Characteristics and conservation priority of threatened plants in the Yangtze valley

One hundred and twenty-seven threatened species listed in the ChinaPlant Red Data Book were found in the Yangtze valley. One-third of them belongedto four families with high economic value, including Pinaceae, Magnoliaceae,Lauraceae and Ranuculaceae. Of all the plants, 66.9% grew in forests and 71.7%were threatened with damage to habitats. The threatened plants in the studiedregion formed a geographical pattern with two large and six small distributioncenters. The two large centers were in the high mountains in western Sichuan andnorthern Yunnan or around the Sichuan Basin. The six small centers were situatedin fragmented montane forests in the eastern part of the Yangtze valley. Todetermine a plant's threat category, the number of populations 10 wasused as the basic criterion as accorded with the China Plant Red Data Book. Thethreatened plants in the valley could be divided into five ranks of priority forconservation. The plants in the first rank comprised eight species endemic tothe valley, with only one population, which should be first preserved. It wasconcluded that human activity was the main factor threatening the survival ofplants, and protecting forests had been the most effective approach in savingthe threatened plants in the valley.     

钱江源国家公园古田山珍稀濒危植物资源现状及分析

在钱江源国家公园古田山国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物系统调查的基础上,对该地区珍稀濒危植物的种类组成、保护价值、地理区系特征及分布现状进行了系统研究。结果显示：古田山地区共有省级及以上野生珍稀濒危种子植物32科55属63种,其中被《国家重点保护野生植物名录》（第一批）收录的Ⅰ级保护植物1种、Ⅱ级保护植物15种,被《中国植物红皮书》收录的有15种,浙江省重点野生保护植物19种,其余物种分别被《中国物种红色名录》和《中国高等植物受威胁物种名录》收录;保护区内的多数珍稀濒危植物分布区狭窄,除少数保护植物如野大豆Glycine soja Siebold&Zucc.、野含笑Michelia skinneriana Dunn、杨桐Cleyera japonica Thunb.等种类的种群较大外,其他种类的种群较小;长序榆Ulmus elongata L.K.Fu&C.S.Ding、香果树Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.、榧树Torreya grandis Fortune ex Lindl.、三小叶山豆根Euchresta japonica Benth.ex Oliv.、金刚大Croomia japonica Miq.等种类零星分布于核心保护区,有少量珍稀植物如南方红豆杉Taxus wallichiana Zucc.var. mairei（Lemée&H.Lév.）L.K.Fu&Nan Li、花榈木Ormosia henryi Prain等位于缓冲区或试验区;保护区珍稀濒危植物属的区系成分较丰富,温带成分相对较多,中国特有属的濒危度较高,急需采取相应保护措施。     

中国珍稀濒危孑遗植物珙桐种群的保护

珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)为我国特有的珙桐科单型种,第三纪孑遗植物,素有"活化石"之称,是国家一级重点保护珍稀濒危植物,其特殊的分类地位决定它在全球生物多样性保育中具有不可替代的作用。从珙桐濒危状况和原因、保育技术、保护策略3个方面回顾和总结了珙桐种群保护的研究,并对未来研究方向提出一些建议。     

Conservation on diversity and distribution patterns of endemic birds in China

The diversity and distribution patterns of endemic species of birds inChina have been studied on the basis of the distribution database of specimencollections and published references. One hundred and two endemic species ofbirds in China, belonging to 53 genera, 16 families and 8 orders are recognized.They account for 8.1% of the total species of China. The distribution patternswere studied and three centers of endemism were found, includingHengduanshan Mountains, mountain areas of western Qinling, north Sichuan Province andSouth Gansu Province, as well as Taiwan Island, which are suggested as conservationpriorities based on endemism. Twenty-four endemics are rare and endangered, listedin the China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Among them, 15 species are in rankI and 9 species are in rank II. The study results are to be beneficial tofurther study on both the processing mechanism of the distribution patterns andon the priority of the diversity and endemism conservation.     

