不同生境和去趋势方法下的祁连圆柏径向生长对气候的响应

利用青海不同生境祁连圆柏树木年轮样本,采用3种不同去趋势方法建立树轮年表,结合青海30个气象站的气象资料,分析不同生境和去趋势方法下祁连圆柏径向生长对气候的响应差异。结果表明,祁连山区,生长季前期的平均气温是祁连圆柏树木径向生长的主要限制性因子,NEP树轮标准化宽度年表与生长季前期冬季平均气温相关最好;在柴达木盆地,生长季降水量是该地区树木径向生长的限制性因子,SPL树轮年表对生长季降水量相关较好;在青南高原,祁连圆柏径向生长对春季温度响应最为敏感,而SPL年表与春季温度呈现明显的负相关关系,相关系数达-0.606;而在青海东部地区,祁连圆柏树木径向生长对气候的响应总体不显著。位于青海西部和北部的柴达木盆地和祁连山区祁连圆柏径向生长受西风气候的影响显著,尤其是柴达木盆地,其气候受西风主导;而青南高原受西南季风影响更为显著,该地区祁连圆柏径向生长同时受西南季风气候和海拔高度两方面影响;在青海东部,祁连圆柏径向生长受东亚季风影响更为显著。     

祁连山东部不同树种径向生长对气候因子的响应

为研究祁连山东部不同树种树木径向生长对气候因子响应的差异,采集青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)和祁连圆柏(Juniperus przewalskii)两个树种的树木年轮样芯,建立树轮宽度年表,并分析不同类型年表与24个时间尺度气候因子的相关性。分析年表参数发现,青海云杉的差值年表质量优于标准年表,祁连圆柏则相反。青海云杉树轮宽度年表包含的气候信息丰富度多于祁连圆柏。祁连圆柏对温度的响应要强于青海云杉,主要与前一年6—7月、前一年9月以及当年5—8月均温呈显著负相关,青海云杉对降水的响应要强于祁连圆柏,主要与前一年9月、当年7—8月累积降水呈显著正相关。两树种的径向生长均受到干旱胁迫,全球变暖背景下,这种胁迫会加剧,因此需要加强对祁连山森林的保护和管理。     

长白山不同海拔树木生长对气候变化的响应差异

以长白落叶松和红松为例,探讨了长白山地区不同海拔树木生长对气候变化的响应。利用长白山北坡不同海拔4个长白落叶松样点和6个红松样点的树轮宽度资料建立差值年表,通过聚类分析、相关分析和响应分析等方法,研究树木生长特征及其气候响应。结果表明:两个树种年表的平均敏感度、树轮宽度指数的年际变率、信噪比等特征值较高,反映年表含有较强的环境信息。随海拔升高,长白落叶松年表特征值呈先下降后增加的趋势,红松年表特征值则呈先增加后下降的趋势。聚类分析将长白落叶松年表分成高、低海拔两类,红松年表分成高、中、低海拔三类。树木生长对气候响应存在海拔差异。高海拔长白落叶松生长受当年气温影响;低海拔长白落叶松生长对气候存在"滞后响应"。高海拔红松不仅受降水限制,且对气温有"滞后响应";中海拔红松不仅受气温限制,且对降水有"滞后响应";低海拔红松生长主要受气温限制。     

阿尼玛卿山地不同海拔青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应

利用位于同一坡面的青海云杉树芯样本,建立了4个海拔高度的树轮宽度指数年表。分析结果表明年表序列特征值大都因海拔而不同,各年表序列对气候因子的相关性在不同高度也表现出一定的差异：树木生长都与前一年10月份月均温显著正相关,与前一年8月份和当年5、6月份月均温显著负相关;与前一年9、10月份和当年5月份的降水量都呈显著正相关,但都随海拔升高呈波状变化。树轮宽度指数与不同时段的温度和温暖指数都呈负相关,表明5～9月是该地区青海云杉生长较为活跃的季节。响应函数分析结果表明该地区低海拔生长的青海云杉受温度和降水的影响都比高海拔生长的更显著,显然不同于以前研究的森林上下限树木的生长模式。4 a表主成分中的第一主分量贡献率为81.071%,表明同一坡面影响树木生长的大环境因子是一致的。第一主分量与气候因子的相关分析同样显示出前一年生长季末和当年生长季初的水热组合是树木生长的主要限制因子,区域模拟也进一步证明了这一点。并认清了同一坡面青海云杉树轮记录的共性和差异,为今后树轮采样和研究提供一定的理论依据。     

