Attractive responses by Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) to host and bark beetle semiochemicals

Abstract:  The pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis is the European vector of the recently introduced pine wood nematode. This nematode is the causal organism of pine wilt disease, a serious tree killer in East Asia. Efficacious baits and traps to monitor and control this beetle are now required. The effect of bark beetle ( Ips spp.) pheromone components, released individually (ipsenol) or in blends (ipsenol, ipsdienol, cis -verbenol and methyl-butenol), together with host volatiles (turpentine or α -pinene and ethanol) on M. galloprovincialis trap catches has been studied in Spain. A kairomonal response by male and female of M. galloprovincialis to Ips semiochemicals was found. Beetles were more attracted to host blends supplemented with bark beetle pheromones than to host volatiles alone. Ipsenol alone was attractive to pine sawyers, and was synergistic with α -pinene and ethanol. The full blend of the four Ips semiochemicals and the host compounds was highly attractive. Multiple-funnel traps were as effective as black cross-vane traps in capturing this insect when the escape of trapped beetles was prevented. Trapping of non-target bark beetle predators was also evaluated. The trogossitid Temnochila coerulea and clerid Thanasimus formicarius were kairomonally attracted to and killed in traps baited with bark beetle pheromones. These results suggest that effective monitoring of M. galloprovincialis would be possible by baiting any of these traps with host volatiles and Ips semiochemicals, but reduction of the lure components and trap modification to minimize impact on predators should be considered.     

Pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae), responses to common green leaf volatiles

We tested the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles (GLVs) disrupt the response of overwintered pine shoot beetles, Tomicus piniperda (L.) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the attractive host volatile α-pinene. A combination of four GLV alcohols, 1-hexanol ( E )-2-hexen-1-ol ( Z )-2-hexen-1-ol, and ( Z )-3-hexen-1-ol, caused 54 and 36% reduction in the number of pine shoot beetles captured in two separate trapping experiments. Similarly, a combination of the four alcohols plus two GLV aldehydes, hexanal and ( E )-2-hexenal, caused 38% reduction in the number of pine shoot beetles captured compared with α-pinene alone. A blend of the two GLV aldehydes was not disruptive. None of the four GLV alcohols nor the two GLV aldehydes were disruptive when tested individually. The finding that the blend of four GLV alcohols reduced attraction of T. piniperda supports the general hypothesis that GLVs common to nonhost angiosperms are disruptive to conifer-attacking bark beetles (Scolytidae).     

An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae)

Abstract:  Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Col., Cerambycidae) is a vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , causing the destructive pine wilt disease. An effective lure for monitoring and/or mass-trapping would be of great interest in the management of this pine sawyer. Males and females of this species show an attractive kairomonal response to blends composed of four pheromone compounds used by Ips spp. bark beetles and two host volatiles from pines. This six-component lure is highly attractive but may to be too complex and costly for practical use as each component is released from a separate lure. The role of each component, ipsdienol, ipsenol, cis -verbenol, methyl butenol, α -pinene and ethanol as attractants for M. galloprovincialis was field tested in Spain to obtain a simpler but equally effective bait. Ipsenol was confirmed as the strongest kairomonal signal to M. galloprovincialis synergizing response to α -pinene by 95 times. The addition of methyl butenol to this blend doubled the number of males and females trapped. On the other hand, neither ipsdienol, cis -verbenol nor ethanol improved the results when incorporated into the above three-component blend. A lure consisting of ipsenol, methyl butenol and α -pinene may be very cost-efficient in operational monitoring or mass trapping of M. galloprovincialis . Three potentially repellent candidates, (−)verbenone, methyl cyclohexenone and trans -conophthorin, were also tested against the attractive three-component bait. trans -Conophthorin significantly reduced male catches of M. galloprovincialis ; methyl cyclohexenone had no effect. Verbenone significantly enhanced the response of females to the attractive combination of α -pinene, ipsenol and methyl butenol.     

Evaluation of semiochemicals potentially synergistic to α-pinene for trapping the larger European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae)

Abstract:  The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) is an exotic pest of pine, Pinus spp., in North America. It is attracted strongly to host volatiles (±)- α -pinene, (+)-3-carene, and α -terpinolene. Attraction to insect-produced compounds is less clear. Other potential attractants include trans -verbenol, myrtenol, myrtenal, nonanal and α -pinene oxide. We conducted a series of field experiments to determine if any of these compounds would increase attraction of T. piniperda to α -pinene, either individually or in various combinations. None of the individual compounds increased attraction. Although several combinations that included trans -verbenol, nonanal, myrtenol, or myrtenal increased attraction, results were variable between experiments.     