内蒙古珍稀濒危植物濒危现状及优先保护评估

以《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录》、《中国植物红皮书》、《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》、《中国物种红色名录》、《中国生物多样性红色名录(高等植物卷)》、《内蒙古珍稀濒危保护植物名录》和《内蒙古珍稀濒危植物图谱》中127种内蒙古珍稀濒危植物为研究对象,通过资料收集及专家咨询,构建了内蒙古珍稀濒危植物受威胁等级、优先保护评估体系.建立了濒危系数、遗传价值系数、利用价值系数、生境系数、繁殖系数5项准则,准则下共设17个指标;运用层次分析法确定指标体系权重,计算出珍稀濒危植物濒危等级及优先保护级别.结果表明: 极危种2种、濒危种13种、易危种37种、近危种44种、无危种31种,分别占总数的1.6%、10.2%、29.1%、34.7%、24.4%.其中,受威胁种(极危、濒危和易危种)共52种,占总种数的40.9%.一级保护植物35种、二级保护植物72种、三级保护植物20种,分别占总数的27.6%、56.7%、15.8%.本评估结果与《中国生物多样性红色名录(高等植物卷)》、《内蒙古珍稀濒危保护植物名录》相比,有75种植物的濒危等级和62种植物的保护级别发生了变化.其中新增了9种植物的濒危等级评估和32种植物的保护级别.     

香港珍稀濒危植物的分布及保育

在第一批共３８８种中国重点保护的珍稀濒危植物中,有１４种分布于香港特别行政区。其中蕨类植物２种,裸子植物２种,被子植物１０种。此１４种珍稀濒危植物,除了狭叶瓶尔小草外,亦分布于广东省。而其中被列为国家级渐危种类的土沉香及白桂木,在香港则较为常见。本文阐述了此１４种珍稀濒危植物在香港的分布情况及其保育工作。     

中国西南地区珍稀濒危及国家保护植物区系地理

根据《中国植物红皮书》(第一册)和1999年《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》,对分布于中国西南地区的珍稀濒危及国家保护植物进行了调查和统计分析,并探讨了其区系成分特点及地理分布特征,结果表明:西南地区有珍稀濒危及国家保护植物共计95科195属275种;其植物区系具有明显的热带亚热带性质,种子植物热带分布型的属数占总数的48.57%,热带分布型的科数占总数的46.91%;特有性强,共有52种中国特有植物;起源古老,有41种古老孑遗植物;此外,这些种的地理分布不均匀,主要集中分布在省与省或国与国交界的边境地区以及中、低山地区。     

银杉种群的空间分布格局

银杉（ＣａｔｈａｙａａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａＣｈｕｎｅｔＫｕａｎｇ）种群的空间分布格局受银杉种群本身的生物学特性、种群的年龄和更新方式等及群落内小环境的共同影响。在老龄种群内,多表现为集群分布;在较年轻的种群内,多为随机分布。气候和立地条件基本一致时,群落内岩石的覆盖与土壤蚀形成的小环境。     

三峡工程对库区特有濒危植物荷叶铁线蕨的影响与对策

荷叶铁线蕨是被列入《中国植物红皮书》的三峡库区特有的濒危植物,其分布范围狭窄,繁殖力弱,资源量稀少^［1］。三峡水库的兴建将对荷叶铁线蕨的生长环境及种质资源产生严重影响。本文阐述了该种植物的生物学、生态学特性,分析了其群落学特征,并评估了三峡工程对它的影响,提出了保护该物种的有效措施。     

