沈阳铁西老工业区土地的集约利用特征

利用基于QUICKBIRD和IKONOS数据解译得到的铁西老工业区土地利用状况,采用地统计和常规统计方法,分析代表区域环境和社会经济服务功能的用地类型的时空动态和集约利用特征.结果表明:工业用地和住宅用地是沈阳市铁西老工业区主要的用地类型.2000—2010年,铁西区土地利用发生了明显变化.工业用地面积呈快速降低趋势,住宅用地面积呈增加趋势,公园、商服用地和绿地面积迅速增加.城区环境明显改善,综合宜居水平提高,功能定位日益明晰,商住服务功能日趋完善,土地利用效率逐渐提高.2002年以来,铁西老工业区区域土地集约化利用水平有了明显改善,但土地资源的集约潜力仍旧可以进一步挖掘.     

1930—2010年额济纳三角洲土地利用景观格局变化

干旱区内陆河流域下游的土地利用、景观格局对水资源调配具有重要意义.本文基于1930、1961、1990、2000、2010年土地利用数据,分析黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲土地利用和景观格局的变化.结果表明: 2010年,研究区沙漠化土地面积占总面积的73.4%,其次是草地,占20.8%.1930—2010年,土地利用变化最明显的特征是草地、农田和建设用地增加;各土地类型间转化突出表现为农田和建设用地的转入;土地利用景观破碎度和多样性增加,优势度降低,且具有明显水源依赖性和地域性差异;土地利用变化使景观趋于均匀、多样、破碎.基于其驱动因素及生态环境效应的探讨,针对人-水-生态协调问题,提出“有计划生态移民、限制农田面积、发展集约式精准农业、增加生态用水比例”的建议.     

1930—2010年额济纳三角洲土地利用景观格局变化

干旱区内陆河流域下游的土地利用、景观格局对水资源调配具有重要意义.本文基于1930、1961、1990、2000、2010年土地利用数据,分析黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲土地利用和景观格局的变化.结果表明:2010年,研究区沙漠化土地面积占总面积的73.4%,其次是草地,占20.8%.1930—2010年,土地利用变化最明显的特征是草地、农田和建设用地增加;各土地类型间转化突出表现为农田和建设用地的转入;土地利用景观破碎度和多样性增加,优势度降低,且具有明显水源依赖性和地域性差异;土地利用变化使景观趋于均匀、多样、破碎.基于其驱动因素及生态环境效应的探讨,针对人-水-生态协调问题,提出"有计划生态移民、限制农田面积、发展集约式精准农业、增加生态用水比例"的建议.     

晋西北生态脆弱区土地利用动态变化及驱动力

基于遥感和GIS技术,结合相关统计资料,以典型生态脆弱区晋西北为研究对象,利用获取的1980、1990、2000及2010年4期土地利用信息,对该区1980—2010年的土地利用动态变化特征及驱动因素进行分析.结果表明： 1980—2010年,研究区土地利用结构发生了明显变化,耕地面积持续减少,草地和林地面积分别经历了增-减-增和减-增-减的过程,工矿居民地面积持续增加,水域和未利用地面积持续减少.耕地主要流向草地和林地;工矿居民地的增加主要以耕地面积的减少为代价;减少的水域面积转为草地和耕地;未利用地的持续减少则是由于生态工程实施和城市扩张占用所致.2000年之前,研究区总体土地利用变化程度高于后期;单一土地利用动态度的变化,以工矿居民地、未利用地及林地和草地的变化程度较剧烈.驱动力分析表明,人口增加和经济发展共同驱动了区域耕地和工矿居民地的演变;多个林业生态工程的实施是驱动林草面积变化的主要对策因素;干旱化加剧的气候特征是水域面积持续减少及林地恢复较慢的主要驱动因素.     

疏勒河中游土地利用与景观格局动态

利用1976年Landsat MSS、1989年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2010年TM遥感影像,运用GIS和景观生态学方法,分析了1976-2010年疏勒河中游玉门市土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化.结果表明:1976-2010年间,玉门市土地利用类型转移的主要方向是草地和戈壁转化为耕地、耕地转化为建设用地、草地转化为戈壁;土地利用变化经历了“缓慢变化-急剧变化-显著变化”的过程,景观密度持续增大,最大斑块指数先增大后减小,面积加权形状指数增大,形状趋于不规则;斑块间的最邻近距离减小,景观逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变,更加破碎;不同斑块间的分离度减小;景观的多样性和均匀度先减小后增加.农业人口增长和经济发展是研究区土地利用/覆被变化的最直接驱动力,气候和政策因素也是重要的影响因素.     

