利用光合菌发酵对玉米秸杆进行转化的研究*

系统研究了光合菌在氨法处理和非氨处理两种环境下,在厌氧、好氧、以及自然条件下对玉米秸秆的转化。通过发酵液中还原糖与蛋白质浓度的测定结果的比较、判断、优选出一种最适合条件下光合菌对玉米转化的途径。研究表明,在以氨化法处理的玉米秸秆为底物与光合菌的发酵实验中,发酵液中的还原糖和蛋白质的尝试都要比非氨法条件下玉米秸秆为底物与光合菌发酵实验中的发酵液中的不原糖和蛋白质的浓度高。实验结果证明了转化产生的还原糖、蛋白质都是光合菌能利用的营养成分,由此达到利用光合菌转化玉米秸秆的研究目的。     

米曲霉发酵玉米秸秆产纤维素酶饲料条件的优化

目的:研究米曲霉发酵玉米秸秆产富含纤维素酶的饲料的最优条件.方法:采用响应面法对发酵条件进行了优化.对Plackett-Burman设计筛选出的麸皮与秸秆比值、固液比和发酵时间三个主要因素再利用Box-Behnken设计进行优化.结果:确定了以上三个因素的最佳值分别为秸秆:麸皮比值为1.32,固液比为0.68,发酵时间为6.1d.在优化的培养基中,纤维素酶活力为522.36U/g,比优化前的469.13U/g高了11.35%.结论:利用响应面法获得了米曲霉发酵玉米秸秆产纤维素酶饲料的最佳发酵条件.     

低温乳酸菌复合系的构建、培养条件优化及在玉米干秸杆微贮中的应用

[目的]研究筛选得到的低温乳酸菌复合菌系(LAC-1)的最佳培养条件及应用于玉米干秸杆微贮的效果.[方法]通过连续限制性培养的方法,以pH为指标进行低温乳酸菌复合系的筛选;利用单因素试验、Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面的分析方法对低温乳酸菌复合系的培养条件进行优化.[结果]筛选获得培养液pH下降迅速、变化稳定及接种干玉米秸杆后可降低发酵体系pH、提高发酵饲料感官品质的低温乳酸菌复合菌系LAC-1.培养时间对LAC-1的pH降低速度影响最大,温度次之,接种量影响最小;响应面分析LAC-1最佳的培养条件为培养温度9.5℃、接种量3.3％和培养时间139 h.经过优化,LAC-1培养过程中pH下降到4.0的时间比优化前缩短48 h,乳酸菌数提高了20.5％.LAC-1接种于干玉米秸秆发酵5d时,秸秆发酵体系pH降至4.1;与对照相比,秸秆发酵饲料可散发出甜酸香味,外观质地松散、色泽鲜亮,可溶性碳水化合物含量降低了46.3％,霉菌、恶臭醋酸杆菌和酵母菌数量显著降低,乳酸菌数量提高了33.3％.[结论]接种LAC-1可促进干玉米秸秆低温微贮进程,提高饲料品质.     

基于极端顶点混料设计优化黄粉虫秸秆饲料配方

【目的】每年产生的秸秆大部分没有被有效利用,造成大量的资源浪费。虽有部分秸秆发酵后制成畜禽动物饲料,但研究秸秆饲料用于饲养昆虫的少见。本研究旨在拓展秸秆的资源化利用途径,利用发酵秸秆饲养黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor,进而降低黄粉虫饲养中的饲料成本。【方法】以饲养黄粉虫的常规饲料、发酵的玉米秸秆、发酵的红薯秸秆为原料,用极端顶点混料设计法,研究三者不同混合比例对黄粉虫幼虫生长指标(生物量增率、死亡率、体长、饲料利用率和转化率)以及生理指标[含水量、灰分含量、粗脂肪含量、粗蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总糖含量、磷含量、中微量元素含量和重金属含量]的影响,筛选出黄粉虫的最佳混料配方。【结果】结果表明,在常规饲料中添加一定量发酵的玉米秸秆和红薯秸秆更有利于黄粉虫幼虫的生长。生物量增率较大的实验组,其饲料利用率和转化率较高。混料配方中红薯秸秆所占比例越大,黄粉虫幼虫的死亡率趋势越大。而不同的混料配方对黄粉虫幼虫的体长和各生理指标无明显影响。最佳的混料配方为:常规饲料∶发酵玉米秸秆∶发酵红薯秸秆=37.24∶20.72∶42.04。此配方饲料成本低,相比于常规饲料配方成本降低了56.94%。此配方下饲养的黄粉虫幼虫,其生物量增率可达32.52%,高于常规饲料饲喂的对照组(25.17%),且黄粉虫幼虫的死亡率低、饲料利用率高。【结论】秸秆饲料经过科学配方既降低了黄粉虫的饲养成本,又提高了秸秆的利用率,具有较好的推广前景。     

