昆虫胆碱酯酶测定方法综述

<正> 胆碱酯酶(Cholinesterase,ChE)可以分成两类:一类是乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE),又称真胆碱酯酶;另一类是丁酰胆碱酯酶(Butyrylcholinesterase,BuChE),又称假胆碱酯酶。在昆虫中主要是AChE,因此这里介绍的测定方法主要是针对AChE。昆虫的AChE测定方法很多,主要有测压法、测pH法、比色法(分光光度法)、荧光法、同位素法和电化学法等。以下就一些常用的方法作一简单介绍。     

几种有机磷杀虫剂使家蝇中毒后对真、假胆碱酯酶的抑制作用

本文用测压法研究了敌百虫、乐果、酰脲磷对家蝇体内外真胆碱脂酶(AChE)、假胆碱酯酶(φChE)的抑制效能与中毒征状的关系,并以N-甲基氨基甲酸苯酯进行了比较。所得结果表明,所用药剂对家蝇的中毒征状与对AChE和φChE的抑制情况紧密相关,而对AChE的抑制作用比对φChE的抑制作用大:其原因可能是由于AChE的磷酸化程度大于φChE。不同药剂对酶的最大抑制作用虽有所不同,但同一种药剂使两种酶受抑制的最高峰出现在同一时间,并且都在家蝇中毒昏迷时出现。 此外,AChE及φChE在被各种药剂在体内抑制后,经一定时间,出现恢复现象,但对于不同药剂,恢复出现的时间不同。恢复现象的产生,可能是由于酶的重新形成,或磷酸化酶的水解。 由体外抑制的结果(pI₅₀)与体内处理结果的比较,表明了体内外的抑制情况非常一致。     

日本三角涡虫神经系统的AChE组化定位

日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)是探索再生机理常用的模式动物之一.本实验利用乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)组织化学定位整体日本三角涡虫神经系统,对其方法做了改进,取得理想效果.结果表明:1)日本三角涡虫的AChE阳性(DjAChE+)神经系统结构由中枢神经及其分支神经...     

吡喹酮对日本血吸虫的皮层、合体细胞、卵黄细胞和肌纤维的超微结构的影响

近年来的研究结果表明,血吸虫的皮层不仅吸附宿主的抗原,借以产生“伴随免疫”,使其不受宿主的免疫攻击而得以生存(Smithers等,1969;Smithers和Terry,1976;Goldring等,1977);同时,许多营养物质如葡萄糖、氨基酸、嘌呤碱和嘧啶碱等亦主要是从皮层摄人的(Fripp,1967;Chappel,1974;Asch等,1975;Levy和Read,1975;Rogers和Bueding,1975),故血吸虫的皮层不仅具有防御的功能,而且在其生理活动过程中亦具有     

卫氏并殖吸虫童虫神经系统结构的胆碱酯酶组织化学定位

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的组织化学定位,被广泛用于显示动物神经组织中胆碱能神经细胞的存在。现已证明,多种蠕虫神经组织存在 AChE 活性。关于卫氏并殖吸虫(Paragonimus westermani)神经系统结构的较完整资料尚未见报道。为此,我们用 AChE 整体组织化学定位的方法,对卫氏并殖吸虫童虫神经系统结构进行了研究,报告如下。     

血吸虫的组织化学研究进展(一)碳水化合物、蛋白质、核酸、脂类及无机成分的组织化学研究

在人们急需对血吸虫作全面、深入地了解,以便对血吸虫病提出切实可行的防治对策的今天,应用组织化学(简称组化)方法研究血吸虫,正日益受到国内外学者的重视。通过这方面的研究,不仅能在一定程度上阐明血吸虫的代谢状态和生理功能,而且有助于了解抗血吸虫药物作用的机制;有助于对有关血吸虫病免疫学机理的探讨。同时,组化研究资料将对血吸虫生活史各期的体外培养起指导作用,亦可为寻找抗血吸虫新药与血吸虫疫苗提供线索。     

抗性小菜蛾的乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性

用FAO推荐的点滴法测定了小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(Linn.)对马拉硫磷和西维因的抗药性,并对抗性?和敏感(S)小菜蛾幼虫的胆碱酯酶(ChE)的性质、活性、动力学和抑制作用进行了研究.广州天河、上海梅陇的小菜蛾对马拉硫磷的抗性分别是江西南昌种群的113.8和27.4倍;它们对西维因的抗性是》3.1倍.R幼虫ChE对乙酰胆碱(ATCh)、丙酰胆碱(PrTCh)和丁酰胆碱(BuTCh)的活性分别是S幼虫的0.3、0.7和9.9倍;它们的V_max分别是0.4、1.4和7.0倍;K_m分别是209.1,87和37.8倍.毒扁豆碱、西维因、对氧磷、敌敌畏和残杀威对R幼虫AChE的抑制中浓度I₅₀,分别是S幼虫的333.3,66.7,17.2,12.5和10.0倍.对氧磷、敌敌畏、残杀威和西维因对R幼虫的双分子速率常数K₁,分别是S幼虫的126.4,86.5,32.9和12.3倍.由此可见,AChE敏感度降低是小菜蛾对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯产生抗性的主要机理之一.本文中还讨论了防治抗性小菜蛾的策略.     