外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应

2002年,利用寄主挥发性物质(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和(-)柠檬烯按不同配比制成诱芯,采用自行研制的挥发物释放装置,在山西省关帝山森林经营局西葫芦林场对危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.的重大外来入侵林业害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctomus valens LeConte进行了引诱试验。结果表明,3蒈烯对红脂大小蠹的引诱作用最强,明显优于单独使用(+)-α-蒎烯和(-)-β-蒎烯的诱虫效果,也比北美应用的标准诱芯［(+)- α蒎烯(-)-β-蒎烯与3-蒈烯的比例为1∶1∶1］效果好;在标准诱芯中加入油松另一主要成分-(-)柠檬烯会明显降低诱虫效果。红脂大小蠹引诱剂最佳释放量为150 mg/d。该研究不仅对我国红脂大小蠹的监控具有实际应用意义,也从理论上探讨了红脂大小蠹与寄主油松协同进化的化学生态学过程。     

Field response of non‐target beetles to Ips sexdentatus aggregation pheromone and pine volatiles

Although mass trapping cannot be a definitive control measure, it is one of the few ones available to contain the destruction of millions of cubic metres of conifer forests perpetrated every year worldwide by bark beetles. However, using bark beetle aggregation pheromones during both monitoring and control programs may negatively affect other saproxylic insects. The aim of this study was to describe the response of both Ips sexdentatus and its saproxylic beetle associates, especially predators, to traps baited with a commercial blend of I. sexdentatus aggregation pheromone. Furthermore, the usefulness of adding pine volatiles, such as (?)‐α‐pinene and ethanol, to the pheromone was discussed. The commercial blend proved to be attractive to I. sexdentatus adults, both when used alone and together with pine volatiles. Pheromone attractiveness, however, was lessened by the addition of the volatiles. The pheromone blend proved to be attractive to Thanasimus formicarius, as well as to other predator species. Overall, although during our study, traps baited only with (?)‐α‐pinene and ethanol attracted some predator specimens, I. sexdentatus pheromone traps were more attractive. Our study confirms that calendar differences in flight activity between the bark beetle and its predators are substantial; therefore, they should be taken into account when planning control measures. According to our data, the commercial blend of I. sexdentatus pheromone seems to be the most effective, among the baits used, in catching I. sexdentatus adults, while reducing the impact on T. formicarius.     

β-Pinene + ethanol attracts more red turpentine beetles than carene+ ethanol,with or without traces of frontalin,at prescribed burn or thinned sites

1. Red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), previously responded more strongly to (−)-β-pinene + ethanol than (+)-3-carene + ethanol lures at sites burned the prior year by wildfire in Oregon and northeastern California, whereas at a thinned-unburned Arizona site (+)-3-carene + ethanol was the stronger attractant. This discrepancy was further examined to tease apart whether D. valens attraction varies by region or previous forest disturbance types.
2. Here, (−)-β-pinene + ethanol and (+)-3-carene + ethanol lures were tested in pine stands at two Oregon sites disturbed the previous year by a prescribed burn or thinning only. Both lures were tested also with or without trace amounts of the pheromone frontalin, as its presence enhanced attractions in China but had not been tested in North America.
3. At both sites, regardless of prior forest disturbance, (−)-β-pinene + ethanol lures attracted the most beetles. Lures releasing trace frontalin attracted more beetles than their corresponding lures without it at both sites, except in one case.
4. Overall, previous year disturbances from disparate management treatments had minimal influence on lure attraction to D. valens. For detection, monitoring or management (−)-β-pinene + ethanol + frontalin in trace amounts attracts the most beetles of lures tested to date in Pacific Northwest pine forests.

     

Host and non-host odour signals governing host selection by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda and the spruce bark beetle, Hylurgops palliatus (Col., Scolytidae)

Abstract:  Tomicus piniperda and Hylurgops palliatus colonize susceptible host trees by responding to host-specific odour signals as well as by avoiding volatiles emanating from non-host conifers. In the field, the pine shoot beetle, T. piniperda , responded in high numbers to natural odour sources provided by their host tree, Pinus sylvestris , while the non-host conifers Larix decidua , Picea abies , or Pseudotsuga menziesii were significantly less attractive. In contrast, the spruce bark beetle, Hylurgops palliatus , preferentially responded to its main host, P. abies . Furthermore, T. piniperda attacks on P. sylvestris bolts decreased in presence of bark and wood particles from the non-host P. abies , whereas particles from P. menziesii appeared not to affect T. piniperda attacks. Apparently, tree-specific volatiles act at close range as specific signals that lead to the successful discrimination and colonization of the respective host tree species.     