响应面法优化赖氨酸发酵培养基

运用Ｂｏｘ－Ｂｅｈｋｅｎ设计的响应面试验（Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ－ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ）对黄色短杆菌（Ｂｒｅｕｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｆｌａｕｕｍ）ＦＢ４２进行赖氨酸发酵的培养基进行了优化。响应面法对７２小时分批发酵结果的优化分析表明：硫酸铵、豆饼水解液及玉米浆三种因素对赖氨醚发酵无明显的交互作用,在硫酸铵、豆饼水解液和玉米浆的浓度分别为５％、２％和３％时,发酵液中的产酸达到５４．０６ｇ／     

DFM菌株生理特性的测试以及摇床发酵条件的优化

以研究适合工业化生产的直接饲用微生物 (DirectFeedMicrobials,DFM )为目的 ,通过对 5株细菌的生理特性的测定结果 ,显示出这几株菌具有良好的性状 ,有助于改善目前饲料添加剂领域存在的问题。实验还对菌种的摇床发酵条件进行了正交优化 ,证明了 3株菌可以利用廉价的培养基实现高密度发酵[1] 。另外菌株利用玉米秸秆和麦秸秆的实验为进一步降低发酵的成本开辟了方向。     

农作物秸秆发酵剂的研究

用液体、固体不同培养方式,对异常汉逊酵母（Ｈａｎｓｅｎｕｌａａｎｏｍａｌａ）ＡＳ２．３００、白地霉（Ｇｅｏｌｒｉｃｈｕｍｃａｎｄｉｄｕｍ）ＡＳ２．３６１、康宁木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉｉ）ＴＫ—２、植物乳杆菌（Ｌａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｐｌａｎｔａｒｕｍ）ＬＰ—５等菌进行分别培养,然后按一定比例配成农作物秸秆发酵剂。并进行了对玉米秸秆发酵试验：在室温条件下发酵７天,添加５％发酵剂,发酵产物的粗蛋白含量提高一倍左右;添加２０％发酵剂,发     

玉米秸秆和异Vc钠生产废液固态发酵生产高蛋白饲料研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,以麸皮和异Vc钠生产废液(WEP)为辅料进行生物蛋白饲料固态发酵研究.通过菌种配伍试验,确定了混菌发酵菌种为白地霉、产朊假丝酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌.在此基础上通过单因素优化试验确定了秸秆蛋白饲料的最优发酵条件:以玉米秸秆(5 g)和麸皮(1 g)为基料,4%WEP营养液,固液比1:4(g/mL),初始pH值4.5;以麸皮浸汁作种子培养液,种龄24 h,各菌接种比例为产朊假丝酵母∶白地霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌=3:1:1,接种量2 mL;28℃、静置发酵2 d,在此条件下,秸秆饲料中真蛋白含量为6.21%,比对照提高了23.95%.该研究为秸秆和异Vc钠生产废液的高质化利用提供了新的思路和途径.     

猪,牛血固态发酵生产蛋白质饲料的研究

从１２株曲霉属（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ）食品生产菌中筛选出一株能发酵降解猪、牛血的ＲＡ＿３菌株,并对该菌株用于猪、牛血固态发酵生产蛋白质饲料的工艺进行了研究。采用新鲜猪血与麸皮按１：１的比例混合发酵４ｄ（前、后酵各两天）,所得猪、牛血发酵蛋白质饲料的粗蛋白含量达３１％—３５％,明显地提高了猪、牛血的可消化性和适口性,用于产蛋鸡等家禽饲养具有显著增产效果。     

聚β—羟基丁酸产生菌Z5—GⅡ发酵条件的研究

对聚β－羟基丁酸（ＰＨＢ）产生菌Ｚ５－ＧⅡ的发酵培养基及发酵条件进行优化研究;结果表明：该菌株在蔗糖１％,酵母粉０．３％,酵母浸汁０．３％,Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４０．２％;ｐＨ７．２￣７．４的优化发酵培养基中,接种量８％,种２８ｈ,发酵培养３６ｈ,细胞干重为６．８７ｇ／Ｌ,ＰＨＢ产率可达的细胞干重的６１．８６％。该菌株还可利用葡萄糖生产废液为碳源生产ＰＨＢ,具有实现工业化生产的潜力。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.