中国境内睫毛婆婆纳生态特征研究

睫毛婆婆纳是地中海周缘地区的重要农田杂草 ,对其个体生理生态学和种群生态位研究表明 ,睫毛婆婆纳种子在通气性良好的土壤中具有高的萌发率 ;含水量为 1 0～2 0 %的土壤 ,有利于其种子萌发 ;种子萌发对 pH值要求并不严格 ;低温能促进其种子萌发 ;光合作用特征与波斯婆婆纳比较接近 ,属于耐阴植物 ;种子呼吸强度比同属其它杂草略低 ;种群在南京地区的实际生态位宽度比同属的波斯婆婆纳、婆婆纳要小 .生态位重叠值计测表明 ,睫毛婆婆纳与同属的两种杂草有最为相似的生态要求 .     

藏药婆婆纳药材薄层鉴别方法学研究

本文建立了藏药婆婆纳药材的薄层鉴别方法。采用单因素试验方法,对影响婆婆纳对照药材的薄层色谱因素进行系统考察,筛选出最佳的薄层色谱条件。该薄层鉴别条件吸附剂:硅胶G薄层板;展开剂:环己烷-丙酮(6∶4);显色剂:10%硫酸乙醇溶液;显色条件:110℃烘箱中加热至斑点显色清晰,日光下检视,所得的薄层色谱,斑点清晰,分离度好。该方法分离度高,重现性好,简便,可用于婆婆纳的质量控制。     

我国境内常春藤叶婆婆纳染色体计数及其生态学意义

常春藤叶婆婆纳 ( Veronica hederaefolia L.)是地中海周缘国家的重要农田杂草 ,近期由境外传入我国江苏、浙江地区。对该种的染色体计数表明 ,我国境内的这一新外来杂草染色体数目从 1 8、36、54、32和 2 2均有 ,分别占总计数的 2 3.91 %、1 .0 9%、2 .1 7%、69.57%和 3.2 6%。新传入我国境内的常春藤叶婆婆纳是一种具有潜在危害的农田杂草。     

西北高寒植物长果婆婆纳的化学成分

利用柱层析、薄层层析、重结晶等分离手段,从玄参科婆婆纳属长果婆婆纳的脂溶性成分中,分离得到8个化合物,经^1HNMR、^14CNMR、DEPT等现代波谱技术鉴定它们为5个单萜环烯醚苷,3个苯甲酸衍生物。该植物采自青海互助县海拔3700～3800m山坡上,为高海拔、高寒植物,其化学成分为首次报道。     

婆婆纳抗黑色素瘤物质基础的初步研究

为明确婆婆纳（Veronica didyma）抗黑色素瘤活性部位及物质基础，该研究采用CCK8法评价了婆婆纳乙醇提取物4个萃取部位（石油醚层、乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层、水层）乙醇提取物及单体化合物对黑色素瘤细胞株（B16和A375）细胞的增殖抑制作用，并使用植物化学方法和技术对活性部位的化学成分进行系统分离纯化。结果表明：（1）乙酸乙酯萃取部位（ethyl acetate extract,PPNE）较其他样品有更好抑制B16细胞和A375细胞增殖的作用，其半抑制浓度（IC50）值分别为0.177 mg·mL-1(B16)、2.826 mg·mL-1(A375)。（2）从活性部位PPNE中得到7个单体化合物，即对羟基苯甲醛（1）、胡黄连苷II(2)、isoscutellarein 7-O-(6?-oacetyl)-β-allopyranosyl (1?→2″)-β-glucopyranoside(3)、3′-hydroxyl-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6?-O-acetyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranos...     

