注.虫霉(En-tomophthorales)的许多种类具有优异的诱病杀虫能力,尤其通过主动弹射孢子而在害虫种群中高强度流行的特征,可在短期内迅速压低虫口密度,是极其重要的杀虫微生物资源[1~3].  相似文献   

3.
假单胞菌属生防菌株的遗传工程改良*   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
拮抗细菌的利用是植物病害生物防治的重要内容,其中利用最多的为假单胞菌属菌株,特别是用于土传病害的生物防治。假单胞菌类容易在植物根际定殖,也是根际最普遍的微生物类群,许多菌株具有防病促生的能力,如引起人们广泛注意的植物根际促生苗(PlantGrowth-promoting Rhizobacteria,简称PGPR),其研究大多集中在该类群。假单胞菌类筛选菌株能够抑制多种植物病害特别是土传病害已成为植病生防工作者之共识,其作用机制包括:有效的根部定殖、抗生作用、根际的营养竞争(特别是对铁的竞争)、诱…  相似文献   

4.
木霉和粘帚霉的生物防治研究进展   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
化学农药的大量使用,严重破坏农业生态系统,并对环境造成污染。而生物防治制剂可以克服这些问题,具有广阔的应用前景。目前已发现不少微生物具有生物防治作用。木霉(Trichoderma)和粘帚霉(Gliocladium)是其中一类可抑制土传植物病原菌的真菌,其作用机理主要是:抗菌、溶解、竞争、寄生和促进植物的生长[1].迄今为止,有关木霉和粘帚霉在生物防治方面的研究已开展近60年。早在1932年,Weindling观察到木素木霉(T.lignorum)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctoniasolani)同时培养时,木素木霉的菌丝缠绕着立枯丝核菌的菌丝,使其菌丝原生质凝…  相似文献   

5.
生防细菌产生的拮抗物质及其在生物防治中的作用   总被引:37,自引:6,他引:31  
王光华 《应用生态学报》2004,15(6):1100-1104
利用生防细菌防治植物病害是生物防治的一个主要内容.生防细菌防治植物病害发生发展的一个重要机制是产生拮抗物质.生防细菌的拮抗物质种类多,作用范围广谱.同一种拮抗物质可以由多种细菌菌株产生,而同一细菌也可以产生多种不同结构的拮抗物质.运用现代分子生物学技术和先进的分析测试手段可以加快对产生拮抗物质生防细菌的研究,了解生防细菌在寄主植物根围和叶围的定植效果。明确拮抗物质在生物防治中的作用.拮抗物质的产生除与细菌基因型有关外,一些外在的生物和非生物因素如病原菌存在与否、温度、pH和C、N营养等也影响拮抗物质产生.文中论述了生防细菌应用中存在的问题。指出混合菌剂的研制对防止病原菌抗性产生具有重要作用,应是今后生防菌剂研制中的重点.  相似文献   

6.
芒果、香蕉采后病害生物防治的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
芒果、香蕉采后主要病害为炭疽病、蒂腐病、冠腐病、黑腐病、黑星病.生物防治是当前芒果、香蕉采后病害控制的重要研究方向.概述了生物防治芒果、香蕉采后病害的方法,包括诱抗剂、植物提取物、拮抗微生物在芒果、香蕉采后病害防治上的研究与应用.  相似文献   

7.
生物农药及其应用概况   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
由于化学农药污染严重 ,故作物保护从化学防治向生物防治转化是发展的趋势。生物农药是生物防治的重要组成部分 ,近年来世界各国都十分重视生物农药的研究和利用。生物农药是利用生物体本身或由生物体产生的生理活性物质作为杀病虫剂及除草剂 ,对特定的病虫草害产生作用的安全性高的新农药。目前全世界已注册的生物农药约有 6 0多种 ,年销售额为 2 5~ 3亿美元。因生物农药对病、虫、杂草且有专一性 ,对人畜较为安全 ,对生态无破坏性 ,并可弥补化学农药的某些缺陷 ,故其应用前景十分广阔。生物农药一般可分为直接利用生物体和利用源于生物…  相似文献   

8.
近年来, 人们越来越重视丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对植物病原物的影响和提高植物抗病性的效应。当前建立在分子生物学、免疫学和组织化学技术上的基础研究, 可以从分子水平上深入了解AM真菌提高植物抗病性的作用机制。本文主要探讨AM真菌拮抗植物土传病原物、提高抗病性的可能机制和研究途径。1 AM真菌对植物土传病原物的拮抗作用自然条件下,绝大多数植物都能形成菌根。菌根围(Mycorrhizosphere)内的主要成员:根系、细菌、真菌、线虫等之间往往通过协同和/或拮抗作用达到动态平衡。其中植物—植物间、植物—微生物间、微生物—微生物间、…  相似文献   