太白红杉种群结构与环境的关系

对太白山不同生境出现的 5种太白红杉种群的高度、径级和生物量结构进行了较为系统的对比研究。结果表明 :(1)不同生境的太白红杉种群 ,生长发育明显不同。但经年龄拟合和方差分析证明 ,该地区不同太白红杉种群在演替上应属同时发生 (P<0 .0 5 )。 (2 )不同太白红杉各种群在高度和胸径上有极显著差异 (P<0 .0 1) ,生长于中海拔地域的太白红杉种群平均高和胸径显著高于低海拔和森林线地带的种群 ;随着海拔升高 ,种群生物量结构中根系所占比例呈现高→低→高的趋势 ;主干和枝叶呈现低→高→低的趋势。(3)对种群表现结构形成有重要影响的 10个环境因子的主成分分析表明 ,乔木层郁闭度、土壤厚度、土壤p H、土壤含水率、年平均降雨量、人为干扰是影响种群结构形成的最重要因素。 (4)对太白红杉种群应以就地保护为主 ,低海拔地区的群落应适当间伐乔木层非目的树种 ,中高海拔地区应以保护原有生境为主 ,适当间伐灌木层树种 ,为太白红杉更新创造良好条件。     

罗霄山脉珍稀濒危重点保护野生植物的生存状况及保护策略

为加强对罗霄山脉地区珍稀濒危植物的保护和管理, 作者在对该区域的植被和植物区系全面调查的基础上, 针对珍稀濒危植物的组成、种群数量、生存状态等进行了深入调查和评估。结果表明: (1)整体上, 罗霄山脉各类珍稀濒危植物共59科142属279种, 其中: 被IUCN红色名录收录17种, 包括极危种(CR) 2种, 濒危种(EN) 3种, 易危种(VU) 12种; 被《中国生物多样性红色名录: 高等植物卷》收录的共105种, 包括极危种9种, 濒危种33种, 易危种63种; 被《国家重点保护野生植物名录》收录的共257种, 包括Ⅰ级8种, 即银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、资源冷杉(Abies beshanensis var. ziyuanensis)、南方红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var. mairei)、莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)、伯乐树(Bretschneidera sinensis)、细叶石斛(Dendrobium hancockii)、铁皮石斛(D. officinale)、细茎石斛(D. moniliforme)等, II级249种; 被CITES收录的有71种。(2)在局部区域, 罗霄山脉自北至南由5条中型山脉组成, 其珍稀濒危植物的数量分布由北向南呈现梯级变化, 显示出与该地区植被和植物区系的丰富度和保存状况密切相关, 其中幕阜山脉147种、九岭山脉138种、武功山脉133种、万洋山脉207种、诸广山脉192种。(3)从珍稀濒危植物属种组成看, 保存有大量古老、孑遗和特有的类群, 并且受到气候和地理环境的影响, 其中有单型属19属, 中国特有种129种。本文针对各珍稀濒危植物的生存现状, 提出了按分布区域和濒危性质进行群落监测或适度进行人工干预等保护措施。     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区珍稀植物的垂直分布及其保护

白水江自然保护区有各类珍稀濒危植物104种,占该区总种数的5.28%。其中划归《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》的有20种,划归《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录》的有37种,划归《国家珍贵树种名录》的有18种。该区在整个海拔梯度上均有珍稀植物分布,但很不均匀。根据珍稀植物物种丰富度的高低,大体可分为“极丰富段”“较丰富段”“丰富段”“稀少段”4段。不同类型的珍稀植物的垂直分布也有差异。根据白水江珍稀濒危植物的垂直分布格局和保护现状提出了几点建议。     

The Western Ordos Plateau as a Biodiversity Center of Relic Shrubs in Arid Areas of China