水螅AChE和NPY类似物的定位

乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)组织化学定位方法常用于研究动物的神经系统,但迄今未见水螅AChE分布定位的相关报道。本文使用免疫细胞化学、组织化学和亚甲基蓝活染方法,探索AChE、NPY类似物在水螅上的连续分布状态,对阳性标本进行内胚层、外胚层人工分离手术,并与亚甲基蓝染色结果进行比较。本文首次成功地在水螅上定位出AChE,展示了AChE、NPY类似物在水螅上的分布特点。AChE定位在水螅体柱和触手基部外胚层的近外表,呈网状结构,正常水螅上没有发现明显的阳性神经细胞,外胚层表面受损部位内有阳性神经细胞,我们认为是一种临时的生理现象。成熟刺丝囊的刺针内有AChE 产物。NPY免疫组织化学反应(NPYIR)在水螅外胚层近外表处上均有分布,呈网状结构。垂唇和近基盘处NPYIR最强,NPYIR神经细胞仅存在于垂唇和近基盘处的外胚层基部。刺丝囊分化、发育初期NPYIR较强。随刺丝囊发育成熟而逐渐减弱。最后,进行了分析和比较,认为NPY、AChE来源于上皮细胞。水螅刺丝囊的分化和发育与NPY的作用密切相关;刺丝囊发射刺丝的机理与胆碱能的作用可能有联系     

大鼠尾壳核衰老变化定量分析：Ⅰ,乙酰胆碱（Ach）系统

应用二异丙基氟磷酸(DFP)控制的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)药物组化染色显示大鼠尾壳核AChE。图像分析系统测定结果表明:老年大鼠(26—27月龄)尾壳核内胆碱能神经元面积、数目及AChE合成速率均较成年大鼠(3—4月龄)减小。这些现象可能是衰老大鼠尾壳核胆碱能神经元功能障碍的生物学基础。     

凸形假单胞菌对钉螺的杀灭作用

日本血吸虫病是流行在我国南方一些省(市)的一种严重疾病。从1966年开始,我们开展利用微生物杀灭日本血吸虫的中间宿主钉螺的研究。1967年从活田螺体内分离出一株Thp1菌株,1971年又从自然死亡率高达48%     

Organization of the nervous system in Opisthorchis viverrini investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical study

The structure and organization of the nervous system has been documented for various helminth parasites. However, the neuroanatomy of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini has not been described. This study therefore investigated the organization of the nervous system of this fluke using cholinesterase activity, aminergic and peptidergic (FMRFamide-like peptides) immunostaining to tag major neural elements. The nervous system, as detected by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) reaction, was similar in newly excysted metacercariae, migrating juveniles and adult parasites. In these stages, there were three pairs (dorsal, ventral and lateral) of bilaterally symmetrical longitudinal nerve cords and two cerebral ganglia. The ventral nerve cords and the cerebral ganglia were well-developed and exhibited strong AchE reactivity, as well as aminergic and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. Numerous immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were observed around the inner surface of the ventral sucker. Fine FMRFamide-like peptides immunopositive nerve fiber was rarely observed. Overall, the organization of the nervous system of O. viverrini is similar to other trematodes.     

Nervous system in Olveria indica, a rumen paramphistome (Digenea) of bovines, as revealed by non-specific esterase staining

On the basis of esterase localization the complete nervous system has been visualized in Olveria indica Thapar & Simha, 1945, a paramphistome from the rumen of cattle, recorded for the first time from the north-east region of India. The basic number of posterior longitudinal nerves (i.e., 3 pairs) is the same as in other paramphistomes; four pairs of anterior longitudinal nerves are present, there being an extra pair of pharyngeal nerves. Conspicuous differences in the innervation patterns were observed, mainly in the innervation of the genital atrial region and acetabulum. The presence of prominent longitudinal connections, joining the anterior and posterior dorsal nerves and the anterior and posterior ventral nerves on either side, is a feature not hitherto found in other paramphistome species. The details of the course of all the nerves and their branches are discussed.     

