4种不同演替阶段森林群落物种组成和多样性的比较研究

通过空间变化代替时间差异和样方法等手段,对浙江省马尾松林针叶（针叶林）、马尾松针阔叶混交林、中龄常绿阔叶林和近熟常绿阔叶林4种不同演替阶段森林群落的物种组成和多样性、群落间相似性进行了研究。结果表明,23个样地共记录维管植物53科105属170种。随着演替的进行,群落物种数、各层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数基本上呈现先下降后上升的趋势,并以针阔叶混交林最低,估计跟先锋物种的消失和后期物种的出现这一更替有关。随着演替的进行,各群落间的Jaccard相似性系数逐渐降低,其中针阔叶混交林和中龄常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最高,马尾松与近熟常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最低。群落主成分分析也得出相似的结果。群落之间的差异主要体现在物种组成尤其是乔木层的组成上;针阔叶混交林是物种丰富度和物种多样性较低的一个群落,但它与其它群落间的相似性较高,并已储存了常绿阔叶林中的大部分物种,对演替起着承前启后的作用。     

关帝山次生林区典型森林交错带物种多样性研究

森林交错带富于高的生物多样性。应用Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数,研究了关帝山次生林区森林交错带中处于不同演替阶段的群落物种多样性动态特征,同时对交错带内群落与相邻群落的物种多样性特怔进行了对比分析。结果表明：处于森林演替不同阶段的交错带,在由阔叶林、针阔叶混交林到针叶林的演替过程中,Shannon－Weiner多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均表现出单峰变化趋势,在演替中后期的针阔叶混交林阶段,指数值最高。Simpson优势度指数则表现出凹形变化．不同于多样性、丰富度指数,在演替中后期,达到最低值。Pielou均匀度指数表现出下降趋势。交错带内群落与相邻群落相比,Shannon－Weiner多样性指数较高,具有高的物种多样性,边际效应表现为正效应。Margalef丰富度指数变化与Shannon－Weiner多样性指数变化不一致,只在一定程度上证明了边际正效应的影响。两指数共同反映出研究地区的森林交错带内群落具有较高的物种多样性。     

广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中的群落动态

对黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中的群落结构、物种组成及物种多样性变化的研究结果表明：在皆伐裸地恢复阶段最初的２～４ 年,先锋种、阳生性种及中生性种的幼苗同时大量出现于次生裸地上;演替至１０ 年时,群落中先锋种的数量占绝对优势,阳生性种保持稳定,中生性种趋于减少;针阔叶混交林阶段,先锋种趋于减少,阳生性种趋于增加;阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段,先锋种基本衰退,而阳生性种占绝对优势,同时中生性种趋于增加;演替至中生性常绿阔叶林阶段,阳生性种逐渐消退,中生性种的数量占优势。皆伐裸地恢复阶段为群落垂直结构的形成期,仅有Ⅲ级以下立木,乔木层无明显分层,群落的个体密度无明显变化;由恢复阶段进入针阔叶混交林初期为群落垂直结构分化期,群落中出现大量Ⅲ、Ⅳ级立木,乔木层可分为３ 个亚层,但群落的个体密度因自疏作用而显著下降;针阔叶混交林阶段为群落垂直结构的相对稳定期,Ⅴ级立木多度和胸高断面积呈演替系列的第一个高峰,同时群落的个体密度显著增大;阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段为群落垂直结构的变动期,群落中Ⅴ级立木多度和胸高断面积大幅度下降,个体密度无明显变化;中生性常绿阔叶林阶段为群落垂直结构的稳定期,群落中各立木级趋于更加完善,胸高断面积达到演     

四川彭州市的鸟类多样性

通过2018—2019年的7次野外调查,结合白水河国家级自然保护区红外相机调查、历史文献和标本记录等数据,统计出四川省彭州市分布有鸟类17目62科341种,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类26种,四川省重点保护野生鸟类15种,中国特有鸟类18种。留鸟180种,夏候鸟86种,冬候鸟40种,旅鸟35种。在繁殖鸟中,东洋界种类179种,古北界种类56种,广布种31种。物种丰富度最高的为居民农田区和阔叶林;阔叶林与居民农田区、针叶林与针阔混交林、阔叶林与针阔混交林的鸟类群落相似性最高;水域与针叶林、高山灌丛草甸的相似性最低。本研究填补了彭州市鸟类多样性调查的空缺,为彭州市及周边区域的鸟类及生物多样性的保护、监测提供了基础资料。     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究 Ⅱ演替系列的群落α多样性特征

