盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬体内无机离子含量分布特点的研究

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa)植株后,测定并比较老叶、幼叶及根部的无机离子含量和对K的选择性,叶片及根部的Na^ 、Cl^-含量随盐度的增加而升高,且累积趋势相似,盐胁迫下根部Na^ 、Cl^-及总离子含量（K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ,NO3^-,Cl^-)明显低于叶片,说明盐地碱蓬地盐胁迫下,以叶片优先积累大量离子（如Na^ ,Cl^-) 为其适应特征。NaCl处理下,叶片的K^ ,Ca^2 含量低于对照,但随盐度的增加保持相对稳定,而根部K^ 含量,K/Na比、对K的选择性则高于叶片,这对盐胁迫下地上部的K^ 亏缺有一定补偿作用。低盐度处理（100mmol/LNaCl)促进NO3^-的吸收,另外随盐度的增加,叶片渗透势下降,渗透调节能力增强,幼叶渗透势低于老叶,但渗透调节能力相同。     

抽穗期不同程度水分胁迫对水稻产量和根叶渗透调节物质的影响

抽穗期是水稻生长对干旱胁迫比较敏感的时期,而渗透调节是作物适应逆境的重要生理机制之一。以水稻品种丰华占为实验材料,在人为控制水分的盆栽条件下,对水稻生长的抽穗期分别进行不同时间长短的控水处理,研究干旱胁迫对水稻干物质积累、产量、根系及叶片渗透调节物质的变化规律及其生理调节机制。结果表明,不同程度干旱胁迫后叶片水势均显著下降,除长期控水处理（12d）的可溶性糖含量下降外,其余控水处理（3～9d）的根系和叶片的有机渗透调节物质可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸均大幅度上升,而且水分胁迫程度越高,上升幅度越大,根系与叶片表现一致,但叶片的渗透调节能力大于根系,而根系的反应比叶片更迅速和敏感。短期干旱胁迫（3d和6d）再复水后根系和叶片的有机渗透调节物质含量可恢复到对照水平,而长期干旱胁迫（9d和12d）则不能。除长期干旱（控水12d）造成无机离子显著下降外,其他不同程度的干旱胁迫后根系和叶片的无机离子K^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等含量则变化不大或轻微下降。水分胁迫后水稻根系、茎叶和穗干物质积累显著下降,抽穗期短期控水（3d）对产量没有明显影响,而控水6,9,12d分别使产量下降12．09％,48．55％,58．30％。不同控水处理均显著增加叶片的水分利用效率,控水时间越长,水分利用效率越高。研究结果表明了水稻在抽穗期经受短期干旱胁迫能有效地进行渗透调节,产量影响较小,而有机渗透调节物质比无机离子对干旱胁迫的反应更为敏感。     

罗布麻对不同浓度盐胁迫的生理响应

利用网室盆栽实验,研究不同浓度的NaCl（100-400mmol·L^-1）胁迫对罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,100mmol·L^-1NaCl处理显著降低了罗布麻植株的鲜重,但对其干重影响不大;随着盐浓度继续增加,罗布麻鲜重和干重显著下降。在盐胁迫下,罗布麻叶片内的丙二醛含量、电解质渗漏率、根部和地上部Na^＋的含量明显增加,K^＋的含量随着盐离子浓度的增加而降低。盐胁迫显著降低了地上部Ca^2＋的含量,而对根部Ca^2＋的含量没有影响。植株K^＋/Na^＋和Ca^2＋/Na^＋比值随着盐胁迫强度的增加而降低。盐胁迫显著促进了罗布麻根部对K^＋和Ca^2＋的选择性吸收及对K^＋的选择性运输。当NaCl浓度小于或等于200mmol·L^-1时,随着盐离子浓度的增加,罗布麻叶片内的脯氨酸和可溶性糖积累显著增加,而当NaCl浓度大于200mmol·L^-1时,这2种有机溶质含量显著下降。总体上,罗布麻通过积累无机离子、合成有机溶质及维持较高的K^＋、Ca^2＋选择性吸收和运输来适应一定浓度（≤200mmol·L^-1NaCl）的盐胁迫。     

