宁夏杂草稻的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系分析

以宁夏杂草稻、选育品种、地方品种共143份水稻种质为试验材料,进行主要农艺性状的的表型鉴定评价,并利用24对SSR引物进行不同类型水稻种质的遗传多样性比较、遗传相似性和聚类分析。表型评价表明,宁夏杂草稻表现为矮秆和早熟,表型变异范围较大;多数杂草稻种皮呈红色,颖壳呈秆黄色,均落粒。SSR标记分析结果,共检测到141个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数目变异在3~11个,平均为5.8333个;Nei's基因多样性指数变幅为0.2241~0.8065,平均为0.5219。杂草稻种质的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon指数均高于选育品种和地方品种。在不同来源杂草稻群体中,来自吴忠和永宁东河的杂草稻Nei's基因多样性指数最高,分别为0.4912和0.4814,而来自青铜峡的杂草稻Nei's基因多样性指数最低,为0.2802。相似性分析表明,杂草稻与地方品种高度相似,相似系数高达0.9585,而杂草稻与选育品种的相似性较低,其相似系数为0.4584;选育品种与地方品种的相似系数只有0.3560。聚类分析表明,参试材料分为3个类群,其中选育品种单独聚类于第Ⅰ类群,其遗传背景明显区别于杂草稻和地方品种;第Ⅱ类包括大部分杂草稻和地方品种,不同来源杂草稻及地方品种间分布比较均匀;第Ⅲ类是由小部分杂草稻和地方品种组成。宁夏杂草稻的分布没有明显的区域性,宁夏杂草稻与地方品种高度融合且遗传相似性很高。     

宁夏不同年代水稻品种的遗传多样性比较

对宁夏不同阶段主栽水稻品种(系)的主要农艺性状比较表明,第1阶段(1950-1962年)宁夏地方品种与第2阶段(1978-1989年)、第3阶段(1990-1999年)、第4阶段(2000-2005年)、第5阶段(2006-2012年)、第6阶段(2010-2013年)育成品种(系)的农艺性状差异显著,说明通过育种手段宁夏水稻品种的主要农艺性状得到了改良;从第2阶段到第6阶段的变化趋势为生育天数变长,有效穗数减少,穗长、穗粒数、单株粒重、单穗粒重、产量等增加,说明产量性状的育种改良从穗数型向穗粒兼顾型或穗重型发展。利用48对SSR引物对76份宁夏不同年代水稻品种(系)进行遗传多样性分析表明,共检测出290个等位基因,每个位点等位基因变幅为3~15个,平均6.04个;稀有等位基因有109个,占等位基因总数的37.59%;多态信息含量(PIC)变异范围为0.1423~0.8783,平均为0.5512;Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)的变幅为0.1492~0.8945,平均为0.6032。RM333、RM297、RM249、RM501和RM206引物表现为较高的等位基因数和稀有等位基因数,认为较适合应用于宁夏水稻品种的遗传多样性检测。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,6个不同阶段间遗传变异占总体变异的19.27%,各阶段内品种间的遗传变异占总体变异的80.73%。参试水稻UPGMA聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数(GS)为0.805处可将其划分为5大类群,12个地方品种都被聚为第Ⅰ类群,具有外来引进血缘的8个常规粳稻品种被聚为第Ⅱ类群,5个优质常规粳稻被聚为第Ⅲ类群,第Ⅴ类群包括2个大穗高产品种,49个宁夏常规粳稻选育品种被聚为第Ⅳ类,说明大多数宁夏水稻品种的亲缘关系较近。6个不同阶段品种聚类分析,第1阶段(地方品种)独聚一类,第2、第3、第4阶段与第5、第6阶段育成品种亲缘关系相对较远;表明不同年代宁夏水稻遗传多样性有较大差异,2005年后宁夏水稻品种的遗传多样性趋于变小。宁夏水稻育种中应加强国内外种质资源的引进和利用,深入挖掘宁夏稻区地方品种和杂草稻资源的有利基因,拓宽宁夏水稻品种的遗传基础,以促进宁夏水稻育种的快速发展。     