藏药纤毛婆婆纳的愈伤组织诱导和快速繁殖研究

以纤毛婆婆纳（Veronica ciliateFisch.）无菌苗的顶芽作为外植体,在不同激素和浓度组合的MS培养基上进行愈伤组织诱导和快速繁殖的研究。结果表明,愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为：MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg/L＋NAA1.0 mg/L,诱导率达到95%;顶芽在MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L增殖培养基中增殖效果最佳,增殖系数高达5.4;丛生芽在1/2 MS＋IBA 0.05 mg/L生根培养基生根效果最好,不仅根的质量好,而且生根率也达到95%;此再生苗的移栽成活率也最高,在适宜条件下可达40%。     

光照强度与氮肥施用水平对麦田杂草婆婆纳和离子草的生长及其竞争关系的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了光照强度、氮肥施用水平对两种麦田杂草婆婆纳与离子草的生长及其竞争关系的影响。结果表明,在弱光照强度下,婆婆纳、离子草地上与地下部分的生长都相应减弱,但在施用高量氮肥时,婆婆纳植株能萌发更多的叶片以适应弱光照强度条件;增施氮肥,无论是在弱或强光照强度下都有利于婆婆纳的生长,但在弱光照强度下并不显著促进离子草的生长。当土壤中含有丰富的磷、钾养分时,婆婆纳的相对竞争能力要大于离子草,且光照强度与氮肥施用水平不能改变它的竞争优势。     

三株金龟子绿僵菌对红火蚁的致病力测定

本研究在实验室条件下测定了金龟子绿僵菌M09、CQMa117和CQMa128三个菌株对红火蚁的侵染能力。结果表明在1.0×10~8孢子/mL浓度下M09、CQMa128和CQMa117菌株处理后10 d红火蚁的工蚁累计死亡率分别为73.3%、14.6%和55.5%;M09菌株对工蚁的LC50为3.50×106孢子/mL,8.0×107孢子/mL浓度处理LT50为4.35 d。对M09菌株侵染红火蚁幼虫和蛹的能力测定结果显示,1.0×10~8孢子/mL浓度处理后10 d该菌株对幼虫和蛹的累计侵染率为98.9%和100%,对幼虫和蛹LC50分别为6.34×10~4孢子/mL、1.01×10~4孢子/mL。以上研究证实金龟子绿僵菌M09菌株对红火蚁具较强的致病力,致死速度较快,可作为该蚁生物防治的候选菌株。     

广州南沙番石榴枯萎病的病原菌

近年来,以枝条萎蔫、枝干干枯直至整株枯死为典型症状的番石榴枯萎病在广州南沙区严重发生。为明确该病害的病因,我们进行了病害调查、标本采集、病原菌分离和致病性测定;通过病原菌的显微形态比较和基于多基因系统发育分析,鉴定了病原菌种类;通过对寄主不同部位接种,测定了病原菌对寄主根、茎干和果的侵染能力。结果表明,引起广州南沙番石榴枯萎病的病原菌为番石榴纳氏霉Nalanthamala psidii,该菌不仅能从有伤的枝条侵染造成整株枯死,还能从根部侵染,使植株生长明显减缓,最终造成植株枯死,此外还可以侵染果实造成腐烂症状。本研究明确了广州南沙发生的番石榴枯萎病与中国台湾、马来西亚和南非报道的番石榴立枯病是一种病害,均是由番石榴纳氏霉侵染引起,为该病害的侵染特性及防控技术研究提供理论依据。     

安徽虫瘟霉在侵染潜伏期内对桃蚜无翅成蚜生殖力的影响

在8个剂量（0．48－61．15个孢子.mm^-2)下测定安徽虫瘟霉F97029菌株对桃蚜（Myzus persicae (Sulzer))2-3龄若蚜（57－84头／剂量（的毒力,接种后第3－7d的半致死剂量LD50分别为3．09,.88,1.33,1.28,1.26个孢子／mm2,致死中时LT50为2－6d,随剂量增大而缩短,将该菌株按60个孢子.mm^-2的剂量接种桃蚜的无翅成蚜,在10,15,20,25℃下其侵染潜伏期分别为7．2,5．3,4．9,3．9d,温度与潜伏期呈显著负相关（r^2=0.94),在相同梯度温度下,接种成蚜在病害潜伏期内平均产若蚜7．97头,11．20头,11．86头和11．20头,与同期对照相比依次下降56．45％,41．58％,39．98％,49．02％,根据日观察数据建立接种后潜伏期内45．54％（15℃）,43．11％（20℃）,和50．84％（25℃）,内禀增长率（rm)比对照分别下降24．28％,16．98％,14．12％和20．13％,表明安徽虫瘟霉感染引发的真菌病害对桃蚜种群增长具有显著的抑制作用。     