盐胁迫下刺槐无性系生长和矿质营养平衡研究

以一年生盆栽刺槐无性系BH327和B56为材料,对盐胁迫下刺槐无性系生长和矿质营养平衡进行了研究。结果表明：盐胁迫下BH56生长受抑不明显,组织水平上K^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋保持较高水平,尤其是在高盐下上部叶片足Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋的选择性吸收增强;而BH327,的生长受盐胁迫明显的抑制,组织水平上K^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2-水平相对较低,在高盐下上部叶片对Ca^2-、Mg^2＋的选择性吸收能力低于BH56。同时,从体内离子分配及选择性运输角度讨论了各无性系盐伤害或耐盐的原因。     

中度嗜盐或耐盐放线菌生长对阴离子选择性研究*

长期以来Cl^-被作为主要阴离子来分离和培养中度嗜盐放线菌,但是盐湖中还含有NO3^-、SO4^2-、CO3^2-和HCO3^-等阴离子。培养基中只加入含有Cl^-的盐,不能完全模拟出自然界的环境,因此对中度嗜盐或耐盐放线菌的研究会有一定的限制。实验通过研究部分中度嗜盐或耐盐放线菌菌株生长对阴离子的选择影响,结果发现中度嗜盐或耐盐放线菌对部分阴离子如NO3^-和SO4^2-没有太大的选择性,Cl^-可以被NO3^-和SO4^2-所代替;但有些阴离子如CO3^2-和HCO3^-仅对拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)影响较小,对盐碱环境中的其他属的放线菌,如普氏菌属(Prauserella)、链单孢菌属(Streptomonospora)、糖单孢菌属(Saccharomonospora)等影响较大。     

西南岩溶区土壤细菌胞外碳酸酐酶的稳定性研究

分析了来源于西南几个不同类型岩溶地区土壤细菌的胞外碳酸酐酶(CA)活性,发现有不少菌株能够产生分泌胞外CA．以一株编号为GLCa102的菌株为代表,模拟岩溶环境条件,研究其胞外CA的稳定性．结果表明该微生物胞外CA具有良好的热稳定性、偏碱性条件的岩溶土壤环境有利于胞外CA活性的相对稳定、岩溶环境主要金属离子如Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Zn^2 和Co^2 等以及阴离子如SO4^2-、H2PO4^ 、NO3^-、NO2^-、Cl^-、Br^-和I^-等在一定浓度范围内可使微生物胞外碳酸酐酶保持50％以上的活性．参照岩溶土壤水体元素背景值,表明岩溶环境的离子含量有利于该微生物胞外CA活性的相对稳定．此研究为深入研究微生物CA在生物岩溶中的作用和地位提供了一定的科学依据。     

盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗渗透调节和渗调物质积累的影响

用不同浓度NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)处理芦荟(Aloe vera L.)幼苗,10 d后测定叶片相对生长速率和厚度、叶片中主要有机溶质、无机离子含量及渗透调节能力.结果表明,-0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理使芦荟叶片的相对生长速率和叶片厚度明显下降,且盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制和叶片含水量降低的效应明显高于等渗的水分胁迫,其叶片渗透调节能力随处理渗透势的降低而增加, -0.88 MPa PEG胁迫的芦荟幼苗的渗透调节能力高于等渗盐分胁迫.在主要渗透调节物质可溶性糖、有机酸、K 、Ca2 和Cl-中,-0.88 MPa PEG处理下含量比相同渗透势的NaCl处理下显著增加的是有机溶质,因此推断有机溶质含量高是PEG胁迫下渗透调节能力较强的主要因素.     

外源-氧化氮供体硝普钠对黑麦草幼苗耐碱性的影响

采用营养液砂培方法,研究外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响.结果表明:60 μmol·L-1 SNP能够缓解100 mmol·L-1NaHCO3胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,减缓NaHCO3胁迫导致的叶片O2产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,提高NaHCO3胁迫下幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、质膜H+-ATP酶的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸的含量及K+/Na+比,降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,对游离氨基酸含量影响不大.上述结果表明,NO可能通过激活抗氧化系统活性、促进渗透溶质积累和改善Na+、K+平衡等缓解碱胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而提高黑麦草的耐碱性.     