我国陆地棉基础种质遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析

利用398对BNL、JESPR、TMB等SSR引物,对不同亲本来源、不同选育时期、不同种植生态区的43份陆地棉基础种质进行了遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析。扩增产物用8％的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶检测,银染观察并照相。遗传多样性带型分析按位点多态信息量（PIC）,Shannon-weaver多样性指数（H^＋）等方法,利用NTSYSpc2．1软件计算品种间的遗传相似系数（Jaccard系数）,并用类平均法（UPGMA）进行聚类。结果表明所选择多态性引物分布在棉花基因组的第3、4、5、8、9、10、16、18、20、23号等染色体上,36对多态性引物在基础种质中扩增等位基因130个,其中多态性等位基因占80％,每个引物扩增等位基因2～8个,平均3．6个,PIC为0．278～0．865,平均0．62,基因型多样性（H^＋）为0．451～2．039,平均1．102,基础种质问SSR遗传相似系数平均为0．610,变幅为0．409～0．865,这说明所选基础种质基因组水平的多样性较丰富,变化范围大、代表性强。按品种不同选育时期来讲,第一、二、三期基础种质的SSR分子标记平均遗传相似系数分别是0．587、0．630、0．630,说明现代基础种质比早期基础种质在基因组水平的差异呈下降的趋势,可能是由于育种者偏重于使用优质高产性状的亲本品种,致使我国棉花的育种基础逐渐变窄。不同棉区基础种质SSR标记性状差异大,北部特早熟棉区基础种质间的SSR标记的多样性大于黄河、长江棉区,主要原因是长江、黄河棉区的育种过分强调高产、优质品种选育,品种间的差异变小;基础种质中的国内品种SSR相似系数（0．624）比引进品种（0.85）高,说明国内品种在遗传多样性上目前还没有超越国外品种。总之,我国棉花现代基础种质比早期基础种质的遗传多样性呈下降的趋势,黄河、长江主产棉区基础种质的遗传多样性还没有超过国外基础种质,品种间的遗传背景较为狭窄,还必须采用多种途径丰富我国棉花种质资源的遗传多样性。     

地中海地区稻种资源的籼粳分类及遗传多样性

利用SSR标记及程氏综合指数法分析了109份从地中海引进的水稻种质资源的遗传多样性和籼粳类型,同时利用籼粳测交法分析了其中37份资源的籼粳亲和性.结果表明,大部分引进的水稻种质属粳稻类型,基于SSR聚类、程氏综合指数法分析所确定的粳型品种数分别占引进种质的80.73%和77.98%,基于籼粳亲和性分类所确定的粳型品种数占供试37份资源的75.68%.地中海稻种资源具有较高的遗传多样性,平均有效等位基因数为3.84个,Nei多样性指数平均值为0.482,其中籼稻群与粳稻群的Nei多样性指数分别为0.459和0.340,籼稻遗传多样性高于粳稻.研究结果对于科学引进、合理保存和有效利用国外水稻种质改良国内水稻品种具有指导意义.     

陕棉抗病种质及其衍生品种的遗传多样性与群体结构研究

通过72个分布于棉花全基因组的SSR标记,对54份陕棉抗病种质及其衍生品种的遗传多样性与群体结构进行了分析。结果表明:(1)54份陕棉种质间的遗传相似系数在0.733 3~0.987 2之间,其中材料间相似系数≤0.90的占11.1%,相似系数≥0.95的占55.6%,相似系数在0.90~0.95的占33.3%。(2)72个SSR标记等位基因变异的多态性信息含量(PIC值)在0.04~0.68,平均为0.33。(3)基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类分析显示,在遗传相似系数为0.877时将54个品种分为5类,第Ⅰ类44个品种,第Ⅲ类7个品种,第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类各1个品种。(4)基于数学模型的聚类和群体结构分析显示,54份种质归属于4个组群。研究认为,54份材料间遗传相似系数较大,遗传基础比较狭窄,多样性很低。     

浙江赤霉病抗性不同的大麦地方品种遗传多样性分析

采用SSR标记方法研究了43份对大麦赤霉病有不同抗性的浙江地方品种的遗传多样性。结果显示29对SSR引物在上述品种中共检测到87个等位基因,每对引物等位基因数在2~9之间,平均为3个;平均多态性信息含量（PIC）为0.3509,平均Shannon指数(I)为0.6951,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.4268。品种间的遗传相似系数变幅为0.082~0.986,平均值为0.467。聚类分析将参试品种分为4大类。浙江省地方品种遗传多样性较高,二棱品种的遗传变异明显高于六棱品种;抗和中抗赤霉病品种的遗传变异也较大。聚类结果与品种来源无任何关系;主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果基本一致。     