The western Ordos plateau in the central-north of China is abundant in relic shrub species. Totally 54 shrub species belonging to 31 genera in 16 families are found in 10 desert shrub communities,including 10 local endemic species, five relic shrub species, and seven threatened species defined by the China Red Data Book. The percentage of the threatened shrub species to the total is as high as 12.9%, much greater than the national average (3.5%). Although a National Natural Reserve has been established since 1998 in the western Ordos plateau, the exploitation of mining resources continues to expand at a significant biological cost. Given the circumstances, future conservation efforts should focus on (1) removing coking and cement facilities from the reserve; (2) defining the boundaries of the Western Ordos National Natural Reserve encompassing all habitats where these shrub species occur; (3) implementing comprehensive plans coupling conservation with economic development; (4) enforcing ecological restoration after mining; and (5)␣establishing comprehensive population monitoring systems and promoting ex situ conservation. In addition, two local endemic relic species (Tetraena mongolica and Helianthemum ordosicum), which were defined as rare species in the second conservation priority by the China Red Data Book, should be considered as endangered species in the first conservation priority rank due to the extremely restricted distribution ranges, extremely scarce populations and more prominently, the currently increasing human disturbances caused by mining and urbanization in the core conservation area of the western Ordos plateau.     

中国濒危鱼类、两栖爬行类和哺乳类的地理分布格局与优先保护区域——基于《中国濒危动物红皮书》的分析

《中国濒危动物红皮书》依据我国动物所面临的濒危,对我国濒危动物的濒危等级划分,种群现状,致危因素和保护措施等进行了描述说明,首批收录了535种濒危动物。本文以《中国濒危动物红皮书》中所收录的352种濒危脊椎动物（不含鸟类（以下简记为“濒危植物”）为研究对象,整理统计了现有濒危物种的分布资料,在GIS支持下,对中国濒危动物的地理分布进行了研究。结果表明,中国濒危动物物种呈明显的集聚分布,最密集的地区是横断山区,海南岛,西双版纳和云贵高原;而在华北平原,内蒙古东部,黄土高原和东北平原等地区出现大片空白区。影响濒危动物分布的主要因素有热量和水分条件,地形条件等自然条件以及历史开发,人为破坏等人文条件。山地因地形屏障作用而保留了较多的古老物种,其较为复杂的环境因子也有益物种的生存,因而物种丰富度较高。大多数动物对于水分和热量的依赖性较强,因此水热条件对其分布的限制作用十分明显。人为破坏较为严重的地区,濒危物种稀少;污染,开荒等引起的环境问题对于现存动物的威胁很。运用Dobson排除算法得到云南勐腊县等9个县分布有168种濒危动物,占全国总数（海生种类及仅分布于台湾和香港的特有种除外）的51．5％,而其土地面积之和仅为全国陆地总面积的0．9％。而云南勐腊县等94个县市就分布有中国所有的濒危动物。这些地区是我国生物多样性保护应该优先考虑的地方。     

A Preliminary Study on the Population of Cathaya argyrophylla in Bamianshan Mountain

Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang is a China endemic and endangered evergreen conifer, listed in the Red Data Book of plant in China, with less than 5000 individuals remaining on earth. The age structure of C. argyrophylla population in Bamianshan Mountain showed its stability, but was different among metapopulations, especially in the aged Cathaya forests there often appeared a lack of generation continuety. Though the aboveground biomass of the population varied from 30000 kg · ha-1 to 110000 kg · ha-1 with different metapopulations, the increment of the biomass had no significant difference among metapopulations but could basically reflect the productivity of this population in that area. Its distribution patterns were mainly contagious, even when the shrub cover was very high and random in young Cathaya stands.     

南岳衡山珍稀濒危野生植物资源调查

2008—2010年,对南岳衡山野生植物资源进行了实地调查,调查结果表明:南岳衡山有国家重点保护野生植物17种,其中一级保护3种,二级保护14种。国家珍稀濒危植物14种。列入2007年《中国物种红色名录》中受胁威的珍稀濒危植物87种,其中极危1种,濒危13种,易危36种,近危26种,无危11种。兰科植物23属46种,且具有附生、地生和腐生各种生态类型。另外对银杏、伯乐树居群进行了分析,得出南岳衡山是银杏野生居群保存和现代分布地区之一,保存在该区的银杏,伯乐树的天然林应为原始林的残遗成分,具有古老和残遗特性。     