盐胁迫下珠眉海棠与山定子叶片Na+区域化的研究

以盐敏感型山定子实生苗和耐盐型珠眉海棠组培苗为材料,采用灌注离心技术研究了叶片质外体和共质体中Na^＋和Ca^2＋浓度的变化。结果表明：随盐胁迫强度的加强,叶片水势下降;叶片Na^＋含量、质外体和共质体中Na^＋浓度升高,珠眉海棠明显低于山定子;叶片Ca^2＋含量、共质体Ca^2＋浓度随盐胁迫的增加而升高,但珠眉海棠高于山定子,50mmol／L NaCl胁迫对质外体Ca^2＋没有明显影响,100mmol／LNaCl胁迫下增加,珠眉海棠低于山定子;叶片共质体与质外体中Na^＋浓度的比值,珠眉海棠明显高于山定子,说明在盐胁迫下珠眉海棠具有较强的离子区域化能力,离子区域化是珠眉海棠的主要耐盐机制。     

质膜H~＋－ATP酶在玉米叶片渗透调节中的作用

干早胁迫下,玉米幼叶生长部位质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显著上升,游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和无机离子亦同时在玉米叶片生长部位大量积累,二者之间呈明显的正相关．质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶的专一性抑制剂Ｎａ３ＶＯ４在干旱胁迫下强烈抑制游离脯氨酸的积累,说明ＰＭＨ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ参与了玉米叶片的渗透调节过程．     

Osmotic solute responses of mycorrhizal citrus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Poncirus trifoliata</Emphasis>) seedlings to drought stress

This study investigated the accumulation of osmotic solutes in citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by Glomus versiforme subjected to drought stress or kept well watered. Development of mycorrhizae was higher under well watered than under drought-stressed conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) seedlings accumulated more soluble sugars, soluble starch and total non-structural carbohydrates in leaves and roots than corresponding non-AM seedlings regardless of soil-water status. Glucose and sucrose contents of well-watered and drought-stressed roots, fructose contents of well-watered roots and sucrose contents of drought-stressed leaves were notably higher in AM than in non-AM seedlings. K⁺ and Ca²⁺ levels in AM leaves and roots were greater than those in non-AM leaves and roots, while AM symbiosis did not affect the Mg²⁺ level. AM seedlings accumulated less proline than non-AM seedlings. AM symbiosis altered both the allocation of carbohydrate to roots and the net osmotic solute accumulations in response to drought stress. It is concluded that AM colonization enhances osmotic solute accumulation of trifoliate orange seedlings, thus providing better osmotic adjustment in AM seedlings, which did not correlate with proline but with K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, glucose, fructose and sucrose accumulation.     

蒙古莸幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以一年生蒙古莸幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、慢速干旱致死和快速干旱致死3个处理,研究不同干旱强度致死下蒙古莸幼苗各器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC,包括可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量变化及其分配规律.结果表明:慢速干旱致死胁迫下各器官可溶性糖含量与适宜水分组无显著差异.随时间的推移,茎可溶性糖含量先增加后减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;粗根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;叶可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.致死时(80 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为6.2%、7.8%、8.3%和7.4%.快速干旱致死胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖含量均高于适宜水分处理组,而淀粉和NSC含量均低于适宜水分组.随时间的推移,根可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉和NSC含量上升;茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均上升;叶可溶性糖含量上升,淀粉和NSC含量下降.致死时(30 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为5.9%、6.6%、8.9%和7.7%.应对不同的干旱致死情况,蒙古莸幼苗各器官间非结构性碳水化合物呈现出不同的动态变化.在慢速干旱致死胁迫下,NSC优先为维持各器官生理代谢活动提供能量;而在快速干旱致死下,NSC主要以可溶性糖形式维持植物代谢,调节渗透势,促进吸水,应对急剧的干旱胁迫.     

渗透调节参与循环干旱锻炼提高烟草植株抗旱性的形成

对漂浮育苗的烟草幼苗进行控水一半萎焉．复水一恢复的循环干旱锻炼。结果表明,这种干旱锻炼能显著提高烟草幼苗根、茎、叶中的渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量,降低细胞渗透势。当干旱锻炼过的烟草植株遭受后续的干旱胁迫时,与未锻炼的对照相比,其根、茎、叶能积累更多的可溶性糖和脯氨酸,从而降低了细胞渗透势,使叶片能维持较高的膨压。这些结果表明渗透调节参与了循环干旱锻炼提高的烟草植株抗旱性的形成过程。此外,干旱锻炼提高了烟草幼苗的根／冠比。循环干旱锻炼过程中烟草植株一方面使其各部位通过渗透调节来对干旱环境进行生理适应,另一方面通过调节光合产物在地上部和地下部的分配以影响根／冠比来对干旱环境进行形态适应,以最终提高其抗旱性。     

