云南少数民族食花文化

在中国,云南是一个多民族的省份,又是植物资源极为丰富的“天然花园”。据我们近年的民族植物学调查,发现云南少数民族中食花相象相当普遍,在民族文化中有着悠久的历史,尤其是白族、彝族、傣族,文化内涵丰富。据调查,云南各族群众经常食用的花卉种类有近200种之多。从用途分,有家常食谱花卉、药膳花卉和具有宗教文化意义的食用花卉三大类。在不同地域的各民族之间,所食花卉又有所不同,形成了云南少数民族食花文化的多样性。云南盛产杜鹃花,尽管其中许多种的花有毒,但在云南少数民族的食花文化中仍占有重要地位,已知至少有16种…     

华夏花间漫步

中国是一个迷人的花卉王国,不仅拥有众多的奇花异卉,人民培育、利用花卉的历史也极其悠久。而且,随着花卉与人民生活关系的日益密切,自然的花卉被不断注入人们的思想和情感,不断融进文化与生活的内容,形成一种与花卉相关的文化现象和以花卉为中心的文化体系。这就是中国的花文化。     

拉祜族食用花卉的民族植物学研究

应用民族植物学的方法,对拉祜族的食用花卉进行了调查和研究,发现有相当多的花卉种类在一个狭窄的范围被一个单一的民族食用,实属罕见;首次全面报道了拉祜族食用花卉92种,分别属于37个科。其食用过程中的加工方法和烹调技巧都有讲究,食花的部位也有所选择。探讨了地域差别与食用花卉的异同,发现同一民族在不同地域环境或具有一定地理距离时,其选择的食用花种类有很大的不同,这与他们的生活习惯、居住环境及海拔高度有着极为密切的关系。有些植物分布区域很广,但不是分布区域内的同一民族都会选择食用它们;有些植物在不同的区域内虽然都被食用,但食用的目的和意义并不如一。还探讨了拉祜族食用花卉的重要性,以及其文化意义及开发利用前景。     

拉祜族食疗花卉的研究

对拉祜族的食疗花卉进行了探讨.结果表明,拉祜族有着丰富的食疗花卉知识,其形成有着特殊的医药和文化背景以及朴素的早期传统民族医药特征;拉祜族民间普遍存在的花卉食疗现象,是对其生存空间内现有食物的自然选择结果,是传统知识的积累使然,是在与各民族相互学习交流中得到启迪而加以利用的结果,具有原住民文化特征,是民族文化多样性的重要组成部分.拉祜族食疗花卉约有53种,分别隶属于28个科,较有特色的花卉包括杜鹃花(Rhododendron spp.)、姜花(Alpinia spp.、 Amomum spp.、 Zingiber spp.)、山茶花(Camellia spp.)、蜜蒙花(Buddleja officinalis Maxim.)等.此外还探讨了拉祜族传统文化与当地自然资源及其生物多样性的关系,认为今天拉祜族聚居地还保留有丰富的森林植被和物种,与他们对自然资源的管理与合理使用有着密切的关系.     

花王为何别样红——揭开牡丹花色之谜

在中国众多花卉中,集艳丽清秀于一身的牡丹一直享有崇高的地位。世间百花齐争艳,何花堪称花上花?惟有牡丹真国色,形美色艳是花王。牡丹,象征富贵、吉祥和幸福,有着悠久的栽培历史和丰富的文化内涵,有"百花之王"的美称,深受国人的喜爱。     

让一品红“七一”花盛开

让一品红“七一”花盛开一品红，自然盛花期在１２月，适值圣诞节前后，故有圣诞花之称，是冬季娇艳的观赏花卉。为庆祝党的诞辰，笔者经细心的培育处理，几年来都成功地让一品红准时在“七一”花盛开。一品红是典型的短日性花卉，这类花卉在其开花前的生长过程中，需保持...     

影响蓝色花着色的因素

在观赏植物中,花卉的蓝色品系非常罕见,尤其是那些名贵花卉,如月季、百合、郁金香、香石竹。菊花等均缺乏蓝色的品种,因此,培育这些品种的蓝色品系一直是花卉育种学家的主攻目标。通过对蓝色花化学成分、花色素苷生物合成途径以及液泡pH值的广泛研究,人们已经了解到蓝色花的显现与花瓣液泡中的色素成分、助色素(copig-ments)、金属阳离子、液泡的pH值密切相关。本文介绍和讨论这些影响蓝色花显现的因素,以期为培育蓝色花提供参考资料。     

蓝色玫瑰研究进展

蓝色玫瑰是长期困扰各国花卉育种学家的花卉品系之一。对近年来影响蓝色花形成的因素,如细胞中的花素苷成分、助色素、液泡pH值等因素的研究进行综述,提出了通过基因工程培育蓝色玫瑰的可能途径和需要解决的主要问题。     