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样性指数在锐齿栎混交林、锐齿栎林阶段呈下降趋势。不同演替阶段不同生长型的多样性指数变化规律为：在演替的初期,草本层多样性指数＞灌木层＞乔木层;在混交林阶段,这３个不同生长型的多样性指数相差无几,乔木生长型稍占优势;在锐齿栎混交林和锐齿栎林阶段,灌木生长型的物种多样性最大,草本次之,乔木生长型的物种多样性则迅速降低。首次利用群落各生长型的叶层相对厚度和相对盖度作为加权参数,对群落总体的物种多样性指数进行了测度,结果表明,这种加权处理是比较合理的。     

浙江古田山常绿阔叶林演替序列研究:群落物种多样性

采用较为成熟的“空间差异代替时间变化”的研究方法,应用相邻格子样方法调查了16个典型样地,利用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson生态优势度指数计算了浙江古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林演替序列4种群落的物种多样性。结果表明,从针叶林到针阔叶混交林、木荷林和甜槠林的演替过程中,4种群落乔木层的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.9670、2.4975、2.6140和2.4356,呈现先增大后变小的趋势;灌木层物种多样性以针阔叶混交林最高,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.8625;针叶林的草本层Shannon-Wiener指数为1.5334,高于其它3种群落。在群落的垂直结构中,演替序列中的针叶林、针阔叶混交林、甜槠林物种多样性均表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层,而木荷林物种多样性大小则表现为乔木层>灌木层>草本层。演替过程中,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性的变化幅度以草本层最大,H、JSW、JSI、D的变异系数分别为0.1572、0.0806、0.0899和0.1884;灌木层变化幅度最小,其H、JSWJ、SI、D的变异系数分别为0.0482、0.0385、0.0142和0.1553。     

四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区鸟类物种及垂直多样性研究

2016年12月—2018年6月采用样带法和样点法对四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查,根据调查并结合相关文献记录,统计出保护区分布有鸟类268种,隶属17目56科。其中,留鸟146种(54.5%)、夏候鸟91种(34.0%)、冬候鸟18种(6.7%)、旅鸟13种(4.9%),以繁殖鸟为主。繁殖鸟类中,以东洋界物种为主(67.5%)。保护区的珍稀濒危鸟类物种数量较多,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类16种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ1种、附录Ⅱ12种;列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)3种、近危(NT)2种;中国特有种14种。各生境类型中的鸟类丰富度为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌丛及灌草丛>高山灌丛草甸>水域;针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林之间的鸟类群落结构相似性最高,水域与其他生境的最低。保护区鸟类物种丰富度在2600~3000m的中海拔地区最高,在高海拔和低海拔较低,物种垂直分布呈中峰模式。本研究丰富了保护区和凉山山系的鸟类资料,为鸟类垂直多样性研究提供了重要案例。     

石灰岩山地淡竹林演替序列的群落物种多样性

为探明石灰岩山地淡竹林演替的物种多样性变化及其驱动因子,采用空间代替时间的方法,分析了江西省瑞昌市淡竹林演替序列的淡竹纯林、竹阔混交林和阔叶林3类群落15个样地的物种组成、多样性指数和环境因子。结果表明,从淡竹纯林演替至竹阔混交林、阔叶林过程中:(1)群落的种、属和科的数目逐渐增加,而群落相似性系数降低;(2)木本和草本植物多样性均渐次升高,阔叶林与竹纯林相比有显著差异,但草本植物的Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数以混交林最高,群落类型间差异不显著;(3)全群落和草本物种丰富度、草本Shannon指数与土层厚度和裸岩率有较密切关系,而与土壤养分、水分含量等因子无显著相关。分析认为,石灰岩山地淡竹林至阔叶林的演替过程中,土壤的累积和质量改善可能是推动演替过程多样性升高的重要因素,这在石灰岩地区的植被恢复工作中需予重视。     

广东车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟群落组成和结构

2006年11月-2007年4月,用网捕法对广东车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟群落的组成和结构进行了研究.共张网1781.3h·网,捕到23种309只鸟,分属3个目10个科.林下鸟主要以雀形目为主,灰眶雀鹛(Alcippe morrisonia)和灰树鹊(Dendrocitta formosae)为优势种.从食性上看,车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟以食虫鸟为主,网捕到的食虫鸟共13种143只,食虫鸟占整个网捕鸟种类的56.5%、鸟数量的46.3%.车八岭常绿阔叶林中画眉科鸟类占有高的比例.     