阿尼玛卿山地不同海拔青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应

利用位于同一坡面的青海云杉树芯样本,建立了4个海拔高度的树轮宽度指数年表。分析结果表明年表序列特征值大都因海拔而不同,各年表序列对气候因子的相关性在不同高度也表现出一定的差异:树木生长都与前一年10月份月均温显著正相关,与前一年8月份和当年5、6月份月均温显著负相关;与前一年9、10月份和当年5月份的降水量都呈显著正相关,但都随海拔升高呈波状变化。树轮宽度指数与不同时段的温度和温暖指数都呈负相关,表明5～9月是该地区青海云杉生长较为活跃的季节。响应函数分析结果表明该地区低海拔生长的青海云杉受温度和降水的影响都比高海拔生长的更显著,显然不同于以前研究的森林上下限树木的生长模式。4a表主成分中的第一主分量贡献率为81.071%,表明同一坡面影响树木生长的大环境因子是一致的。第一主分量与气候因子的相关分析同样显示出前一年生长季末和当年生长季初的水热组合是树木生长的主要限制因子,区域模拟也进一步证明了这一点。并认清了同一坡面青海云杉树轮记录的共性和差异,为今后树轮采样和研究提供一定的理论依据。     

Comparison of growth-climate relationship of Sabina przewalskii at different timberlines along a precipitation gradient in the northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China

为了了解青藏高原东北部不同降水梯度下, 高山林线处的树木径向生长与气候关系是否存在差异, 在青海东北部从西北到东南沿降水梯度设置3个高山林线采样点: 乌兰县哈里哈图国家森林公园(HL, 年降水量217 mm)、都兰县曲什岗(QS, 281 mm)和同德县河北林场(HB, 470 mm), 运用树轮年轮学方法分析林线优势种祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)的径向生长-气候关系随降水梯度的变化规律。结果表明: 不同降水梯度下, 降水对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用差异不明显, 但温度对祁连圆柏径向生长的影响存在显著差异。在低降水区域(HL), 冬、夏季最低气温主要限制祁连圆柏径向生长, 并且在不同气候特征年中无明显变化; 在中降水区域(QS), 祁连圆柏的径向生长明显受冬季最低气温影响, 与低降水区域相比, 春、夏季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用减弱, 并且主要限制因子在不同气候特征年存在显著变化; 在高降水区域(HB), 冬、夏季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用不显著, 而春、秋季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的抑制作用显著增加, 并且主要集中在高温年和干旱年。该研究结果并未支持干旱(湿润)区高山林线树木径向生长主要由水分(温度)限制的假说, 但是林线处降水量会影响树木生长与温度的关系。随着青藏高原东北部暖湿化加剧, 不同地区林线处树木生长的气候限制因子可能存在复杂化趋势。     

青藏高原东北部不同降水梯度下高山林线祁连圆柏径向生长与气候关系的比较

为了了解青藏高原东北部不同降水梯度下,高山林线处的树木径向生长与气候关系是否存在差异,在青海东北部从西北到东南沿降水梯度设置3个高山林线采样点:乌兰县哈里哈图国家森林公园(HL,年降水量217 mm)、都兰县曲什岗(QS,281 mm)和同德县河北林场(HB,470 mm),运用树轮年轮学方法分析林线优势种祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)的径向生长-气候关系随降水梯度的变化规律。结果表明:不同降水梯度下,降水对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用差异不明显,但温度对祁连圆柏径向生长的影响存在显著差异。在低降水区域(HL),冬、夏季最低气温主要限制祁连圆柏径向生长,并且在不同气候特征年中无明显变化;在中降水区域(QS),祁连圆柏的径向生长明显受冬季最低气温影响,与低降水区域相比,春、夏季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用减弱,并且主要限制因子在不同气候特征年存在显著变化;在高降水区域(HB),冬、夏季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用不显著,而春、秋季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的抑制作用显著增加,并且主要集中在高温年和干旱年。该研究结果并未支持干旱(湿润)区高山林线树木径向生长主要由水分(温度)限制的假说,但是林线处降水量会影响树木生长与温度的关系。随着青藏高原东北部暖湿化加剧,不同地区林线处树木生长的气候限制因子可能存在复杂化趋势。     