花卉花色基因工程的研究现状及存在问题

与传统的花卉育种手段相比 ,基因工程育种具有周期短、目的性强等优点 ,因而成为近年来花卉育种的重要手段之一。花色是花卉育种的一个重要性状 ,自1987年首次通过基因工程方法获得了改变花色的转基因矮牵牛以来 ,花卉花色育种进入了分子时代。简要介绍了近年来国内外花卉花色基因工程及花器官特异表达启动子的研究进展及应用前景。     

生物技术打造奥运菊

据估算,北京奥运会期间,需要迎宾用花、领奖用花、宾馆内插花、奥运场馆及北京街道的量观用花等各类花卉将超过1亿技（株）,价值将达450亿元人民币。能够登上奥运舞台的花卉,既要具有观赏性,又要适应北京八月气候的生物学特征……在众多中国传统名花中,作为北京市市花的菊花能够脱颖而出吗？     

低温处理对牡丹春节催花及营养类物质变化的影响

连续观察、测定了牡丹春节催花进程中不同低温天数处理对温室外自然低温解除休眠及温室内培养过程中形态及某些生理生化变化的影响,结果显示：低温处理34d后的11月28日温室外牡丹花芽形态及可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量变化显著,11月28日左右是低温处理期间牡丹花芽代谢变化剧烈的时期;处理41d后的12月5口及以后移入温室的植株能够正常开花。以上结果从形态与营养物质变化的角度说明了11月28日左右牡丹花芽开始逐步解除休眠,12月5日花芽已彻底解除休眠,不同低温对牡丹春节催花过程中花芽的发育有着质的作用。     

Induction of Continuous Tepal Differentiation from in Vitro Regenerated Flower Buds of Hyacinthus orientalis

Continuous differentiation of tepals was successively induced from regenerated flower buds in Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. White Pearl by controlling the exogenous hormones and explant ages. In 250 days of subculture, each flower bud differentiated an average of more than 70 tepals, with a maximum of over 140 tepals. Studies on the morphogenesis and characteristics of growth and development of the flower buds indicate that the first whorled organ of the flower bud was perianth which consisted of perianth tube and tepals grown at the top of the perianth tube, which is the same as the flower bud of the wild type in H. orentalis. The second and third whorls of the flower bud, which should be stamen and pistil in the wild type, but remained as the tepals in the regenerated flower bud. Growth of the regenerated flower bud was faster in the first several months of culture, then slowed down gradually with time. After 150 days in culture the flower bud growth and organ differentiation became very slow. Other than the tepal differentiation the regenerated flower buds also differentiated at random positions some small flower buds that also differentiated the tepals only. Histological observation revealed that the origin of the regenerated flower buds was jointly participated by some cells in the epidermal and subepidermal layers at the inner surface of the perianth explant, and the inner small flower buds were originated from the meristem which was formed by the transformation of the parenchyma at the base of the very young tepal. The authors also compared and discussed the similarities and differences of the phenotypes between the regenerated flower bud in Hyacinthus and agamous flower in Arabidopsis, from which, they have hypothesized on the role of the hormones in the promotion and termination of the gene expressions by an order of development in plant.     

The Role of Glucose on Flower Bud Formation in Thin-Layer Tissue 12Nicotiana tabacum L.

The effect of glucose on flower bud formation was studied inthin-layer tissue cultures of epidermal strips from flower stalksof Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun. A minimum concentration of 30 mol m^–3 glucose in the MS-mediumcontaining 1.0 mmol m^–3 of both NAA and BA was necessaryfor flower bud formation. With 150 mol m^–3 glucose a minimumstay of 10 d was required for optimal flower bud formation. Withholding glucose for a limited period at different time intervalsafter the onset of culture caused a delay in flower bud formationand did not affect previous development on glucose. The resultsindicated that competence for flower bud initiation is not restrictedto the early stage of culture. The process may start at anytime later at the appropriate glucose concentration. However,for both optimal initiation and further development of flowerbuds the presence of a metabolizable sugar is required. Incubationof the tissue on glucose is associated with higher respirationrate. Key words: Flower formation, Glucose, mannitol, Nicotiana tabacum, Respiration, tissue culture     

Influence of stock plant pretreatment on gynogenic embryo induction from flower buds of onion

The gynogenic response of a range of onion genotypes to flower bud culture was compared using a two-step culture system. Embryogenic cultures and plantlets were produced from unpollinated ovules in whole flower bud explants 6 to 19 weeks after culture initiation. Preconditioning stock plants significantly influenced gynogenic embryogenesis. A ten-fold increase in embryogenesis was obtained when flower buds were cultured from stock plants maintained at 15 °C compared to 10 °C or the ambient temperature conditions of a glasshouse (maximum-minimum of 25–12.7 °C). A total of 49 embryos was obtained from 2660 cultured flower buds and 45% of plantlets were successfully acclimatised to glasshouse conditions. The majority of acclimatised plantlets were haploid (68%) but spontaneous double haploid plants (23%) were obtained from three genotypes. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