四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性

鸟类多样性是区域生物多样性价值和保护管理成效评价的重要指标。2015—2019年利用样线法和样点法对四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性进行调查,结合红外相机数据和文献资料,统计出保护区鸟类16目54科286种。其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类3种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类21种。世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录列为濒危的1种、易危3种、近危2种;划分的5类生境(常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林和亚高山灌丛或草甸)中,鸟类多样性最高的是常绿阔叶林,其次是常绿落叶阔叶混交林,最低的是亚高山灌丛或草甸。群落组成相似性结果显示,针阔混交林与亚高山针叶林中的鸟类群落相似性最高;鸟类多样性的垂直分布格局呈中峰模式,峰值出现在海拔1 600～2 400 m。建议保护区加强对珍稀鸟类和迁徙鸟类的调查监测力度,增加对重点生境的巡护,加强在保护区周边乡镇的宣传力度,提高当地居民的生态保护意识。     

Temporal variation in the influence of forest succession on caterpillar communities: A long‐term study in a tropical dry forest

Forest succession can influence herbivore communities through changes in host availability, plant quality, microclimate, canopy structure complexity and predator abundance. It is not well known, however, if such influence is constant across years. Caterpillars have been reported to be particularly susceptible to changes in plant community composition across forest succession, as most species are specialists and rely on the presence of their hosts. Nevertheless, in the case of tropical dry forests, plant species have less defined successional boundaries than tropical wet forests, and hence herbivore communities should be able to persist across different successional stages. To test this prediction, caterpillar communities were surveyed during eight consecutive years in a tropical dry forest in four replicated successional stages in Chamela, Jalisco and Mexico. Lepidopteran species richness and diversity were equivalent in mature forests and early successional stages, but a distinctive caterpillar community was found for the recently abandoned pastures. Species composition tended to converge among all four successional stages during the span of eight years. Overall, our results highlight the importance of both primary and secondary forest for the conservation of caterpillar biodiversity at a landscape level. We also highlight the relevance of long‐term studies when assessing the influence of forest succession to account for across year variation in species interactions and climatic factors. Abstract in French is available with online material.     

松材线虫侵袭引发的植被演替对鸟类群落的影响

松材线虫(Bursaphelenchusxylophilus)是引起严重森林病害的外来物种,可能导致森林生态系统急剧退化。为了探讨在松材线虫侵袭所引起的森林演替过程中植被结构变化对鸟类群落的影响,我们研究了这些常绿阔叶演替林中的鸟类群落结构。2004年5–6月,我们在浙江省宁波市选择了分别处于3个不同演替阶段的7个样地:包括象山县被松材线虫侵袭5年后的常绿阔叶灌丛和侵袭12年后的常绿阔叶林样地各3个,同时在天童国家级森林公园选择了约40龄的常绿阔叶林样地1个。结果显示,在常绿阔叶灌丛和松材线虫侵袭12年后的常绿阔叶林中,鸟类物种多样性和丰富度均显著高于约40龄常绿阔叶林;3类栖息地的鸟类多度、均匀度均无显著差异;在侵袭12年后的常绿阔叶林中鸟类群落最丰富。多元回归分析结果显示,立地年龄是影响鸟类群落组成的主要因素。     

Secondary succession and breeding bird community structure: Patterns of resource utilization

Summary Structure of breeding bird communities was compared among four habitat types representative of stages present in most old-field successions in the eastern deciduous forest formation of North America. The successional catagories, defined by vegetational structure, were designated herbaceous (type A habitats) herb, shrub and sapling (type B), young forest (type C), and older forest (type D). Density of breeding birds was lowest in A habitats, rose sharply in B habitats and reached a maximum in D habitats. Species richness and number of feeding guild showed similar patterns. Mean number of species per guilds was highest in D habitats. Generalist feeding guilds were predominant in type A and B habitats, primarily due to the importance of the graminivore-insectivore guild. Specialist guilds increased in importance with succession due to addition of several insectivorous guilds in later successional stages. Patterns of occurrence of individual feeding guilds are analyzed and discussed with respect to changes in vegetational structure. Variance in community structure was generally highest in A habitats and lowest in D habitats; this is discussed in relation to the evolution of saturated, coadapted communities.     

Patterns in woody species diversity, richness and partitioning of diversity in forest communities of tropical deciduous forest biome

The regressive succession model hypothesizes tropical savanna-woodlands to be a degraded stage of primary deciduous forests. Species diversity, richness and evenness of woody species in savanna-woodlands, secondary deciduous forests and mature deciduous forests of central India were compared to test if the regressive succession explained pattern in species richness, diversity, functional diversity and basal area. At the plot scale (0.1 ha) secondary deciduous forests and savanna-woodlands had similar species diversity, a pattern not consistent with the regressive model of deciduous forest succession, and mature deciduous forests had greater species diversity and richness (p<0.05). When examined at a larger scale or community scale by pooling all plots within a community type, the trend in diversity persisted even with greater effort allocated to sampling of secondary deciduous forests. Species richness at the community scale was greatest in secondary deciduous forest as expected from species area relationship. The communities shared 28 woody species but the species composition was significantly different between the communities. I suggest that conservation of tropical deciduous forests based on regressive succession model is problematic.     