Osmotic relations of the drought-tolerant shrub Artemisia tridentata in response to water stress

Turgor maintenance, solute content and recovery from water stress were examined in the drought-tolerant shrub Artemisia tridentata. Predawn water potentials of shrubs receiving supplemental water remained above ?2 MPa throughout summer, while predawn water potentials of untreated shrubs decreased to ?5 MPa. Osmotic potentials decreased in conjunction with water potentials maintaining turgor pressures above 0 MPa. The decreases in osmotic potentials were not the result of osmotic adjustment (i.e. solute accumulation). Leaf solute contents decreased during drought, but leaf water volumes decreased more than 75% from spring to summer, thereby passively concentrating solutes within the leaves. The maintenance of positive turgor pressures despite decreases in leaf water volumes is consistent with other studies of species with elastic cell walls. Inorganic ion, organic acid, and carbohydrate contents of leaves declined during drought. The only solutes accumulating in leaves of A. tridentata with water stress were proline and a cyclitol, both considered compatible solutes. Total and osmotic potentials recovered rapidly following rewatering of shrubs; solute contents did not change except for a decrease in proline. Maintaining turgor through the passive concentration of solutes may be advantageous compared to synthesis of new solutes for osmotic adjustment in arid environments.     

甘草叶片渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶对干旱胁迫的响应特性

该研究以甘草幼苗为试材,采用盆栽自然干旱方法,设计对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)、重度(SS)干旱胁迫处理,测定分析甘草叶片的渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶[蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶合成方向(Ss+)、蔗糖合成酶分解方向(Ss-)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、淀粉磷酸化酶(SP)]活性的变化,以探讨甘草的渗透调节特性以及糖分调节的酶学机制,揭示甘草对干旱胁迫的响应机理。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,束缚水/自由水的比值呈先增加后降低的趋势。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但不同胁迫强度出现峰值的时间不同;其中在CK和LS干旱胁迫时蔗糖含量淀粉含量葡萄糖含量果糖含量,在MS和SS干旱胁迫时淀粉含量葡萄糖含量蔗糖含量果糖含量,表明随着干旱程度的增加,甘草叶片中蔗糖转化成了淀粉。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,甘草叶片的SPS活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,Ss活性和Inv(蔗糖转化酶)活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,SP活性呈逐渐降低的趋势;各胁迫处理的Ss+活性与CK差异不显著,而Ss-活性与CK差异显著,并且Ss-活性在各胁迫处理下远大于Ss+活性,表明甘草叶片Ss-活性在蔗糖代谢过程中占主导作用。(4)相关分析结果显示,在LS中,NI与蔗糖呈负相关关系,Ss-与淀粉呈显著正相关关系、与蔗糖呈负相关关系;在MS中,蔗糖和葡萄糖与SPS、Ss+、Ss-、NI和AI均呈正相关关系,与SP呈负相关关系;在SS中,SP和NI与蔗糖呈正相关关系,而与淀粉呈负相关关系;表明在轻度干旱处理下,Ss参加了蔗糖的分解,继而合成淀粉;在中度和重度干旱条件下,SP主要催化淀粉的分解来增加蔗糖含量以此平衡蔗糖代谢。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme on plant growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of tangerine (Citrus tangerine) were studied in potted culture under well-watered and water stress conditions. Seven-day-old seedlings of tangerine were transferred to pots containing Glomus versiforme or non-AMF. After 97 days, half of the seedlings were subject to water stress and the rest were well-watered for 80 days. AM colonization significantly stimulated plant growth and biomass regardless of water status. The soluble sugar of leaves and roots, the soluble starch of leaves, the total non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of leaves and roots, and the Mg(2+) of leaves were higher in AM seedlings than those in corresponding non-AM seedlings. The levels of K(+) and Ca(2+) in leaves and roots were higher in AM seedlings than those in non-AM seedlings, but differences were only significant under water stress conditions. Moreover, AM colonization increased the distributed proportions of soluble sugar and NSC to roots. However, the proline was lower in AM seedlings compared with that in non-AM seedlings. AM seedlings had higher leaf water potential (Psi), transpiration rates (E), photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductance (g(s)), relative water content (RWC), and lower leaf temperature (Lt) than corresponding non-AM seedlings. This research also suggested that AM colonization improved the osmotic adjustment originating not from proline but from NSC, K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), resulting in the enhancement of drought tolerance.     