9.
目的:利用Tn5转座诱变荧光假单胞菌PF20001,研究所获得的突变株对青枯病的生防效果。方法:利用三亲本杂交方式,将带有转座子Tn5的Tn5-102(含luxAB)的质粒pTR102成功地转入PF20001,利用平板相互拮抗法分析突变株对青枯病致病菌的拮抗作用。结果:通过诱导Tn5转座,得到荧光假单胞菌PF20001的Tn5插入突变库。经平板相互拮抗实验发现,菌株PF20001-lux-48拮抗圈明显大于野生型(半径达0.35cm)。用Tn5-lux特异引物进行PCR扩增,结果显示只有以该突变株的DNA为模板才能得到300bp的扩增产物,证实该菌株基因组中有Tn5插入。结论:Tn5的插入使菌株PF20001对青枯病生物防治能力增强。  相似文献   

10.
近十多年来,由于农业和林业上长期大量使用化学农药,破坏了大自然的生态平衡,污染了环境,给人类造成了灾难.所以世界上绝大多数国家对生物防治普遍重视起来.利用昆虫病原微生物防治农林害虫,是生物防治工作中的重要组成部分.昆虫病原微生物包括病毒、立克次氏体、细菌、真菌和原生动物等.目前国内外研究和应用的主要对象是细菌、真菌和病毒三大类.立克次氏体还在试验阶段. 细菌治虫目前,已分离到的昆虫病原菌的菌种和变种约有100种,其中研究最多、效果最好的是芽孢杆菌属的苏云金杆菌类和日本金龟子芽孢杆菌. 1.苏云金杆茵苏云金杆菌类是广谱杀虫细菌.1902年  相似文献   

11.
诱导抗病性是生物防治的途径之一,本文综述了诱导抗病性在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究进展,包括多种物理性、化学性和生物性激发子对许多采后果蔬抗病性的诱导以及诱导抗病性产生的机制,并分析它在果蔬防腐保鲜上的应用前景。  相似文献   

12.
果蔬采后诱导抗病性   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
诱导抗病性是生物防治的途径之一 ,本文综述了诱导抗病性在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究进展 ,包括多种物理性、化学性和生物性激发子对许多采后果蔬抗病性的诱导以及诱导抗病性产生的机制 ,并分析它在果蔬防腐保鲜上的应用前景。  相似文献   

13.
Recently, biological control has been advanced as an alternative to synthetic fungicides and considerable success in laboratory and pilot scale tests has been realized utilizing antagonistic microorganisms to control postharvest diseases. Several antagonistic yeasts and bacteria have been isolated and shown to have a broad spectrum of activity against a number of postharvest pathogens on a variety of fruit. However, for biological control methods to emerge as an economically viable option, their consistency and efficacy in controlling postharvest decay needs to be enhanced to a level comparable to that of synthetic fungicides. This could be possible through an integrated strategy that exploits the additive and synergistic effects of different biological approaches. Received 06 February 1997/ Accepted in revised form 29 May 1997  相似文献   

14.
Citriculture is an important economic activity worldwide and for decades, this sector has been responsible for creating job opportunities. Currently, Brazil is the largest orange producer in the world, which contributes to the country's economy. However, citrus production has been facing several issues that compromise the quality of the fruits. For instance, several postharvest diseases occur during storage and transportation, directly harming product marketing. Green mold, blue mold, and sour rot are considered the most common postharvest citrus diseases. Citrus sour rot is less common; however, the disease can lead to a significant loss in high rainfall seasons. The fungus Geotrichum candidum is the causal agent of sour rot and its chemical and biochemical infection strategies are still little explored in citrus fruits. Several conventional control methods, including the application of fungicides, aim to contain the disease proliferation, but most of the commercially available fungicides are not efficient against sour rot. For this reason, other strategies have been studied for disease control, such as chemicals (e. g. essential oils or other natural products), biological agents used as biocontrol, and physical strategies. Despite its importance, few reviews have focused on sour rot disease. Here, we summarize the biochemical aspects of G. candidum, as well as the metabolites produced by this phytopathogen, the known virulence factors, and advances for disease management.  相似文献   