普达措国家公园2个针叶树种径向生长对温度和降水的响应

基于树轮年代学方法,利用普达措国家公园海拔上、下限丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)和长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)树轮宽度资料,构建差值年表并分析其与温度和降水的关系,阐明影响该区域2个主要针叶树种径向生长的主要气候要素。结果表明:(1)海拔下限丽江云杉径向生长同时受到温度和降水的影响:与上年11月平均温、当年生长季后期(9—10月)平均温和上年7月降水呈显著正相关;(2)海拔上限丽江云杉径向生长只受温度影响,与上年生长季后期平均温呈显著负相关,与当年生长季盛期(6—8月)平均温呈显著正相关;(3)长苞冷杉径向生长只与温度表现出显著相关性,海拔下限的生长与上年11月平均温呈显著正相关,海拔上限的生长与当年生长季盛期平均温呈显著正相关。结果可为气候变化对滇西北高原树木生长影响研究提供参考,为滇西北高原森林生态系统管理与保护提供理论依据。     

太白山南北坡高山林线太白红杉对气候变化的响应差异

气候变化对秦岭植被生长的影响已经引起了人们的广泛关注,在相同的立地条件下,植被对气候变化的响应会因坡向不同而产生差异,秦岭的分水岭太白山尤为典型,为更进一步揭示不同坡向太白红杉(Larix chinensis)对气候变化响应的差异,以树木年代学为依据,利用采自太白山南、北坡相同海拔的太白红杉树芯样本分别建立了树轮年表,并分析了两者的年表特征,探讨了树轮宽度指数与气候因子之间的相关性及逐步线性回归方程。结果表明:太白山南、北坡太白红杉年表的平均敏感度、样本间平均相关系数、样本总体代表性等特征值较高,表明两个不同坡向年表中皆含有丰富的环境信息,相对而言,北坡样地植被对气候的响应较南坡样地敏感;由相关性分析可知,南北坡太白红杉差值年表对气温和降水响应显著的月份有所差异,北坡样地轮宽指数与当年和前一年1—6月平均气温皆为显著正相关关系,而南坡样地轮宽指数仅与当年5—6月平均气温通过显著性检验。南、北坡太白红杉径向生长都明显受到前一年6月降水"滞后效应"的一致影响,但北坡仅与当年8月的降水呈显著正相关,南坡与当年1—4月的平均降水量存在十分显著的负相关;多元线性逐步回归模型显示,气温因子对回归方程的贡献最大值均大于降水因子的贡献最大值,表明气温因子的变化更易引起太白红杉树轮宽度的变化,另外,气温因子对北坡样地回归模型的贡献值比气温因子对南坡样地回归模型的贡献值大,表明北坡样地处树轮宽度指数对气温因子更敏感,并且与相关分析结果一致。     

德令哈地区柏树山不同生境气候对祁连圆柏径向生长的影响

为探究德令哈地区柏树山不同生境气候对祁连圆柏（Sabina przewalskii）径向生长的影响,在该区域设置3个采样点（S1：地势较低的陡坡地,S2：坡度缓和的凹形坡地,S3：地势较高的陡坡地）,运用树木年轮学方法收集了58棵祁连圆柏共113根样芯。通过建立3个样点的祁连圆柏差值年表,分析在半干旱区不同生境内祁连圆柏径向生长对气候响应的特征以及气候因子对祁连圆柏径向生长的贡献。结果表明：不同生境的祁连圆柏径向生长对降水的响应基本一致,对温度的响应则存在显著差异,其中当年5月的降水对不同生境祁连圆柏径向生长的贡献作用最大（P<0.01）,当年6月的降水次之（P<0.05）。温度对S1和S3祁连圆柏径向生长的贡献均不显著（P>0.05）。当年9月的平均最高温对S2祁连圆柏径向生长有显著的贡献作用（P<0.05）,低温对其的贡献并不显著（P>0.05）。研究结果论证了受地形差异的影响,不同生境下的气候对树木径向生长的影响具有多样性。因此,在研究树木生长与气候的关系时,应综合考虑不同生境的特点,以选取适宜的生境进行科学研究。     

Variability of climate–growth relationships along an elevation gradient in the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China

In order to explore climate–growth relationships at different elevations, tree-ring width chronologies of larch (Larix olgensis) were developed from three sampling sites on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. There were no consistent trends in statistical characteristics of the tree-ring chronologies along the elevation gradient, since trees in the forest interior had a complacent growth pattern. Monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation were used for the analysis. Correlation analysis indicated that temperatures in winter had negative correlations with tree growth (previous November, December and current March for the low-, mid- and high-elevation sites, respectively). The correlations between tree growth and June temperature varied from weakly negative at low elevations to significantly positive at high elevations. Precipitation in June of the growth year had negative relationship with the high-elevation chronology. However, high precipitation was associated with low temperature in early growing season, further supporting that temperature is a growth-limiting factor at high elevations. Our results suggest that along the elevation gradient, L. olgensis may respond in different ways to local climate change.     