燕麦种质资源形态学性状的遗传多样性

【目的】燕麦种质资源遗传多样性研究不仅有助于种质资源的收集和评价,而且对燕麦生产和育种具有重要指导意义。【方法】研究对260份燕麦种质资源的20个形态学性状多样性、变异及聚类进行分析,评价其形态学性状的遗传变异水平,明确燕麦种质资源的性状特点与遗传多样性,以期为燕麦种质创新和品种改良提供依据。【结果】260份燕麦种质资源形态学性状间存在广泛的遗传多样性,质量性状的遗传多样性指数以粒色最大(1.53),芒色最小(0.76);12个数量性状呈正态分布,数量性状的遗传多样性指数以千粒重最大(2.03),有效分蘖数最小(1.22),变异系数最大的是有效分蘖数(89.02%),最小的是株高(11.19%)。根据燕麦品种(系)间各性状的遗传差异,聚类分析将供试的260份燕麦种质资源分为6类,其中种质群Ⅰ包括42份材料,可作为种用型育种目标的亲本材料;种质群Ⅱ包括31份材料,可作为选育高产饲草品种的亲本材料;种质群Ⅳ包括41份材料,可作为选育大粒专用型品种的育种材料;种质群Ⅴ包括46份材料,可作为燕麦矮化的亲本材料;而种质群Ⅲ包括46份材料,种质群Ⅵ包括54份材料,这两类种质群材料的综合性状表现不突...     

引进海岛棉种质的SSR遗传多样性分析

利用95对SSR分子标记对56份海岛棉种质进行遗传多样性分析,其中33份来自于俄罗斯,5份来自埃及,2份来自美国,1份来自阿尔巴尼亚,8份来自我国新疆,7份来自我国云南、江苏等地。结果表明,95对SSR引物在56个海岛棉品种中共测出了384个等位基因,其中多态性等位基因296个,占77.1%。每对引物等位基因变幅是2~9个,平均为4.1个。基因多样性指数(H)在0.035~2.931之间,平均为0.879。Shannon信息指数(I)在0.090~4.417之间,平均为1.363。各指数的趋势一致。95对SSR引物的多态性信息含量PIC变幅为0.035~0.926,平均为0.698。56份海岛棉品种两两间的相似系数在0.585~0.952之间,主要集中在0.6~0.8之间,占整个数据的97%,平均遗传相似系数为0.7。从整体上来看,56份海岛棉的遗传相似系数较高,从聚类图上可以看出,以遗传距离为0.69为标准,56份海岛棉品种可分为4类。第1类主要是前苏联海岛棉为主的27份品种,其中来自埃及的吉扎77和来自美国的派字棉以及中239都归到了这一类。第2类较复杂,但主要是以来自新疆的6份海岛棉和来自埃及的吉扎系列的4份为主。第3类包括8个品种,主要是来自于前苏联的6个品种、来自于新疆的巴3116和河北的冀B91-45。第4类只有来自于前苏联的L-8007,独自成一类。研究结果表明SSR作为一种共显性标记,尤为适用于海岛棉及其亲本的系谱分析及鉴定。因而,SSR标记技术可以为海岛棉育种实践工作中的亲本选配,提供可靠的分子水平上的依据。     

粤糖系列甘蔗亲本表型性状遗传多样性分析

为了解粤糖系列甘蔗亲本遗传关系,提高粤糖系列甘蔗亲本的利用效率,本研究利用35个表型性状对106份粤糖系列甘蔗亲本和10份中国主栽甘蔗品种进行了遗传多样性、聚类分析等研究。结果表明,粤糖系列甘蔗亲本平均多样性信息指数、基因多样性指数分别为0.782±0.082、0.438±0.039,遗传多样性水平较高。叶片宽度和曝光后茎色多样性非常丰富。遗传相似性系数变幅在0.388~0.829,基于遗传相似性系数的聚类分析将参试材料分成2个大类群6个亚类群及5个亚亚类群。20世纪80年代粤糖亲本多样性指数最高,基于遗传距离的聚类分析将7个群体分为3个类群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),中国主栽甘蔗品种单独成为一个类群。以上结果为甘蔗遗传育种亲本的选择、杂交组合配制及核心种质构建提供帮助。     

宁夏89份粳稻种质遗传多样性的SSR分析

选用分布于水稻12条染色体上的47对引物对宁夏89份粳稻种质材料进行SSR分析,以探讨宁夏粳稻品种的遗传多样性水平.结果表明,(1)47个位点上共检测到204个具有多态性的等位片段,每对引物检测出2～9个多态性片段,平均为4.16个;(2)聚类分析显示,89份材料的相似系数为0.63～0.91,平均为0.79.在相似系数0.718处聚为8个类群.研究表明,宁夏粳稻种质之间的相似性较高,遗传差异较小,遗传背景比较单一.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.