The role of semiochemicals in tritrophic interactions between the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, its predators and infested spruce

Abstract:  Semiochemical interactions between the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus , its predators Medetera setiventris , Thanasimus formicarius and Thanasimus femoralis , and the host Norway spruce, Picea abies , were studied in the field. The chemicals S - cis -verbenol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, ipsdienol, (+)- α -pinene, (−)- α -pinene, (±)- α -pinene, limonene, camphor and their naturally occuring mixtures were used as trap baits in a multiple-choice design that allowed for comparison of their attractivity for the focal species. Medetera was attracted to both the prey aggregation pheromone and its multifunctional component, ipsdienol. On the contrary, both Thanasimus species responded predominantly to ipsdienol and less to the prey aggregation pheromone. In the case of I. typographus , the attractivity of aggregation pheromone seems to be increased by the addition of a mixture of monoterpenic tree volatiles, and by addition of ipsdienol. Bark beetles and predators showed species-specific responses to volatile mixtures representing different stages of tree decay and different stages of bark beetle colony establishment. These responses correlates with the optimal foraging habitat of each species. None of the predator species responded to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a substantial component of I. typographus pheromonal bouquet, thus it is hypothesized that only substances of monoterpenic origin attract predators.     

Host plant scents attract rolled-leaf beetles to Neotropical gingers in a Central American tropical rain forest

Leaf volatile chemicals are known to reduce herbivory rates by repelling or intoxicating insect herbivores and by attracting the predators and parasitoids of herbivores. However, leaf volatiles may also be used by insect herbivores as cues to locate their host plants. Leaf volatiles are suggested to be important host search cues for herbivores in structurally complex and diverse habitats, such as tropical rain forests. A group of insect herbivores, the rolled-leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), have maintained a highly specialized interaction with Neotropical gingers (Zingiberales) for ca. 60 million years. In this study, we explored chemical attraction to host plants under controlled laboratory conditions, using four sympatric rolled-leaf beetle species, Cephaloleia dorsalis Baly, Cephaloleia erichsonii Baly, Cephaloleia fenestrata Weise, and Cephaloleia placida Baly. For each beetle species, we investigated (i) whether it was repelled or attracted by leaf scents produced by four host and four non-host plant species, including Neotropical gingers in the families Marantaceae, Costaceae, and Zingiberaceae; and (ii) its ability to use scents to detect its host plant. We found that rolled-leaf beetles can detect and are attracted by leaf volatiles from both host and non-host gingers. Additionally, when beetles were simultaneously exposed to leaf volatiles from host and non-host plants, three rolled-leaf beetle species were significantly more attracted by volatiles from their host plants than from non-hosts. Only one of the beetle species was not able to discriminate between host and non-host scents.     

Attraction to monoterpenes and beetle‐produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators

• 1 Bark beetles are significant mortality agents of conifers. Four beetle species, the pine engraver Ips pini, the six‐spined pine engraver Ips calligraphus sub. ponderosae, the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and the western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis, cohabitate pines in Arizona.
• 2 A pheromone trapping study in ponderosa forests of Arizona determined the attraction of beetles to conspecific and heterospecific pheromone components in the presence and absence of host volatiles, and tested whether predators differ in their attraction to combinations of pheromone components and tree monoterpenes.
• 3 All four bark beetle species differed in their responses to heterospecific lures and monoterpenes. Ips calligraphus was the only species that increased in trap catches when heterospecific lures were added. Heterospecific lures did not inhibit the attraction of either Dendroctonus or Ips species. The replacement of myrcene with α‐pinene increased the attraction of Dendroctonus, whereas the addition of α‐pinene had mixed results for Ips. The prominent predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus lecontei were more attracted to the I. pini lure than the D. brevicomis lure, and the combination of the two lures with α‐pinene was most attractive to both predator species.
• 4 Cross attraction and limited inhibition of bark beetles to heterospecific pheromones suggest that some of these species might use heterospecific compounds to increase successful location and colonization of trees. Predator responses to treatments suggest that tree volatiles are used to locate potential prey and predators are more responsive to Ips than to Dendroctonus pheromone components in Arizona.