Climate–growth analysis of Qilian juniper across an altitudinal gradient in the central Qilian Mountains, northwest China

In the context of global warming, it is of high importance to assess the influence of climatic change and geographic factors on the radial growth of high-elevation trees. Using tree-ring data collected from four stands of Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) across an altitudinal gradient in the central Qilian Mountains, northwest China, we compared the radial growth characteristics and climate–growth relationships at different elevations. Results indicated that there was little difference in the tree-ring parameters of the four chronologies. Correlation analyses both for unfiltered and 10-year high-passed data of monthly climatic variables and chronologies were presented to investigate the climatic forcing on tree growth, and results revealed that the correlation patterns were consistent among the four sites, especially for high-passed data. We employed the principal components analysis method to obtain the first principal component (PC1) of the four chronologies and computed the correlations between PC1 and climate factors. The PC1 correlated significantly with winter (November–January) temperature, prior August and current May temperature, and precipitation in the previous September and current January and April, indicating that tree growth in this region was mainly limited by cold winter temperature and drought in early growing season and prior growing season (prior August and September). However, the climate–growth relationships were unstable; with an increase in temperature, the sensitivity of tree growth to temperature had decreased over the past few decades. Considering the instability of the climate–growth relationships, climate reconstructions based on tree rings in the study area should be approached with more caution.     

Climate Signals from Tree Ring Chronologies of the Upper and Lower Treelines in the Dulan Region of the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The radial growth of trees In mountainous areas is subject to environmental conditions associated with changes In elevation. To assess the sensitivity of tree-ring growth to climate variation over a wide range of elevations, we compared the chronological characteristics of Sabina przewalskii Kom. and their relationships with climatic variables at the upper and lower treellnes In the Dulan region of the northeastern Qlnghal-Tlbetan Plateau. It was found that the radial growth in this region was controlled primarily by precipitation in late spring and early summer （from May to June）. In addition, a higher temperature from April to June could Intensify drought stress and lead to narrow tree rings. The significant similarity In climate-tree growth relationships at both the upper and lower treellnes Indicated that tree rings of S. przewalskU In this region are able to provide common regional climate information. However, the chronologies at the lower forest limits showed a higher standard deviation and more significant correlations with climatic factors, suggesting that the radial growth there was more significantly Influenced by climate variation. The first principal component of the four chronologies showed a common growth response to local climate. The second principal component showed a contrasting growth response between different sampling sites. The third principal component revealed different growth patterns In response to altitudinal variation. Further analysis Indicated that the precipitation In late spring and early summer controlled the growth of S. przewalskii on a regional scale and that other factors, such as mlcroenvlronment at the sampling sites, also affected the strength of the climatic response of tree growth.     

芦芽山阳坡不同海拔华北落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应

为研究树木生长对气候变化的响应状况,选取芦芽山阳坡的3个海拔高度建立了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)的树轮宽度年表。年表的统计参数表明,3条年表均为研究气候信息的可靠资料。结果表明,芦芽山阳坡华北落叶松的径向生长和生长与气候的关系均具有海拔差异,中海拔(2440 m)和高海拔(2540 m)的华北落叶松具有相似年际生长变化,而二者均与低海拔(2330 m)华北落叶松的年际生长不同。低海拔华北落叶松的生长与4月平均气温和上一年11月降水量显著负相关,而中海拔和高海拔的生长均与上一年10月平均气温和6月降水量显著负相关。通过年表与气候因子之间的滑动相关分析发现,3个海拔高度华北落叶松生长与气候因子的关系均不稳定,生长与气温条件之间的显著相关关系是随着气温升高而出现的。气温的升高引起了华北落叶松生长与气温因子关系的海拔差异,以及径向生长的海拔差异。这一结果对于气候变化对植被垂直梯度影响的研究具有一定参考价值。     

Difference in tree growth responses to climate at the upper treeline: Qilian Juniper in the Anyemaqen Mountains