武陵山地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护利用

武陵山地区分布的国家级珍稀濒危植物共47种,隶属于26科42属,其中保护植物属国家一级的2种,二级的17种,三级的28种。对其种类组成、濒危等级现状、区系成分、地理分布及利用价值进行初步分析。结果表明,属濒危的种类3种,易危的20种,依赖保护的13种,需予关注的11种,武陵山地区珍稀濒危植物不仅有古老、原始、孑遗的特性,且亚热带性质明显,中国特有现象极为突出。水平分布可分为南、北两个中心,垂直分布以500~2000m的中山地带为主。武陵山地区的珍稀濒危植物除部分具一定直接经济价值外,多数都有重要的间接经济价值。据此提出武陵山地区珍稀濒危植物的保护利用对策。     

Population Genetic Structure and Differentiaton of Parashorea chinensis(Dipterocarpaceae)

The genetic diversity and population differentiation of Parashorea chinensis, a rare and endangered dipterocarp, and listed in the Plant Red Book under Grade I, were examined using allozyme analysis of horizontal sliceable starch gel electrophoresis. Considering its narrow distribution, which was limited in the South & Southeast of Yunnan and Southwest of Guangxi, allozyme data for 16 loci of 11 enzymes in 9 natural population (as a comparison, two cultivated populations in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden were analyzed) indicated extremely low level of genetic variability in these eleven populations with the proportion of polymorphic loci(P) ranging from 6.25% to 12.5%(mean 6.82%).     

广东省国家级珍稀濒危保护植物及其分布

广东省境内目前有第一批国家重点保护的珍稀濒危植物共59种,其中蕨类植物1种、裸子植物10种、被子植物48种;确定为濒危的9种、渐危的34种、稀有的16种;被列为一、二、三级重点保护的分别有1种、22种和36种。根据它们在广东境内的分布范围,可将它们划分为广布种、间断分布种和偶见种三种分布类型。珍稀濒危植物在广东各地的分布明显不均匀,以粤北、粤西种类最多,部分市县种类达20多种,而粤东则最少。已建立的以森林生态系统为主的自然保护区是珍稀濒危植物逃脱灭绝境地的天然避难所。     

Endangered species diversity ‘hot spots’ in Russia and centers of endemism

Geographic distributions of all 125 endangered and threatened animals and all 70 endangered flowering plant species were compiled and mapped by administrative territory (republics, states, provinces, and districts) of the Russian Federation, based on distributional data in the official Red Data Books of the R.S.F.S.R. [Eliseev et al. (eds) (1985) Red Book of the R.S.F.S.R.: Animals. Rosleskhoz Publishing, Moscow; Golovanov et al. (eds). (1988). Red Book of the R.S.F.S.R.: Plants. Rosagprom Publishing, Moscow]. Territories were ranked using an algorithm that gives highest rank to the single territory with the greatest number of endangered species present, then iteratively assigns the next highest rank to the territory containing the greatest number of species not found in a territory of higher rank. This algorithm minimizes the number of territories necessary to include one population of each endangered species, but may designate very low rank to a territory that holds high numbers of endangered species if many of those species are found in a territory of higher rank. When different sets of species were used to determine territory rank with this algorithm the only significant correlation between rank lists was between ranks generated when all species are used and when only species endemic to single territories were used. Mountainous territories on Russia's southern borders held the greatest numbers of endangered species and were highly ranked whether or not species occurring outside of Russia were excluded from the ranking algorithm. The Maritime state, Krasnodar state, Dagestan republic, Sakhalin province and the Jewish province all are centers of endangered species diversity that together contain 50 or more of endangered species for multiple taxonomic groups; this was the Dobson et al. [(1997) Science 275: 550–553] definition of an endangered species hot spot. These are all mountainous territories on Russia's southern border. Precise territorial ranking within the mountainous southern regions of the Southern Far East, Caucasus, and Altai/Sayan regions of southern Siberia was highly influenced by species endemic to single territories.