雌激素受体的结构与功能

人的雌激素受体根据其氨基酸顺序的保守性可以分成6个区,其中最富于保守性的是DNA结合区和激素结合区。DNA结合区负责与专一的DNA顺序结合。激素结合区不仅能与配体(雌激素)结合,参与形成二聚体,而且具有激活靶基因转录活动等重要动能。雌激素受体蛋白-激素复合物可以被认为是一个受配体诱导的转录因子,它与具有增强子功能的DNA顺序结合后调节靶基因的转录活动。     

胰岛素受体结构与功能研究概况

胰岛素受体(IR)是由两个α-亚基和两个β-亚基构成的跨膜糖蛋白。α-亚基位于细胞表面,是胰岛素结合区域。β-亚基的1/3也位于细胞表面,其余2/3则跨膜并插入胞浆中,后者是IR的活力区域,具有受胰岛素调节的酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性,此活性受多位点磷酸化的调节并表现出变构酶行为。不同组织的IR在分子结构,化学性质和生理功能上均有差异,其中脑IR代表了IR的一个结构和功能亚型。IR的生物合成类似于胰岛素的生物合成。     

糖皮质激素受体结构与功能研究进展

糖皮质激素受体（GR）是核受体超家族中的重要成员,也是一种典型的激素依赖性转录调节因子。与激素结合后通过与靶基因糖皮质激素反应元件（GRE）相互作用。从而调节靶基因的表达。引起各种生物学效应。近年对人GR（hGR)的分子结构与生物学作用的研究有一定进展。     

甾体激素的作用机制及其受体的结构和功能

本文介绍了甾体激素作用机制的研究进展,以及受体参与作用的模式。甾体激素受体的核内定位,是一个重要的突破。对于受体Domain结构的研究及其与靶基因HRE相互作用,则是近年来更深入的发展。另一方面,细胞内专一性染色质组份接受了受体携带的大部分激素信息,也成为研究甾体激素调控机制的一个不可忽视的方面。     

糖皮质激素受体的结构和功能

近年来已克隆出人、大鼠和小鼠糖皮质激素受体的cDNA,并利用定点突变等技术分析了受体结构和功能的关系。还利用小鼠乳腺瘤病毒、人金属硫蛋白II_A基因等详细研究了受体和DNA的相互作用,对糖皮质激素的诱导蛋白也进行了深入研究。     

胰岛素受体胞外区三维结构的模建及结构功能关系

利用计算机辅助分子设计技术模建了人胰岛素受体α亚基N端三个结构域的空间结构。实验研究证明胰岛素受体结合胰岛素的主要决定要素在这三个结构域,在模建的结构中,三个结构域围成了一个很大的开放的空洞,这个空洞的体积大小足以容纳一个胰岛素分子,这个空洞可能就是胰岛素受体与底物的作用的部位,另外,突变实验研究表明在胰岛素受体中有一个结合底物的“footprint”,由4个在一级结构上不连续的片段组成,从三维结构角度看,这4个片段中,有3个出现在邻近的平行折叠股,在我们的模型中,胰岛素受体分子中有一个两性表面,这个表面位于L1结构域,并且面向三个结构域围成的空洞,这个表面可能就是受体识别胰岛素和与底物发生初始作用的部位。“foot-print”和两性表面的大部分残基是相同的。     

人GDNF结构与功能关系

胶质细胞源性神经营养茵子（ＧＤＮＦ）在神经系统操作修复中具有重要作用。根据大鼠ＧＤＮＦ晶体结构结果,用ＰＣＲ方法改造人ＧＤＮＦ编码基因,在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化获得了一系列２ ＧＤＮＦ片段缺失及插入突变体,通过对脊髓神经元存活 测定来观察结构改造对人ＧＤＮＦ神经营养活性的影响。结果表明,ＧＤＮＦ分子内部的”胱氨酸结“结构对于ＧＤＮＦ分子构象的维持十分重要,ＧＤＮＦ分子中α螺旋、指状结构１区、指状结构     

尿激酶受体的结构与功能研究进展

尿激酶受体（ｕＰＡＲ）是纤溶系统的重要成份,与ｕＰＡＲ作用后和体内多种生理病理过程关系密切。本综述ｕＰＡＲ的分子型式与结构特症,ｕＰＡＲ对细胞表面某些蛋白质水解的介导,激活生长因子,以及介导ｕＰＡＲ－ＰＡＩ复合物的内吞清除和信号转导等功能。由此进一步阐明体内纤溶系统的作用及其在肿瘤治疗中的临床意义。     

流式细胞技术在微生物检测领域的应用研究

研究应用流式细胞技术(flow cytometry method,FCM)进行快速微生物检测的方法。与传统微生物检测方法相比,FCM法更快速和准确。经Pearson相关系数分析表明,在一定浓度范围内,FCM检测法与标准平板检测法(SPC)具有极强线性相关性。经Q检验法分析,FCM检测法具有良好的重复性。由此可见,FCM法可成为一种替代传统微生物检测法的自动化仪器检测新技术。     

Evaluation of NK-to-target cell binding and evidence for T cell conjugates by flow cytometry

A flow cytometric methodology was set up to assess the binding capability of peripheral blood NK and T cells to the K562 tumor cell line. Differential side scatter characteristics between effectors and targets were used to analyze conjugated and unconjugated cells. The previous labeling of NK and T cells with anti-Leu 11c and anti-Leu 4 monoclonal antibodies, allowed the distinction between unconjugated non-fluorescent and conjugated fluorescent targets and the percentual evaluation of bound anti-Leu 11c⁺ and anti-Leu 4⁺ cells.Abbreviations NK Natural Killer - MoAb Monoclonal Antibody - SSC Side Scatter - FLS Forward Light Scatter - PE Phycoerythrin - MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex - GVHD Graft Versus Host Disease     