Three ring-width chronologies were developed from Qilian Juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) at the upper treeline along a west-east gradient in the Anyemaqen Mountains.Most chronological statistics,except for mean sensitivity (MS),decreased from west to east.The first principal component (PC1) Ioadings indicated that stands in a similar climate condition were most important to the variability of radial growth.PC2 Ioadings decreased from west to east,suggesting the difference of tree-growth between eastern and western Anyemaqen Mountains.Correlations between standard chronologies and climatic factors revealed different climatic influences on radial growth along a west-east gradient in the study area.Temperature of warm season (July-August) was important to the radial growth at the upper treeline in the whole study area.Precipitation of current May was an important limiting factor of tree growth only in the western (drier) upper treeline,whereas precipitation of current September limited tree growth in the eastern (wetter) upper treeline.Response function analysis results showed that there were regional differences between tree growth and climatic factors in various sampling sites of the whole study area.Temperature and precipitation were the important factors influencing tree growth in western (drier) upper treeline.However,tree growth was greatly limited by temperature at the upper treeline in the middle area,and was more limited by precipitation than temperature in the eastern (wetter) upper treeline.     

柴达木盆地东缘山地祁连圆柏林上限树木径向生长与气候要素的关系

利用柴达木盆地东缘山地祁连圆柏林上限6个样点树轮宽度资料建立了标准年表,通过聚类分析发现,样点间树木径向生长具有不同的亲疏关系.其中,北部两个样点之间有较高的一致性,而中、南部4个样点之间有较高的一致性.气候要素对两类样点树木径向生长的影响不同.其中,北部两个样点树木径向生长与当年6月降水变化呈正相关,中、南部4个样点树木径向生长与前一年11月及当年7月温度变化呈正相关.     

Response of radial growth to climate change for Larix olgensis along an altitudinal gradient on the eastern slope of Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

AimsTo further understand the sensitivity of tree growth to climate change and its variation with altitude, particularly the growth-climate relationship near the timberline, the radial growth of Larix olgensis in an oldgrowth forest along an altitudinal gradient on the eastern slope of Changbai Mountain was investigated. MethodsThe relationships between climate factors and tree-ring index were determined using bootstrapped response functions analysis with the software DENDROCLIM2002. Redundancy analysis, a multivariate “direct” gradient analysis, and its ordination axes were constrained to represent linear combinations with meteorological elements. The analysis was used to clarify the relationship between tree-ring width indexes at different elevations and climate factors during the period 1959-2009.Important findings indicated: (1) Tree ring chronologies from high altitudes were more superior than other samples in terms of growth-climate relationship, revealing that trees at high altitudes are more sensitive to climate variation than at low sites, (2) Tree growth was mainly affected by temperatures of from before and through growing season in previous year, especially in June and August. In comparison, tree growth in the low elevation was regulated by the combination of precipitation of August and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) of September in current year, (3) Trees growing below timberline appeared to be more sensitive to climate warming; small extents of habitat heterogeneity or disturbance events beyond timberline may have masked the response, hence the optimal sites for examining growth trends as a function of climate variation are considered to be just below timberline, and (4) Redundancy analysis between the three chronologies and climate factors showed the same results as that of the correlation analysis and response function analysis, and this is in support of previous conclusion that redundancy analysis is also effective in quantifying the relationship between tree-ring indexes and climate factors.     

Growth response of Sabina tibetica to climate factors along an elevation gradient in south Tibet

We examine the climate significance in tree-ring chronologies retrieved from Sabina tibetica Kom. (Tibetan juniper) at two sites ranging in elevation from 4124 to 4693 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the Namling region, south Tibet. The study region is under the control of semi-arid plateau temperate climate. The samples were grouped into high- and low-elevation classes and standard ring-width chronologies for both classes were developed. Statistical analysis revealed a decreasing growth rate yet increasing chronology reliability with increasing elevation. Overall, correlation analyses showed that radial growth in S. tibetica at the study sites was controlled by similar climatic factors, regardless of elevation; these factors comprised early winter (November) and early summer (May–June) temperatures as well as annual precipitation (July–June). Slight differences in the correlation between tree growth along the elevation gradient and climate variables were examined. The correlations with early winter temperature varied from significantly positive at the low-elevation site to weakly positive at the high-elevation site, whereas the correlations between radial growth and early summer temperature increased from weakly negative at the low-elevation sites to strongly negative at the high-elevation sites. The abundant precipitation through the year may have masked variations in tree growth on different elevation aspects. Our results will aid future dendroclimatological studies of Namling tree rings in south Tibet and demonstrate the potential of S. tibetica Kom. for improving our understanding of environmental impacts on tree growth.