     

Effects of bark beetle pheromones on the attraction of Monochamus alternatus to pine volatiles

Abstract We evaluated the attraction of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Dryocoetes luteus Blandford and Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol and (+)-α-pinene and the bark beetle pheromones, ipsenol and ipsdienol. M. alternatus were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and (+)-α-pinene but not those baited with ipsdienol and ipsenol. Ipsdienol and ipsenol decreased catches of M. alternatus in traps baited with ethanol and (+)-α-pinene. Traps baited with either binary combinations of ethanol and (+)-α-pinene or ipsdienol and ipsenol were attractive to D. luteus and O. erosus. The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol to traps baited with ethanol and (+)-α-pinene synergized attraction of O. erosus but not D. luteus.     

The red turpentine beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus valens</Emphasis> LeConte (Scolytidae): an exotic invasive pest of pine in China

An exotic invasive pest of pines, the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Scolytidae) (RTB), was first detected in Shanxi Province, northern China, in 1998 and started causing widespread tree mortality there in 1999. This outbreak continues and has spread to three adjacent provinces, causing unprecedented tree mortality. Although it is considered a minor pest of pines in North America, RTB has proven to be an aggressive and destructive pest of Pinus tabuliformis, China’s most widely planted pine species. The bionomics and occurrence, distribution, response to host volatiles, and host preference of this pine beetle in China are compared with what is known of the beetle in its native range in North America. Factors likely contributing to D. valens success in China and control of the beetle outbreak are discussed. (−)-β-pinene was shown to be the most attractive host volatile for D. valens from the Sierra Nevada of California, whereas 3-(+)-carene is the most attractive host volatile for beetles in China. Monocultures of Pinus tabuliformis, several consecutive years of drought conditions and warm winters have apparently factored D. valens invasion and establishment in China.     

Synergistic effects of α-pinene and exo-brevicomin on pine bark beetles and associated insects in Arizona

The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) and western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) cause significant mortality to pines in the southern and western United States. The effectiveness of commercial lures at capturing these bark beetles in Arizona has not been tested and may vary from other regions of their distribution. We conducted experiments using baited Lindgren funnel traps to investigate (i) if D. frontalis is more attracted to the standard commercial lure for D. brevicomis (frontalin + exo‐brevicomin + myrcene) than the D. frontalis lure (frontalin + terpene blend), (ii) whether replacement of myrcene with α‐pinene changes trap catches of Dendroctonus and associated insects, and (iii) whether the attraction to these lures varies across the geographical range of ponderosa pine forests throughout Arizona. In 2005, we tested various combinations of frontalin, exo‐brevicomin, myrcene and α‐pinene to D. frontalis, D. brevicomis and associated species. Dendroctonus frontalis, D. brevicomis and the predator Temnochila chlorodia were most attracted to lures with exo‐brevicomin. The replacement of the myrcene component with α‐pinene in the D. brevicomis lure resulted in the capture of twice as many bark beetles and Elacatis beetles. However, T. chlorodia did not differentiate between monoterpenes. In 2006, traps were set up in 11 locations around Arizona to test the relative attraction of lure combinations. In 9 out 11 locations, the D. brevicomis lure with α‐pinene was more attractive than the lure with myrcene or a terpene blend. These results suggest that the D. brevicomis lure with α‐pinene rather than myrcene is more effective lure to capture D. brevicomis and D. frontalis in Arizona. However, geographical variation in attractiveness to lures is evident even within this region of the beetles’ distributions. Differential attraction of Dendroctonus and their predators to these lures suggests potential use in field trapping and control programmes.     

Primary attraction and kairomonal host discrimination in three species of Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Abstract 1 Synthetic blends of bole and foliage volatiles of four sympatric species of conifers were released from pheromone‐baited multiple‐funnel traps to determine if three species of tree‐killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): (i) exhibited primary attraction to volatiles of their hosts and (ii) discriminated among volatiles of four sympatric species of host and nonhost conifers. 2 Bole and foliage volatiles from Douglas‐fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, increased the attraction of coastal and interior Douglas‐fir beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, to pheromone‐baited traps. Primary attraction to bole volatiles was observed in interior D. pseudotsugae. Beetles were significantly less attracted to the pheromone bait when it was combined with volatiles of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. or interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa × bifolia. 3 The monoterpene myrcene synergized attraction of mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to their aggregation pheromones, but there was no evidence of primary attraction to host volatiles or discrimination among volatiles from the four conifers. 4 There was significant primary attraction of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, to bole and foliage volatiles of interior spruce, Picea engelmannii × glauca, but beetles did not discriminate among volatiles of four sympatric conifers when they were combined with pheromone baits. 5 Our results indicate that host volatiles act as kairomones to aid pioneer Douglas‐fir beetles and spruce beetles in host location by primary attraction, and that their role as synergists to aggregation pheromones is significant. For the mountain pine beetle, we conclude that random landing and close range acceptance or rejection of potential hosts would occur in the absence of aggregation pheromones emanating from a tree under attack.     

