转Bt基因玉米根际土壤及秸秆残体中

采用ELISA法研究了田间种植条件下转Bt基因玉米MON810生育期根际土壤及还田秸秆中Cry1Ab蛋白的田间残留降解动态,并分别用移动对数模型、指数模型和双指数模型对秸秆分解释放Cry1Ab蛋白的田间降解动态进行拟合,估算了DT₅₀和DT₉₀值. 结果表明: Bt玉米不同生育期根际土壤中Cry1Ab蛋白含量差异较大,但总体随生育期的延长而显著降低. 收获后地表覆盖和埋入土壤两种秸秆还田方式下,秸秆中Cry1Ab蛋白在土壤中的降解规律基本一致,均呈现前期大量快速降解,中后期极少量稳定降解两个阶段. 秸秆还田7 d内,地表覆盖处理的Cry1Ab蛋白降解率均极显著高于埋入土壤处理;10 d时两处理的降解率基本一致,分别为88.8%和88.6%;20 d后,两处理秸秆中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解日趋缓慢;至180 d时仍能检测到少量的Cry1Ab蛋白. 3种模型均能较好地反映秸秆中Cry1Ab蛋白的田间降解规律,从相关系数(R)及DT₉₀值与实测值的吻合程度来看,双指数模型最优.     

不同还田方式对Bt玉米秸秆中Bt蛋白田间降解的影响

采用网袋法在田间研究了Bt（Bacillus thuringiensis）玉米(Zea may)1246×1482和H9235Bt/RR秸秆中Bt蛋白的降解动态,并应用移动对数模型进行拟合及估算DT₅₀和DT₉₀,探讨不同还田方式对降解的影响。结果表明:1246×1482和H9235Bt/RR秸秆中Bt蛋白在埋入土壤和地表覆盖2种还田方式下均能在7 d内降解90%以上,但还田180 d时仍能检测到占初始含量0.004%～0.069%的Bt蛋白;不同还田方式并没有显著影响到1246×1482秸秆中Bt蛋白的降解过程,其埋入土壤和地表覆盖处理的DT₅₀分别为0.90 d和0.79 d,DT₉₀则分别为3.45 d和5.03 d;但不同还田方式影响了另一Bt玉米H9235Bt/RR秸秆中Bt蛋白的降解过程,在秸秆还田前期,埋入土壤处理下Bt蛋白的降解比地表覆盖处理慢,其埋入土壤和地表覆盖处理下Bt蛋白降解的DT₅₀分别为6.80 d和0.54 d,DT₉₀则分别为21.76 d和7.12 d。由此可见,2个Bt玉米品种秸秆中Bt蛋白在2种还田方式下均能快速降解,不同还田方式只影响到H9235Bt/RR秸秆中Bt蛋白的田间降解,使得地表覆盖处理下Bt蛋白的降解比埋入土壤处理快。     

Bt水稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白表达的时间动态及其在水稻土中的降解

采用ELISA技术检测了Bt水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)不同生育期茎和叶片中cry1Ab基因的表达水平,以及植株组织(茎和叶片)室内埋于不同稻田土壤中其Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解动态。结果表明,不论是KMD1还是KMD2,茎和叶片中cry1Ab基因的表达量为3.7～9.1μg/g鲜重,均以拔节期和孕穗期相对较低,灌浆初期显著升高,黄熟期又明显下降(但仍然维持在较高的表达量)。KMD1茎和叶片中Cry1Ab蛋白在3种水稻土即青紫泥田、黄松田和黄筋泥田中的降解,均以前期(处理后12d内)较快,但中后期明显较慢;处理后42d,这两种组织中的Cry1Ab残留量均稳定在μg级水平,分别仅有0.20～0.85μg/g干重和0.35～1.81μg/g干重。KMD1茎和叶片中Cry1Ab蛋白降解动态与土壤类型密切相关,青紫泥田中降解最快,黄筋泥田中次之,黄松田中最慢。淹水可加快土壤中茎和叶的腐解,从而促进其中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解。KMD2粉碎叶中Cry1Ab蛋白在有菌水稻土中的降解快于无菌土中,表明土壤微生物存在可加快Cry1Ab蛋白的降解。在各种土壤淹水与非淹水、灭菌与非灭菌处理条件下的Cry1Ab蛋白降解过程均可用指数方程进行拟合,算得其消减半衰期为2.2～11.6d不等。讨论了土壤类型、淹水等影响Cry1Ab蛋白降解的可能机制,认为土壤微生物是其中起关键作用的一个因子。     