番茄子叶愈伤组织直接分化成花及果实

番茄（品种‘小番茄’）的子叶经一定条件诱导产生愈伤组织,随后在愈伤组织上直接产生花蕾,并可以开花结果。结果显示离体培养中的IBA在其成花诱导中起关键作用。IBA可能是番茄成花基因的启动信号。     

A Preliminary Study on Direct Regeneration of Flower Buds from Peduncle Calli in Dracaena fragrans cv. massangeana

Flower buds were directly regenerated from calli in vitro in the woody plant Dracaena fragrans cv. massangeana Hort. On modified MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L IBA, two kinds of calli, A and B, were formed from the peduncle explants cultured for 5 months. Calli A were loose and on their surface there were many irregular granule-like structures (GLC); Calli B were compact and had bigger tumor-like structures (TLC) on their surface. When the GLC and TLC were transferred onto the medium respectively with 0.4 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L IBA, flower buds were differentiated directly from the GLC but only vegetative buds and roots were differentiated from the TLC after culturing for 4 weeks. The GLC could be partly transformed into TLC in the continuous passage culture. Assays on hormones revealed that at a fixed IBA concentration of 0.4 mg/L the defferentiation frequency of flower budding was increased as the 6-BA concentration was decreased from 2.0 mg/L to 10 mg/L. Alternatively, at a fixed 6-BA concentration of 2.0 mg/L, the flower budding frequency was increased when the IBA concentration was changed from 0.4 mg/L to 1.0 mg/L. Moreover, the addition of 2.0 mg/L zeatin to the culture medium containing 2.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L IBA was favorable to the regeneration of the flower buds. Nevertheless supplementing 1.0 mg/L GA3 into the medium on which the calli had differentiated into flower buds, the flower buds would gradually wither after 2 weeks in culture.     

花叶千年木花序梗愈伤组织直接再生花芽的初步研究

在离体条件下,诱导愈伤组织或外植体直接再生花芽已经在许多草本植物上取得成功［１～７］,而就木本植物来说,迄今尚未见到成功的报导。诱导愈伤组织或外植体直接再生花芽所形成的离体培养实验系统将十分有利于研究雌、雄性器官分化和发育所必需的条件［８］和找到所需...     

The development of onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium cepa</Emphasis> L.) Embryo sacs <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> and gynogenesis induction in relation to flower size

Summary The development of embryo sacs (ES) in vitro and induction of gynogenesis were studied in onion flower bud culture. Explants were divided into three groups according to their size at inoculation: (a) small flower buds (2.3–3.0 mm in diameter); (b) medium flower buds (3.1–3.7 mm); and (c) large flower buds (3.8–4.4 mm). For histological study, excised ovaries were fixed at inoculation and then at 3-d intervals until day 12, and after 2 and 3 wk of culture. Some explants were cultured until embryo emergence, i.e., 3–5 mo. In total, 2592 ovules were examined histologically. At inoculation, 83% of ovules in small flower buds contained a megaspore mother cell; in 17% of ovules, two-nucleate ES occurred. In medium flower buds two-nucleate, four-nucleate, and mature ES were present at frequencies of 15%, 46%, and 40%, respectively. In large flower buds, only mature ES occurred. In vitro conditions did not disturb meiosis and megagametophyte development in non-degenerated ovules. Regardless of the developmental stage at inoculation, only mature ES occurred on day 12. Gynogenic embryos were found after 2 wk of culture, indicating that embryos developed in mature ES exclusively. Embryos were detected in 5.4% of histological studied ovules; however, the number of embryos after 3–5 mo. was higher (12.4%). The parthenogenetic origin of the embryos is discussed. In addition, ES containing endosperm only (6.5%) and both endosperm and embryo (0.4%) were observed.     

In vitro flower bud formation in tobacco: interaction of hormones

External application of auxin and cytokinin is required for the formation of flower buds on thin-layer tissue explants of Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun. Interaction between both plant growth regulators during this regenerative process has been demonstrated with respect to speed of flower bud initiation and the number of flower buds formed. Separation in time of the hormone application during culture revealed that the cytokinin benzyladenine plays a key role in flower bud initiation whereas auxin (indoleacetic acid) stimulates in particular the differentiation of flower buds. The uptake of each hormone was proportional to the concentration supplied in the medium, and the uptake of either hormone appeared independently of the presence of the other. Metabolism studies showed the conversion of indoleacetic acid by the tissue to at least 13 metabolites after 24 h of culture. In addition, indoleacetic acid metabolism was demonstrated not to be influenced by the uptake and metabolism of benzyladenine. Taken together the results indicate that the interaction of auxin and cytokinin with respect to in vitro flower bud formation is indirect, i.e. does not take place at the level of hormone uptake or metabolism but at some step in the cascade of processes they initiate.