大兴安岭森林火烧后不同演替阶段土壤细菌多样性动态

【目的】研究我国最大的林区之一——大兴安岭森林火烧后不同演替阶段土壤细菌多样性动态,为天然林保护工程对于生物多样性的影响增添新的认识。【方法】以空间替代时间的方法分析大兴安岭森林演替对于土壤细菌多样性动态的影响。大兴安岭森林火烧后典型的自然演替序列为火烧迹地(LG-BA)、灌丛(SHR)、白桦林(BP)、白桦落叶松混交林(BP-LG)、落叶松林(LG-OM)。在演替序列的每个典型样地上采集0-10 cm土样,采用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌群落组成及其多样性。【结果】细菌操作分类单位(OTU)数量从少到多的顺序为火烧迹地落叶松白桦混交林灌丛落叶松林白桦林。随着森林演替,多样性指数Simpson先增高后降低;Shannon指数先增加后减少再增加;OTU的丰度变化比较平缓,表明物种变化较小。在各演替阶段中,土壤细菌种类主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),4个门的种类含量随演替顺序都呈现先增加后减少的趋势。主成分分析表明不同演替阶段土壤细菌群落存在一定的差异性。冗余分析表明有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和p H对于土壤细菌群落变化有影响。【结论】随着森林演替,大兴安岭地区土壤细菌种类和生物多样性会发生变化,其变化与土壤化学成分和p H有关。     

Plant diversity patterns in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests of Yunnan and Taiwan

The subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests of Yunnan and Taiwan were compared along environmental and successional gradients with the aim of identifying important taxon and species diversity as well as the drivers of mountain biodiversity patterns. A detrended correspondence analysis of an exhaustive set of data collected from 105 and 223 plots for Yunnan and Taiwan, respectively, was applied to classify natural mature forest types. Additional data from 72 and 68 plots for Yunnan and Taiwan, respectively, were used for analyses of secondary succession. The floristic richness and diversity index were calculated for each type of forest. In Yunnan, the monsoon forests in mesic-humid sites had more taxa and tended to show higher species diversity than the other two forest types. In Taiwan, species diversity values were significantly higher in the Machilus–Castanopsis zone in the middle altitudes (500–1500 m) than for the other three forest zones. For both Yunnan and Taiwan, the forests at the middle successional stage showed significantly higher species diversity than those at the early successional stage. Differences in diversity between the middle and late stages were not significant. These findings highlight the high species diversity of the natural mature evergreen broad-leaved forests of both Yunnan and Taiwan. In the secondary forests, as succession proceeds, species diversity comes to resemble that of the natural mature forests. In both ecosystems, the drivers of species diversity patterns are moisture, altitude, and succession/disturbance.     

秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究

应用物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数、Ａｌａｔａｌｏ均匀度指数研究了太白山弃耕地植物群落次生演替过程中的群落α多样性动态特征,结果表明,群落在由一年生草本植物群落阶段向多年生草本植物群落、灌丛、混交林阶段的演替过程中,群落多样性指数逐渐上升,至混交林阶段达到最高值。若以分布在这一垂直地带的代表性森林群落锐齿栎林为演替进一步发展的方向,则由多样     

Succession Influences Wild Bees in a Temperate Forest Landscape: The Value of Early Successional Stages in Naturally Regenerated and Planted Forests

In many temperate terrestrial forest ecosystems, both natural human disturbances drive the reestablishment of forests. Succession in plant communities, in addition to reforestation following the creation of open sites through harvesting or natural disturbances, can affect forest faunal assemblages. Wild bees perform an important ecosystem function in human-altered and natural or seminatural ecosystems, as they are essential pollinators for both crops and wild flowering plants. To maintain high abundance and species richness for pollination services, it is important to conserve and create seminatural and natural land cover with optimal successional stages for wild bees. We examined the effects of forest succession on wild bees. In particular, we evaluated the importance of early successional stages for bees, which has been suspected but not previously demonstrated. A range of successional stages, between 1 and 178 years old, were examined in naturally regenerated and planted forests. In total 4465 wild bee individuals, representing 113 species, were captured. Results for total bees, solitary bees, and cleptoparasitic bees in both naturally regenerated and planted conifer forests indicated a higher abundance and species richness in the early successional stages. However, higher abundance and species richness of social bees in naturally regenerated forest were observed as the successional stages progressed, whereas the abundance of social bees in conifer planted forest showed a concave-shaped relationship when plotted. The results suggest that early successional stages of both naturally regenerated and conifer planted forest maintain a high abundance and species richness of solitary bees and their cleptoparasitic bees, although social bees respond differently in the early successional stages. This may imply that, in some cases, active forest stand management policies, such as the clear-cutting of planted forests for timber production, would create early successional habitats, leading to significant positive effects for bees in general.