15.
钟涛  王智荣  杜木英 《微生物学报》2021,61(7):1771-1785
随着化学杀菌剂弊端的日益凸显,生物防治已逐渐成为采后果蔬病害控制的研究和开发热点。其中,很多微生物产生的多种挥发性物质(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),能显著抑制多种病原菌的生长繁殖,有效控制采后果蔬病害。由于微生物源VOCs具有有效、安全、环保、易降解和无残留等优点,越来越受到各国研究者的重视和青睐。本文综述了产生VOCs的微生物的多样性、微生物源VOCs的多样性、微生物源VOCs的抑菌活性、生防效果及其主要作用机制等方面的研究进展,以期为病原菌的绿色安全防治提供基础资料。  相似文献   

16.
果蔬采后病害的生物防治(综述)   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
采用生物防治措施控制采后病害是当前果蔬采后保鲜的重要研究方向。概述了生物防治果蔬采后病害的方法,包括利用拮抗菌、诱导抗病性、天然植物产物以及抗病基因工程技术在果蔬病害防治上的研究与应用。  相似文献   

17.
In fruit growing preharvest sprayings in the orchard are mainly applied to protect fruit from decaying. Next to multisite fungicides (captan, thiram, tolylfluanid) the most commonly used products recognized for the Belgium market are Bellis (pyraclostrobin & boscalid) and the combination of Topsin M (thiophanate-methyl) and Frugico (diethofencarb). In general the spraying schedule varies depending on weather conditions (infection risk), preharvest interval of available fungicides, fruitgrower and cultivar of pome fruit (apple/pear). Facing the climatological conditions before picking the residue loading on the fruit surface can differ enormously. Also wet (pre)grading is considered to decrease the product residue resulting to fruits which are less protected before entering the cold storage room. In this context a partially replacement of the preharvest treatments by one postharvest application could offer a reliable alternative to the PPP reduction program (Plant Protection Products) in the orchard. A standardized application method by dipping or drenching will cover the fruits homogenically resulting in a rationalized fungicide use compared to the preharvest sprayings in the orchard. For the Belgium market Philabuster (imazalil & pyrimethanil) is registered for postharvest treatments since for this product a proper solution for the waste water of postharvest uses was developed to protect surface waters (Funds technology). Philabuster provides an advanced mould control towards fruit rot pathogens Gloeosporium spp., Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. In this context several trials were set up to evaluate the biological efficacy of Philabuster alone or in combination with preharvest sprayings in the orchard. In concrete different preharvest spraying schedules were applied in the last six weeks before harvest on apple and pear facing parameters as rational fungicide use, antifungal effectiveness and cost price. The purpose was to select the optimal combination in use of preharvest fungicides with Philabuster as postharvest treatment, which offer full protection towards all key pathogens in apple and pear.  相似文献   

18.
唐友林  周玉婵  杨谦   《广西植物》1996,(4):375-378
52±1℃热杀菌剂苯来特或 TBZ等溶液浸果处理,对“留香”和“紫花”品种杧果采后炭疽病和蒂腐病有显著控制效果,改善果实外观,延长贮藏寿命,提高贮藏品质,减少病害的腐烂损失 60%,获得在常温下贮藏 18d的采后寿命和 100%的商品率。在热杀菌剂处理后,贮藏于低温13±1℃下的 杧果,显著减慢果皮转黄和后熟软化,降低呼吸速率,延长贮藏寿命2~3周以上,并且,显著减少病害和腐烂损失,有利于提高采后杧果的商品率和远途运输及销售。  相似文献   

19.
Aims:  Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is an economically important disease of strawberries in Tunisia and worldwide. The aim of this study was to select effective halophilic bacteria from hypersaline ecosystems and evaluate the abilities of antifungal bacteria to secrete extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, anti- Botrytis metabolites and volatiles.
Methods and Results:  Grey mould was reduced in strawberry fruits treated with halophilic antagonists and artificially inoculated with B. cinerea . Thirty strains (20·2%) were active against the pathogen and reduced the percentage of fruits infected after 3 days of storage at 20°C, from 50% to 91·66%. The antagonists were characterized by phenotypic tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. They were identified as belonging to one of the species: Virgibacillus marismortui , B. subtilis , B. pumilus , B. licheniformis , Terribacillus halophilus , Halomonas elongata , Planococcus rifietoensis , Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus sp. The effective isolates were tested for antifungal secondary metabolites.
Conclusions:  Moderately halophilic bacteria may be useful in biological control against this pathogen during postharvest storage of strawberries.
Significance and Impact of the study:  The use of such bacteria may constitute an important alternative to synthetic fungicides. These moderate halophiles can be exploited in commercial production and application of the effective strains under storage and greenhouse conditions.  相似文献   

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