辽宁沿海土地利用变化的图谱特征

土地利用变化图谱能够充分反映土地利用变化的时空过程,近年来引起了广泛的关注。本文分析了2000—2010年辽宁沿海地区土地利用变化的图谱特征。结果表明:2000—2005年土地利用变化图谱主要以耕地!建设用地和海域!湿地为主,分别占总变化面积的44.41%和18.16%;2005—2010年土地利用变化图谱主要以海域、湿地和耕地的转出为主,其中海域!湿地占总变化面积的23.43%,海域!裸地占22.69%,海域!建设用地占5.10%,湿地!建设用地占10.06%,耕地!建设用地占20.55%;2000—2010年土地利用变化模式图谱以后期变化型和前期变化型为主,分别占总变化面积的70.34%和29.17%,说明辽宁沿海地区土地利用变化具有明显的时间阶段性特征,前期变化体现了城镇化和海产养殖业的发展过程,后期变化体现了沿海开发和城镇化的进一步发展过程。     

2005-2015年四川省土地利用变化及驱动力分析

以2005、2010、2015年三期四川省土地利用栅格数据为基础,应用ENVI和GIS技术对数据进行预处理,采用土地利用转移矩阵与土地利用动态度模型,并结合四川省土地利用实际情况分析四川省2005-2015年土地利用变化特征,并利用SPSS软件对2005-2015年间统计年鉴上相关的社会经济数据进行因子分析,研究影响四川省土地利用变化的主要驱动力因素并分析其作用机理,为后来的四川省土地利用规划提供参考依据。结果表明：(1)四川省近10年土地利用类型面积变化较为频繁,表现为城乡居民工矿用地大幅度增加,但各类土地占比总量土地面积变化不大。(2)耕地、林地、草地始终为四川省的主要土地利用类型,占比较为均衡且保持性好,耕地处于25%左右,林地和草地始终处于35%左右。而城乡居民工矿用地、水域以及未利用地面积虽有变化但占比始终较小。(3)四川省土地利用存在明显的区域差异,东部土地利用程度高,西部利用程度低。林地和草地大量且长期集中在西部,城乡居民工矿用地则在东部集中,东西分布极不均衡,不利于四川省区域经济均衡发展。(4)影响四川省土地利用变化的主要驱动力因子为常驻人口数和GDP,常驻人口始终保持较大数额且稳步增长,保持劳动力人口数量的同时带来社会经济快速发展的结果,从而促使土地利用结构不断发生变化。     

阿鲁科尔沁旗土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响

基于2000年、2005年的土地利用数据,应用谢高地等人制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,估算了阿鲁科尔沁旗土地利用格局变化引起的生态系统服务价值的改变.结果表明,从2000～2005年,阿鲁科尔沁旗土地利用结构变化幅度分别为,耕地增加13.39%,林地减少0.43%,草地减少2.29%,水域增加0.86%,湿地减少0.64%,城乡工矿居民用地增加12.02%,未利用土地减少0.25%.阿鲁科尔沁旗生态系统服务价值从2000年的12.87亿元减少到2005年的12.83亿元,净减少值为0.04亿元,减幅为0.31%.阿鲁科尔沁旗土地利用格局的变化,特别是耕地面积大幅度增加,草地面积减少是其生态服务系统价值下降主因.     

上海崇明岛东部近20年土地利用变化

在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,利用1982和2000年的航空照片对崇明岛东部地区土地利用变化进行了分析.近20年来该地区农业用地、水体、水产养殖场和滩涂为主要景观要素,非农建设用地占总面积比重有所增长,土地利用结构呈现多元化趋势;土地利用类型总量变化显著,农业用地面积增加了4050.21hm2,水产养殖场和绿地分别增加2566.24hm2和901.38hm2,滩涂面积则锐减了7491.24hm2,土地利用年变化率最大的为水产养殖场,达54.64%,其次是绿地、交通、滩涂和农田,分别为13.24%、4.49%、-4.47%和2.57%;土地利用类型之间的转变主要为滩涂向农业用地、养殖场、绿地和水体转变,农业用地向水产养殖场、居住用地和绿地转变,水体向农业用地、水产养殖场和滩涂转变.社会经济的发展和政策引导是崇明岛东部土地利用变化的主要驱动因子.     

浙江省新近耕地动态及其驱动因素

利用RS和GIS技术对2000、2005和2008年遥感影像数据进行人机交互解译,建立了2000—2008年浙江省耕地动态数据库,并运用岭回归分析法研究了耕地变化的驱动力及其特征.结果表明:2000—2008年间,浙江省耕地变化较剧烈,2000—2005、2005—2008年,研究区耕地年动态度分别为-1.42%和-1.46%,耕地主要流向城乡工矿居民用地.非农人口比例、房地产开发投资、城市绿化面积和果园面积构成了浙江省乃至我国东部发达地区耕地变化的主要驱动因素.     