Effect of Epidemiological Factors on the Impact of the Fungus Plectosporium tabacinum on False Cleavers ( Galium spurium )

The fungus Plectosporium tabacinum has been evaluated as a bioherbicide for control of false cleavers ( Galium spurium ), but the limiting factors and optimal conditions for successful control using this pathogen are not known. False cleavers mortality and dry weight reductions caused by P. tabacinum were assessed under single or combined factors, including pathogen inoculum concentration, plant growth stage, dew period (duration, frequency, and timing), and dew period temperature. The minimum inoculum concentration required to kill false cleavers seedlings was 1 ×10 7 conidia mL -1 at an application rate of 150 mL m -2 . False cleavers seedlings in the cotyledon or 1-whorl growth stage were the most susceptible. Increasing inoculum concentration increased weed control efficacy on older false cleavers seedlings. When an adequate dew period was provided, 100% mortality and dry weight reduction occurred. The minimum dew period to achieve 100% mortality was 16 h. Delaying the initiation of the dew period by 24 h significantly reduced disease development. Short, repetitive dew periods only improved false cleavers control to a limited extend and the length of initial dew is a critical factor influencing false cleavers mortality due to P. tabacinum . The optimal dew period temperature for disease development was above 15°C.     

The RustPuccinia abruptavar.partheniicola,a Potential Biocontrol Agent of Parthenium Weed: Environmental Requirements for Disease Progress

The rust fungusPuccinia abruptavar.partheniicola,a potential biological control agent of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. A range of spore germination temperatures as well as dew period durations and temperatures were investigated to determine some of the environmental requirements for disease establishment and disease progress. Plants were inoculated with urediniospores and exposed to dew periods between 3 to 12 h at temperatures of 10, 15, or 20°C. For disease expression, the inoculated plants were then grown in a glasshouse at one of two temperature regimes (30/26°C or 18/13°C; day/night). Urediniospores germinated best at 12 ± 1°C, with lower germination rates at 5°C or above 20°C. No infection occurred when the plants were exposed to dew periods of ≤3 h, regardless of the incubation temperature. The disease progressed most rapidly when plants were inoculated and incubated for a dew period of at least 12 h at a temperature of 15 ± 1°C. The disease progressed most slowly following inoculation at dew periods of 6 h or less. Disease progress was more rapid when the plants were exposed to a cool-temperature regime (18/13°C) than when exposed to a warm-temperature regime (30/26°C). This suggests that good infection of parthenium weed could be obtained when the urediniospores arrive on the plants during the afternoon in the cooler months of the central Queensland autumn when relatively long dew periods are expected.     

Soybean and sunflower oils increase the infectivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene to Northern Jointvetch

Soybean and sunflower oils increased the level of infection of northern jointvetch, Aeschynomene virginica, plants by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene. Inoculation of seedlings with spore suspensions containing 10% (v:v) soybean oil or 10% sunflower oil resulted in more disease than when inoculated with suspensions of spores in water alone. The lengths of the dew periods required to establish equivalent levels of disease by spore suspensions containing 10% soybean or 10% sunflower oil were approximately 4–8 h less compared to aqueous suspensions. Incubation of spores in 10% soybean oil followed by removal and resuspension in water did not affect the infectivity of spores when compared to spores incubated in aqueous suspensions. Spore germination and appressoria formation were unaffected by either of the oils tested in in vitro assays; however, in in vivo assays, 10% soybean oil and 10% sunflower oil increased spore germination in comparison to spores that were suspended in water.     