Bt玉米秸秆Bt蛋白的土壤降解及其拟合模型的比较

研究4种Bt玉米(34B24、NK58-D1、R×601RR/YG和农大61)秸秆分解释放Bt蛋白的土壤降解动态,分别应用一级动力学反应方程、双指数模型和移动对数模型进行了拟合。结果表明,4种Bt玉米Bt蛋白的土壤降解均呈现前期负指数大量快速降解和中后期极少量稳定两个阶段,双指数模型与移动对数模型的拟合结果比一级动力学反应方程更符合实际。判断模型拟合精度时不能只用拟合结果的统计指标值来确定,图示对比实测值与模拟值的差异是避免应用统计学拟合精度指标很高但并不符合实际的模型错误估算DT50的有效办法。在研究转基因作物秸秆中Bt蛋白土壤降解规律时,应该根据其土壤降解前期较快的特点,增加前期取样的次数,以便更好地对模拟模型求得的安全性评价关键参数DT50的准确性进行科学判断。     

种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田后土壤中Bt蛋白的变化及其对土壤养分的影响

在大棚水泥池内种植两个Bt玉米(5422Bt1和5422CBCL)及其同源常规玉米5422,研究了种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田过程中根际土、根围土、3层根外土(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)中Bt蛋白含量的时空动态特征及其对土壤养分含量的影响．结果表明： 种植Bt玉米和常规玉米后,根围土(种植后90 d)和3层根外土(种植后30、60和90 d)中均检测到少量的Bt蛋白(含量<0.5 ng·g^-1),在Bt玉米5422Bt1和5422CBCL根际土中则分别检测到1.59和2.78 ng·g^-1的Bt蛋白．玉米秸秆还田后,Bt蛋白能在3 d内快速降解,在还田后第7天只检测到少量的Bt蛋白．与常规玉米5422相比,种植Bt玉米5422Bt1 90 d后根围土和3层根外土中有机质、速效养分(碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾)和全量养分(全氮、全磷和全钾)含量均没有显著差异;5422Bt1秸秆还田60 d后0～20 cm土层的有机质和全氮含量显著升高,速效钾含量显著降低,而其他养分指标则没有显著差异,20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层的所有养分指标均没有明显差异．种植Bt玉米5422CBCL后根围土中仅速效磷含量显著低于种植常规玉米5422,但0～20 cm土层中全磷含量显著提高,其他养分指标均没有差异;还田5422CBCL秸秆后仅0～20 cm土层的速效磷含量显著高于常规玉米5422．研究结果表明,通过玉米根系分泌和秸秆分解进入土壤的Bt蛋白不会在土壤中累积,对养分含量也基本没有显著影响.
     

Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓生长发育和生殖的影响

Bt蛋白能通过转Bt基因作物的秸秆还田进入土壤,进而可能会对土壤动物如蚯蚓的生长发育和生殖造成影响.为评估Bt水稻对赤子爱胜蚓的影响,本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加2.5%、5%、7.5%和10% Bt水稻(b2B138)及其同源水稻(安丰A)秸秆,分别在饲养赤子爱胜蚓7、15、30、45、60、75和90 d后观测蚯蚓的存活率、相对生长率和生殖情况,以及秸秆土壤混合物和蚯蚓体内的Cry1Ab蛋白含量.结果表明:较高还田量(7.5%和10%)Bt水稻秸秆处理对赤子爱胜蚓存活率有抑制作用;Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓的相对生长率没有不利影响;还田量为5%、7.5%和10%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田能促进蚯蚓的生殖.酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结果表明: 在Bt水稻土壤混合物中,蚯蚓体内均能检测到Cry1Ab蛋白,且前者随着时间延长而显著减少.因此,还田量为2.5%和5%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田释放的Cry1Ab蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓的生长发育和生殖没有不利影响.     

Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓生长发育和生殖的影响

Bt蛋白能通过转Bt基因作物的秸秆还田进入土壤,进而可能会对土壤动物如蚯蚓的生长发育和生殖造成影响.为评估Bt水稻对赤子爱胜蚓的影响,本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加2.5%、5%、7.5%和10% Bt水稻(b2B138)及其同源水稻(安丰A)秸秆,分别在饲养赤子爱胜蚓7、15、30、45、60、75和90 d后观测蚯蚓的存活率、相对生长率和生殖情况,以及秸秆土壤混合物和蚯蚓体内的Cry1Ab蛋白含量.结果表明:较高还田量(7.5%和10%)Bt水稻秸秆处理对赤子爱胜蚓存活率有抑制作用;Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓的相对生长率没有不利影响;还田量为5%、7.5%和10%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田能促进蚯蚓的生殖.酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结果表明: 在Bt水稻土壤混合物中,蚯蚓体内均能检测到Cry1Ab蛋白,且前者随着时间延长而显著减少.因此,还田量为2.5%和5%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田释放的Cry1Ab蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓的生长发育和生殖没有不利影响.     

Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤生态系统的影响研究进展

随着Bt作物种植面积的逐年增加, 人们对Bt作物释放后潜在的安全性也越来越关注。Bt作物释放的Bt蛋白可以主要通过秸秆还田方式进入土壤进而可能会对土壤生态系统造成影响。本文综述了Bt作物秸秆还田释放的Bt蛋白在土壤中的降解及对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展。重点阐述了①Bt作物秸秆还田释放的Bt蛋白在土壤中的降解; ②Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤微生物的影响; ③Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤动物的影响; ④Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响; ⑤Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤养分含量的影响。从而为Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤环境的生态风险评价提供参考。     

Bt玉米秸秆杀虫蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓酶活性的影响

Bt玉米分泌的Bt蛋白可通过秸秆还田、根系分泌、花粉飘落等途径进入土壤.本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加5%或7.5%的Bt玉米及其同源常规玉米秸秆饲养赤子爱胜蚓,分别于7、14d后检测蚯蚓总蛋白含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性.结果表明:同一玉米品种,同一秸秆添加量处理下,与培养7d相比,培养14d的蚯蚓总蛋白含量下降,AchE、CAT和SOD酶活性提高,GSH-PX酶活性降低.同一培养时间、同一秸秆添加量处理下,与常规相比,Bt玉米培养的蚯蚓SOD活性提高,AchE和GSH-PX活性下降,总蛋白含量和CAT活性无显著变化.表明Bt玉米秸秆处理对蚯蚓总蛋白没有抑制作用,能降低AchE和GSH-PX活性,对CAT没有诱导作用,但在短时间内能诱导蚯蚓SOD酶活性.     

Bt蛋白Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ah对玉米蚜的效应评价

[目的] 探讨转基因玉米表达的3种Bt蛋白对非靶标害虫玉米蚜的影响效应,为农田生态系统中转基因玉米的环境安全评价提供依据。[方法] 在玉米蚜全纯人工饲料中分别添加Bt蛋白Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ah饲养玉米蚜,并以PBS缓冲液或Na₂CO₃溶液为阴性对照,添加酪蛋白（casein,CS）为中性对照,添加印楝素（neem oil）为阳性对照,比较分析Bt蛋白等各处理对玉米蚜存活率、发育历期、有翅蚜率及繁殖力的影响。[结果] 低浓度印楝素（Neem-L）处理后玉米蚜半数个体生存时间（ST₅₀）为3.2~4.0 d,高浓度印楝素（Neem-H）处理后,玉米蚜在第4天全部死亡,这2个处理均没有子代若蚜产生。添加Bt蛋白和CS对玉米蚜的生存时间没有显著影响,ST₅₀在8.3~9.6 d之间。与阴性对照相比,3个Bt蛋白和CS处理的若蚜期显著短1.0~2.9 d,产出的下一代若蚜数显著增多。Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab以及CS处理后,有翅蚜比例显著高于其阴性对照。[结论] 饲料中分别添加3种Bt蛋白Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ah对玉米蚜的存活率没有显著影响,但具有与添加CS等同提高饲料营养质量的效果;与阴性对照相比,添加3种Bt蛋白对玉米蚜的生长发育和繁殖具有显著的促进效应。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。