外来入侵林业害虫强大小蠹的侵袭以及相关信息化学物质

强大小蠹是入侵我国并造成很大危害的鞘翅目棘胫小蠹科大小蠹属树皮低干森林害虫。它能侵害多种针叶树和松树 ,能被寄主挥发物和其它小蠹虫的外激素所引诱。该文综述了强大小蠹的侵袭习性以及寄主挥发物、其它小蠹虫的外激素对强大小蠹的引诱和驱避作用。     

Red turpentine beetle primary attraction to β-pinene or 3-carene (with and without ethanol) varies in western US pine forests

1. Lure attraction strength for red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) observed previously in US Pacific Northwest ponderosa pine forests is (−)-β-pinene+ethanol > (+)-3-carene+ethanol, but untested elsewhere in its western US range. Thus, both were tested with (−)-β-pinene, (+)-3-carene, ethanol, and a blank in Oregon and California sites burned by wildfire, whereas in Arizona the first four lures were tested in a thinned-unburned site.
2. The D. valens responses in burned Oregon and California sites were similar, (−)-β-pinene+ethanol > (−)-β-pinene > 3-carene = 3-carene+ethanol > ethanol > blank, whereas in the cut-unburned Arizona site it was 3-carene+ethanol > 3-carene = (−)-β-pinene+ethanol > (−)-β-pinene. Whether this variation was influenced by beetle genetic differences, or chemical and physical parameters in the different environments and remaining stressed host resources 1-year post disturbance warrants additional study.
3. Responses to (−)-β-pinene varied, from a stronger attractant than (+)-3-carene in Oregon and California, to a weaker lure than (+)-3-carene in Arizona. This (−)-β-pinene variability was minimized when released in combination with ethanol, making (−)-β-pinene+ethanol the most consistent attractant of those tested across the three states, and a reliable lure for detection, monitoring, and management projects for D. valens in western US pine forests.

     

Volatiles from the symbiotic fungus Raffaelea lauricola are synergistic with Manuka lures for increased capture of the Redbay ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus

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Combining pheromone and kairomones for effective trapping of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis

Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a secondary wood borer that acquired primordial importance since it was identified as the European vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). An effective trapping method is needed as a tool for managing this insect vector and allowing early detection of nematode transportation. Among effective attractants identified in recent years are the specific M. galloprovincialis aggregation pheromone, host pine kairomones such as α‐pinene and bark beetle kairomones like ipsenol and methyl‐butenol. The main objective of this study was to optimize the combination of these volatiles to improve lure attractiveness and specificity. Based on ten complementary field experiments, we found a pheromone dose‐response of trap catches. The best combination of attractants was the aggregation pheromone plus two bark beetle kairomones, ipsenol and methyl‐butenol. Addition of pine terpenes, such as α‐pinene, did not significantly improve M. galloprovincialis trap capture, but did increase catch of non target species, including natural enemies. The use of pine terpenes would be advisable only if priorizing to maximize removal of vectors. While this research has lead to the development a new, highly attractive commercial lure for mature pine sawyers, none of the tested blends were successful in attracting immature pine sawyer adults. Further investigation is needed to develop attractants for these beetles.     

Host tree resistance influencing pheromone production in Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Analyses of volatiles in hindguts of Ips typgraphus males from different spruce trees and attack phases are reviewed. The composition of monoterpenes, and the chirality of α-pinene, have been determined in phloem samples. Relationships between compounds emanating from spruce trees and bark beetles, respectively, have been studied. Male beetles depend on their host tree for the production of pinene alcohols. The ratio between the pinene alcohols is almost constant in males boring in the same tree but can vary widely between males from different spruce trees. Very good correlations were found between some host tree monoterpene hydrocarbons and bark beetle produced pinene alcohols. The production of the essential pheromone component 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, was not correlated with the monoterpene content in the host trees, while the production of the other essential pheromone component, cis-verbenol, depends on the amount of the precursor, (−)-α-pinene in the phloem. Male beetles boring in a resistant spruce tree will continue to produce the pinene alcohols, including cis -verbenol, as long as the tree defends itself with resin.