Environmental assessment in an industrial area of Portugal

The region of Lisbon and south of Lisbon (Sado estuary) is densely industrialized, and, therefore, air pollution should be studied in a more detailed scale there. The topography of the Sado estuary region and the predominant wind direction from the northwest contribute to the influence in this region of the industries located in the north. The region selected includes a fuel-fired power station. Transplants of the lichenParmelia sulcata Taylor were suspended in nylon bags within a rectangle 15 km wide and 25 km long on a grid 2.5 km × 2.5 km, centered in the power station. In each of the 47 sites, 2 sets of 4 transplants each were hung. Care was taken (1) in covering the two sets with a polyethylene roof to prevent leaching of elements in the lichen, (2) in building a hanging system that could rotate according to the wind direction, and (3) in orienting one set toward the wind and the other set opposite the wind. For a 1-yr period and every 3 mo, one transplant of each set is collected. In this work, the results of the first campaign (after 3 mo suspension) obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis and proton-induced X-ray emission are shown. Some elemental contents are mapped and discussed.     

Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in a petrochemical industrial area

Exposure to airborne particulate matter has adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate organic matter extracts in three time periods from total suspended particles (TSP) and particles less than 10 μm (PM10) was evaluated in an area under the influence of a petrochemical industry located in the town of Triunfo, Brazil. The extracts were investigated using the Salmonella/microsome assay, with the microsuspension method. The extracts were obtained by sonication extracted using dichloromethane (DCM) solvent. The fractions were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (with and without metabolic activation), TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP₆; or YG1021 and YG1024. A positive frameshift mutagenic response was observed for the environmental samples during the different periods. The responses according to percentage of extractable organic matter (EOM%), EOM/m³, revertants/μg (rev/μg) and revertants/m³ (rev/m³) were lower for TSP than for PM10 extracts. The highest rev/m³ values were observed in PM10 extract samples collected in winter, July 2005, in the presence (13.79 rev/m³) or absence (6.87 rev/m³) of S9 fraction. Similarly in the first (1995) or second period (2000) the highest values for TSP were observed in winter, but with lower activity (3.00 and 0.89 rev/m³ respectively). The responses observed for the nitrosensitive strains suggest the contribution of nitro, amino and/or hydroxylamino derivatives of PAHs to the total mutagenicity of matter extracted from airborne particles. The Salmonella/microsome assay was a sensitive method to define areas contaminated by genotoxic compounds, even in samples with TSP or PM10 values that are acceptable according to legal environmental quality standards, favoring environmental control measures with an effective response seen in the population's improved quality of life.     

Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in a petrochemical industrial area

Exposure to airborne particulate matter has adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate organic matter extracts in three time periods from total suspended particles (TSP) and particles less than 10 microm (PM10) was evaluated in an area under the influence of a petrochemical industry located in the town of Triunfo, Brazil. The extracts were investigated using the Salmonella/microsome assay, with the microsuspension method. The extracts were obtained by sonication extracted using dichloromethane (DCM) solvent. The fractions were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 (with and without metabolic activation), TA98NR and TA98/1,8DNP(6); or YG1021 and YG1024. A positive frameshift mutagenic response was observed for the environmental samples during the different periods. The responses according to percentage of extractable organic matter (EOM%), EOM/m(3), revertants/microg (rev/microg) and revertants/m(3) (rev/m(3)) were lower for TSP than for PM10 extracts. The highest rev/m(3) values were observed in PM10 extract samples collected in winter, July 2005, in the presence (13.79 rev/m(3)) or absence (6.87 rev/m(3)) of S9 fraction. Similarly in the first (1995) or second period (2000) the highest values for TSP were observed in winter, but with lower activity (3.00 and 0.89 rev/m(3) respectively). The responses observed for the nitrosensitive strains suggest the contribution of nitro, amino and/or hydroxylamino derivatives of PAHs to the total mutagenicity of matter extracted from airborne particles. The Salmonella/microsome assay was a sensitive method to define areas contaminated by genotoxic compounds, even in samples with TSP or PM10 values that are acceptable according to legal environmental quality standards, favoring environmental control measures with an effective response seen in the population's improved quality of life.     

Some gaseous pollutants in the industrial area at east of Naples.

Nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide were determined in the industrial area at east of Naples. Emission from vehicular traffic are added to those from fixed sources, but the breeze effect avoids pollution accumulation. Obtained values are low enough if compared with those of other towns.     

Airborne fungal spores in an industrial area: seasonal and diurnal periodicity

Qualitative and quantitative studies of atmospheric fungal spores at a chloralkali factory, Jayashree Chemicals. were made during 1993 employing culture plate and rotorod methods. A total of 57 sporulating fungal types, including three sterile mycelial forms, were recorded by the culture plate method and 51 spore types, including the hyphal fragments and unidentified spores, were recorded by the rotorod method. As to the seasonal variation, winter was found to be the greatest contributor of fungal spores as compared to the summer and rainy season. Instead, when considering the hour of the day, the peak number of fungal propagules was recorded at noon (12.00 h) followed by evening and morning values, an exception being recorded in winter months, when maximum CFUs ofCladosporium were monitored in the morning. The seasonal variation in fungal concentration and composition was found to be influenced by temperature, rainfall and relative humidity, whereas diurnal incidence was the effect of varying temperature and relative humidity during day time only. Moderate temperature and relative humidity favoured the maximum fungal spore load in the atmosphere.Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Alternaria, Lasiodiplodia, Drechslera, Pestalotia, Curvularia, Epicoccum, Aspergillus, Penicillium andChaetomium were the commonest fungal spores in the factory area.     

Study of integrated risk regionalisation method for soil contamination in industrial and mining area

Industrial and mining areas have been included as key governance plots of China’s soil management and protection. In this study, we developed an assessment method for soil integrated risk in industrial and mining areas, with a comprehensive consideration of pollution risk, pollution sources and receptors of soil risk. The method consists of four parts, including soil risk assessment, vulnerability assessment of soil risk receptors, risk level assessment of pollution sources and integrated risk assessment. Using this method, we could produce a complete soil risk regionalisation map that presents the total factor risk level of soil contamination of industrial and mining areas in ArcGIS. This study also took a typical industrial and mining area in China as a case and quantitatively and spatially assessed the integrated soil contamination risk. Results showed: (1) the integrated risk of the study area ranged from moderate level to high level; (2) the risk of pollution sources in the study area ranged from moderate level to high level; (3) vulnerability of soil risk receptors in streets was lower than that in the towns.     

Cadmium contamination in various environmental materials in an industrial area,Hangzhou, China

Abstract

Due to the location of manufacturing in north Hangzhou, many residential areas are close to trunk roads and factory areas. This potentially exposes citizens to pollution sources such as industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust. Because pollution by cadmium (Cd) is of great concern, an extensive survey was conducted in north Hangzhou city to study the current condition of Cd contamination and any resulting hazard. Environmental materials including water, bottom mud, urban green-land soil, street dust and moss were collected. Cd concentration and chemical partitioning in the samples were determined. The results indicate that all the media in north Hangzhou have elevated Cd concentrations, the Cd conten trend being: factory area >traffic area > residential area. The chemical partitioning results show that Cc in topsoil and street dust presents are mobile (9–61% Cd are bound in acetic acid extractable phase) which suggests a high ecological hazard potential. Environmental bioindicator moss samples were found to be loaded with Cd revealing high bioavailability of Cd in various media in north Hangzhou This confirms the possibility of Cd being a potential biohazard in this location.     

Restoration prioritization for industrial area applying multiple potential natural vegetation modeling

Scaling‐up ecological restoration demands the involvement of private sector actors. Experience regarding science‐based habitat restoration programs in the sector should be made available to support further joint projects. In our case, hierarchical restoration prioritization was applied to select best target for habitat reconstruction at a Hungarian industrial area. Multiple potential natural vegetation model, a novel approach, supported restoration prioritization satisfying both ecological (sustainability and nature conservation value) and other needs (feasibility, rapid green surface, amenity, and education value). The target that met all priorities was the open steppe forest that has a mosaic arrangement with open and closed sand steppes. The potential area of this xero‐thermophile oak wood is expected to expand in Hungary with climate change, therefore the selected target has a likelihood of long‐term sustainability, if established. A matrix of sand steppes was created first at the factory area in 2014–2015, and tree and shrub saplings were planted in this matrix. The seeding induced rapid changes in vegetation composition: the second year samples became close to reference sand steppes in the principal component analysis ordination space. Tree and shrub survival was species dependent, reaching a maximum of 52 and 73% for tree and shrub species, respectively. One tree and 2 shrub species did not survive at all. Altogether 53 of 107 target species have established. So far, restored vegetation development confirmed the suitability of the applied hierarchical prioritization framework at factory scale.