The potential of flow cytometry in the study of Bacillus cereus

Flow cytometry (FCM) is a rapid method allowing the acquisition of multiparametric data from thousands of individual cells within a sample. As well as measuring the intrinsic light scattering properties of cells, a plethora of fluorescent dyes may be employed to yield information on macromolecule content, surface antigens present or physiological status. Despite FCM's indispensability within other fields e.g. immunology, it is underutilized within microbiological research. In this review, a strong case is presented for the potential of FCM in the study of Gram-positive spore-former, Bacillus cereus . Previous reports where FCM was successfully used in the study of B. cereus are reviewed along with relevant studies involving other members of the genus. Under headings reflecting common research themes associated with B. cereus , specific instances where FCM has generated novel data, providing a unique insight into the organism, are discussed. Further applications are posited, based on the authors' own research with FCM and B. cereus and work extant in the broader field of microbial cytometry. The authors conclude that, while the expense of equipment and reagents is an undeniable disadvantage, FCM is a technique capable of generating significantly novel data and allows the design and execution of experiments that are not possible with any other technique.     

流式细胞仪在生物学中的应用

简要论述了流式细胞仪（flow cytometry,FCM）的工作原理,并对其在生物学基础科学研究中的应用进行阐述,包括对细胞凋亡、细胞周期、免疫细胞、细胞受体的研究应用。     

Quantification of phagocytosis in human neutrophils by flow cytometry.

Phagocytosis represents a central element of the host response to microbial invasion. We describe a flow cytometric method for measuring the kinetics of phagocytosis of two bacteria by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Over a 60-min period, isolated human PMNs were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus (rapidly phagocytosed) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (slowly phagocytosed). This method distinguished adherent from ingested bacteria by quenching fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled extracellular bacteria with ethidium bromide. This further allowed the exclusion of dead, highly permeable, and subsequently bright-red fluorescent PMNs. Our experiments with two different bacteria, various PMN-to-bacteria ratios (1:1, 1:10, 1:100), and different individuals proved that 1) flow cytometric analysis is accurate and useful for characterizing phagocytosis, 2) adherent bacteria can be distinguished from ingested bacteria after quenching with ethidium bromide, and that 3) phagocytosis kinetics of two bacteria with different onsets of phagocytosis can be determined by flow cytometry and the assessment of a score that quantifies phagocytosis.     

Analysis of ploidy in a planarian by flow cytometry

Flow cytometry (flow microfluorimetry) provides a quick means for analysis of ploidy in planarians. Nuclei from homogenized tissues of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica japonica Ichikawa et Kawakatsu were stained with propidium iodide and measured with an argon-laser flow cytometer to produce histograms of DNA content. Tissues from sexually mature individuals produced histograms with a 1n (haploid) peak but no 3n peak (triploid peak), whereas those from asexual individuals showed a 2n peak or a 3n peak or both, but no 1n peak. Thus, the 1n peak distinguished sexual individuals. Mixoploid individuals, i.e., mosaics with both diploid and triploid tissues, were identified by the presence of both a 2n peak and a 3n peak. The ratios of the heights of the 2n and 3n peaks from tissues in different parts of a single mixoploid individual were similar, suggesting that the diploid and triploid cells are homogeneously distributed.     

Detection of toxic phytoplankton species by immunochemical particle analysis based on flow cytometry

Particulate suspended matter in oceanic, coastal, and estuarine regions can be specifically marked immunochemically with a fluorescent probe using antisera recognizing antigens present on their surface. Of the particulate matter, phytoplankton is a major component. Toxic species that may form harmful blooms can be a direct threat to aquaculturing tourism, sea-life and man. In order to detect such species in natural fixed phytoplankton populations, immunochemical tagging has been combined with flow cytometric evaluation Microalgal cells can be labeled with a fluorescent probe (fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC, is recommended). Labeled cells are counted using a flow cytometer. This method has proved to be applicable in a monitoring programme in the North Sea.     

A study into the anti-microbial properties of an amino functionalised polymer using multi-parameter flow cytometry

Fluorescent staining techniques were used to study the anti-microbial properties of aqueous suspensions of a novel, water insoluble amino functionalised polymer on three micro-organisms Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Saccharomyses cerevisiae. The mechanism of action was similar for each organism in that, after various contact times with the polymer, a progressive change in individual cell physiological state was measured using multi-parameter flow cytometry. The microbiocidal activity of this polymer may be similar to that of substances referred to as polycationic, amphipathic compounds (peptides, peptide derivatives and other polyamines).     

Efficient screening for astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by flow cytometry

Astaxanthin possesses higher antioxidant activity than other carotenoids and, for this and other reasons, has great commercial potential for use in the aquaculture, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The basidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of the best natural producers of astaxanthin, but wild-type cells accumulate only a small amount of astaxanthin. In this study, we developed an efficient flow cytometry method to screen for astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of X. dendrorhous. We first examined the relationship between cellular astaxanthin content and the intensity of fluorescence emitted from the cell. Although the fluorescence emission maximum of astaxanthin dissolved in acetone occurred at 570 nm, intracellular astaxanthin content correlated better with emission at around 675 nm in different X. dendrorhous strains. Using this emission wavelength, we screened cells mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate and successfully isolated mutants that produced 1.5-3.8-fold more astaxanthin than parent cells. This method enabled us to obtain overproducers five times more efficient than conventional screening from plate culture.