Inhibition of Bacillus licheniformis spore growth in milk by nisin, monolaurin, and pH combinations

The effects of nisin and monolaurin, alone and in combination, were investigated on Bacillus licheniformis spores in milk at 37 degrees C. In the absence of inhibitors, germinated spores developed into growing vegetative cells and started sporulation at the end of the exponential phase. In the presence of nisin (25 IU ml-1), spore outgrowth was inhibited (4 log10 reduction at 10 h). Regrowth appeared between 10 and 24 h and reached a high population level (1.25 x 10(8) cfu ml-1) after 7 d. Monolaurin (250 micrograms ml-1) had a bacteriostatic effect during the first 10 h but thereafter, regrowth occurred slowly with a population level after 7 d (4 x 10(5) cfu ml-1) lower than that of nisin. Different combined effects of nisin (between 0 and 42 IU ml-1), monolaurin (ranging from 0 to 300 micrograms ml-1), pH values (between 5.0 and 7.0) and spore loads (10(3), 10(4), 10(5) spores ml-1) were investigated using a Doehlert matrix in order to study the main effects of these factors and the different interactions. Results were analysed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and indicated that nisin and monolaurin had no action on spores before germination; only pH values had a significant effect (P < or = 0.001), i.e. spore count decreased as the pH value increased in relation to germination. Sublethal concentrations of nisin (30 IU ml-1) and monolaurin (100 micrograms ml-1) in combination acted synergistically on outgrown spores and vegetative cells, showing total inhibition at pH 6.0, without regrowth, within 7 d at 37 degrees C.     

The Potential of Stagonospora sp. as a Mycoherbicide for Field Bindweed

Field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis L.) is one of the 12 most important weeds worldwide. Stagonospora sp. Isolate LA39 was isolated from diseased field bindweed plants collected in Europe. No crop tested was susceptible to the fungus, but disease symptoms were observed on other Convolvulaceae species. On field bindweed, the fungus induces disease symptoms (i.e. lesions) mainly on leaves and less severely on stems. The application of spores in an oil emulsion (10% oil in water) enhanced the disease on field bindweed plants compared with spores suspended in a 0.1% aqueous solution of the surfactant agent, Tween 80. The necrotic leaf area of inoculated plants increased as the length of exposure to 100% relative humidity (RH) and the spore density applied increased. Severe disease developed on plants inoculated with 1 107 spores/ml in oil emulsion, even in the absence of exposure to 100% RH. A delay of exposure to 100% RH (up to 8 h) did not have a significant eVect on disease severity. Field bindweed was susceptible to the fungus at all growth stages tested, but older plants were more susceptible than younger ones. It was concluded that isolate LA39 has potential as a biocontrol agent of field bindweed, especially when applied in an oil emulsion. The oil emulsion maintains the aggressiveness of the pathogen during a dew-free period and provides a favourable microenvironment during the infection process.     

The effects of ciguatoxin on the nerves of the teleost fish, Sillago ciliata.

The absolute refractory period, relative refractory period, and the duration and magnitude of the supernormal period were measured after incubation of fish nerves with ciguatoxin and other channel modifying compounds, tetrodotoxin, veratridine, verapamil, and lignocaine. In vitro electrophysiological studies were carried out on the lateral line nerve of the whiting, Sillago ciliata Cuvier. Electrophysiological changes in fish nerves after exposure to ciguatoxin (0.3 MU.ml-1) and veratridine (1 x 10(-5) M) are similar to changes that occur in mammalian nerves and include an increase in the absolute refractory period, the relative refractory period, and the magnitude and duration of supernormality. The effects of ciguatoxin (0.3 MU.ml-1) in fish nerves were antagonised by tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-10) M), verapamil (5 x 10(-7) M), and lignocaine (1 x 10(-5) g/ml-1). The nerves of Sillago ciliata used in this study responded to ciguatoxin and its antagonists in a similar manner to mammalian nerves, suggesting that these teleost nerves have no specific electrophysiological mechanism to cope with this toxin.     