干旱胁迫下华北落叶松幼苗接种木霉的生理变化

水分匮缺显著影响林木更新,根际接种木霉可减缓林木所受干旱胁迫的影响。本研究通过人工控水试验,分析了根际接种木霉对干旱条件下(轻度、中度和重度干旱,培养基质相对含水量分别为50%～60%、35%～50%、20%～35%)华北落叶松幼苗针叶抗氧化系统和渗透物质的生理影响。结果表明: 随着干旱胁迫加剧,幼苗针叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著增强,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量持续上升,可溶性蛋白质和淀粉含量呈现下降的趋势。接种木霉后,干旱胁迫下幼苗针叶的SOD和POD活性增幅更大,丙二醛含量上升幅度减小。中度干旱条件下,接菌苗的POD活性是未接菌苗的1.8倍,丙二醛含量是未接菌苗的62.9%。接菌后,干旱胁迫下幼苗针叶的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量均高于未接菌幼苗。根际接种木霉后,受干旱胁迫的华北落叶松幼苗的抗氧化系统和渗透物质调节能力增强,幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受性增强。在华北地区气候日趋暖干化的趋势下,可将根际接种木霉技术推广用于华北落叶松人工造林或林下抚育。     

岳桦幼苗光合特性和非结构性碳水化合物积累对干旱胁迫的响应

以长白山林线树种岳桦为对象,利用生长控制试验进行干旱处理,研究干旱对岳桦幼苗光合特性及非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低了岳桦幼苗的净光合速率和气孔导度,提高了其水分利用效率;干旱显著增加了岳桦幼苗叶、皮、干和根中的可溶性糖和总NSC的含量,但显著降低了淀粉含量;随着干旱的持续,叶片的气孔导度、光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率迅速降低,而可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC则是先增后减;在试验末期,叶片90%发黄,岳桦幼苗干、皮和根中可溶性糖与淀粉含量的比值均显著高于对照。这表明岳桦在受到干旱胁迫时,迅速降低气孔导度以减少水分散失,提高水分利用效率,它属于避旱型植物;岳桦通过优先储存策略来提高组织器官中可溶性糖含量、增加淀粉与糖之间的转化率来应对水分亏缺的不利环境;在遭受持续干旱,幼苗面临死亡的时候,干旱胁迫可能超过了植物自我调节的阈值,但此时其组织器官中NSC含量并未降低,这说明岳桦最终的死亡可能不是碳饥饿导致的。     

Growth Adaptability and Salt Tolerance Osmoregulation of Aneurolepidium chinense Grown on Saline Grassland

The growth of Aneurolepidium chinense Kitag. grown on different saline soil of a Northeast grassland of China was studied and the K+,Na+proline and citric acid accumulated in plants or their organs were determined . The results showed that A. chinense had a strong adaptability to saline habitat and could grow on soil with a salt content of 0. 088%--1.63%,and pH ranging from 8.3 to 9.8. Sodium,proline and citric acid were accumulated by plants for osmotic adjustment when the salinity and Na+content of the soil increased. A. chinense absorbed Na+ rapidly from the soil and excluded K+ when the soil Na+ concentration was less than 20 μmol/g. Sodium was adsorbed slowly and K+ remained constant in plants when Na+ concentrations of soil were 20–80 μmol/g,and proline and citric acid contents were markedly increased. Sodium and K+ decreased slightly in plant tissue and organic solutes increased when Na+ concentrations exceeded 80 μmol/g in soil. Most K+ was distributed in young leaves which were metabolically active. The major sites of Na+ accumulation were in the roots and older mature leaves;whereas proline and citric acid accumulation occurred primarily in young leaves,mature leaves and stems. Tillering buds had strong ability to absord and accumulate K+,Na+ and Proline.     

常夏石竹耐盐突变体渗透调节的研究

在离体培养条件下利用γ-射线作诱变剂获得耐0.5%、0.7%、1.0%NaCl的突变系,通过对稳定突变系植株叶片渗透剂含量及对渗透势贡献大小的测定表明耐盐突变体叶中K+、游离氨基酸、Na+、脯氨酸的含量高于对照,其中脯氨酸和Na+积累最明显。而叶片中可溶性糖的含量、K+/Na+低于对照。Na+对突变体植株叶片渗透势贡献最大,是最主要的渗透调节剂之一。耐盐突变体植株内存在渗透物质的再分配,叶内有吸钾排钠现象。