A greenhouse assay to screen sunflower for resistance to Alternaria helianthi

A greenhouse assay to screen sunflower for resistance to Alternaria helianthi is described. A comparison of conditions led to the following standard conditions being recommended. The first or second pair of leaves of seedling plants at the V8 growth stage are inoculated using inoculum grown on sunflower leaf extract agar for 5–10 days at an inoculum density of 1–2 spores cm² of leaf tissue. A 48 h dew period should be applied to plants covered by a plastic tent. A dew period temperature of 26/26°C night/day and a post-dew period temperature relative to that experienced under local growing conditions should be applied. Lesions are measured 7 days after inoculation, and mean lesion size per plant is calculated. Mean lesion size of lines being tested is expressed as a proportion of the mean lesion size of a susceptible standard included in each screening experiment.     

Heat sensitization of bacterial spores after exposure to ethidium bromide, acriflavine, or daunomycin.

A 20-min exposure of 10(7) unmodified spores of either Bacillus subtilis NCTC 3610 (harvested from potato-dextrose agar plus manganese) or Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 (harvested from nutrient agar plus manganese) per ml to 5 microgram of ethidium bromide per ml did not kill the spores (recovered on TAM [thermoacidurans agar modified]-plus thymidine medium). However, in both cases, the ability to survive various heat treatments was reduced after exposure of the spores to ethidium bromide. With B. subtilis, a 10-min heat treatment at 85 degrees C of unexposed spores resulted in an 85% survival rate, whereas only 50% of the ethidium bromide-exposed spores survived. With B. megaterium similar results were obtained at 75 degrees C; 77% of the unexposed spores survived, whereas only 31% of the ethidium bromide-exposed spores survived. Similarly, a 10-min exposure of B. subtilis spores to 0.005 microgram of acriflavine per ml did not kill unheated spores; however, the ability of the spores to survive exposure at 85 degrees C for 10 min was reduced to 40%. After exposure to 10 microgram of daunomycin per ml, the survival rate was 35%. Binding studies with ethidium bromide showed strong binding to spores, but as yet, the site of binding is unknown.     

Action of egg white lysozyme on Clostridium tyrobutyricum.

A 500-U ml-1 portion of egg white lysozyme was able to kill 99% of 5 X 10(5) resting vegetative cells of Clostridium tyrobutyricum within 24 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. Spores were completely resistant to lysozyme. Proliferating vegetative cells were severely inhibited, although lysozyme-resistant cells developed in growing cultures in the presence of lysozyme. Whereas early stages of spore germination (loss of optical refractility and heat resistance) were not inhibited by lysozyme, the overall outgrowth of spore cells into vegetative cells was delayed by 1 day in the presence of 500 U of lysosyme ml-1. This delay was independent of the lysozyme sensitivity or resistance of the mother culture of the used spores. It is suggested that this inhibition by lysozyme of the outgrowth of spore cells into vegetative cells of the lactate-fermenting C. tyrobutyricum is the basis for the observation that lysozyme can substitute for nitrate in preventing the "late gas" defect of Edam- and Gouda-type cheeses.     

露水对植物的作用效应研究进展

概述了国内外露水对植物作用效应争议的两个方面,一是露水有利于促进植物生长,二是露水对植物生长具有负效应。前者主要包括干旱胁迫下植物生长重要的水资源、调节植物体内水分、改善土壤水分平衡、调节森林植物生长环境、有利于农作物管理及其病虫害防治等生态效益;后者包括导致植物发病、降低植物产量和质量等。文章还指出了露水对植物作用效应研究存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向：（1）露水对植物作用效应的机理研究;（2）干扰条件下露水对植物作用效应研究包括酸露对植物作用效应研究和城市热岛条件下露水对植物作用效应研究;（3）露水对植物多样性的影响研究;（4）露水在生物防治中的应用研究。