A histochemical study of the distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in sensory ganglia and nerve roots of the bullfrog

Synopsis Histochemical techniques were employed for the localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc; EC 2.3.1.6.), acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and cholinesterase (ChE; EC 3.1.1.8) activities in dorsal and ventral roots and dorsal root ganglia of the bullfrog. AChE activity was present in most of the neuronal elements of dorsal root ganglia, in some nerve fibres in the dorsal roots, and in all nerve fibres in ventral roots. ChE activity in dorsal root ganglia and in the dorsal roots was confined to non-neuronal elements. No ChE activity was demonstrable in the ventral roots. ChAc activity was localized in many neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and in some nerve fibres of the dorsal roots; however, none of the ventral root fibres were visibly reactive. Some supportive cells of the dorsal roots and ganglia contained small amounts of ChAc activity. Except for the ventral roots, the histochemical distribution of AChE and ChAc activity was similar. The results of solubility studies indicated that under the histochemical conditions, approximately 50% of the ChAc remained bound to the dorsal roots and ganglia, whereas more than 90% of the ChAc in the ventral roots was soluble. This would account for the lack of reactivity in ventral root fibres. Differences in ChAc solubility are discussed in relation to the interpretation of histochemical data and in relation to the concept of multiple forms of ChAc. The results of this study indicate that at least one-third of the neurons of the dorsal root ganglia contain significant levels of the enzymes involved in both the synthesis and hydrolysis of acetylcholine.     

Glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence in the nervous system of Gyratrix hermaphroditus (Kalyptorhynchia,Polycystididae)

Catecholamines (CAs) are found in the neuropile of the brain, in 3 pairs of longitudinal nerve cords, in the transverse ventral commissure, in anterior ventral and dorsal nerves, in two pharyngeal nerve rings and in 24 neurons in the nervous system of Gyratrix hermaphroditus. The CA distribution pattern in compared with those of other neuroactive substances. Homology of neurons in the family of Polycystididae and in Plathelminthes in general is discussed.     

Central nervous system of Chaetoderma japonicum (Caudofoveata, Aplacophora): implications for diversified ganglionic plans in early molluscan evolution

The organization of the central nervous system of an "aplacophoran" mollusc, Chaetoderma japonicum, is described as a means to understand a primitive condition in highly diversified molluscan animals. This histological and immunocytochemical study revealed that C. japonicum still retains a conservative molluscan tetra-neural plan similar to those of neomenioids, polyplacophorans, and tryblidiids. However, the ventral and lateral nerve cords of C. japonicum are obviously ganglionated to various degrees, and the cerebral cord-like ganglia display a lobular structure. The putative chemosensory networks are developed, being composed of sensory cells of the oral shield, eight precerebral ganglia, and eight neuropil compartments that form distinct masses of neurites. In the cerebral cord-like ganglia, three anterior, posterior, and dorsal lobes are distinguished with well-fasciculated tracts in their neuropils. Most neuronal somata are uniform in size, and no small globuli-like cell clusters are found; however, localized serotonin-like immunoreactivity and acetylated tubulin-containing tracts suggest the presence of functional subdivisions. These complicated morphological features may be adaptive structures related to the specialized foraminiferan food in muddy bottoms. Based on a comparative scheme in basal molluscan groups, we characterize an independent evolutionary process for the unique characters of the central nervous systems of chaetoderms.     

Neuromusculature of Gyrodactylus rysavyi, a monogenean gill and skin parasite of the catfish Clarias gariepinus

Phalloidin fluorescence technique, enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy were used for the first time to describe the nervous and muscle systems of the viviparous monogenean parasite, Gyrodactylus rysavyi inhabiting the gills and skin of the Nile catfish Clarias gariepinus. The body wall muscles are composed of an outer layer of circular fibres, an intermediate layer of paired longitudinal fibres and an inner layer of well-spaced bands of diagonal fibres arranged in two crossed directions. The musculature of the pharynx, intestine, reproductive tract and the most prominent muscles of the haptor were also described. Two characteristic muscular pads were found lying in the anterior region of the haptor in close contact with the hamuli. To each one of these pads, a group of ventral extrinsic muscles was connected. The role of this ventral extrinsic muscle in the body movement was discussed. The mechanism operating the marginal hooklets was also discussed. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of paired cerebral ganglia from which three pairs of longitudinal ventral, lateral and dorsal nerve cords arise. The nerve cords are connected at intervals by many transverse connectives. The CNS is better developed ventrally than dorsally or laterally and it has the highest reactivity for all neuroactive substances examined. Both the central and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are bilaterally symmetrical. Structural and functional correlates of the neuromusculature of the pharynx, haptor and reproductive tracts were explained. The results implicated acetylcholine, FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) and serotonin in sensory and motor function. The results were compared with those of the monogeneans Macrogyrodactylus clarii and M. congolensis inhabiting the gills and skin respectively of the same host fish C. gariepinus.     

CLSM analysis of the phalloidin-stained muscle system in Nerilla antennata, Nerillidium sp. and Trochonerilla mobilis (Polychaeta; Nerillidae)

The entire muscle system of Nerilla antennata, Nerillidium sp. and Trochonerilla mobilis was three-dimensionally reconstructed from whole mounts. In juvenile and adult specimens the F-actin musculature subset was stained with FITC-conjugated phalloidin and visualized with a confocal laser scanning microscope (cLSM). The muscle system shows the following major organization: 1) circular muscles are totally absent in the body wall; 2) the longitudinal muscles are confined in two ventral and two dorsal thick bundles; 3) additional longitudinal muscles are located in the ventro- and dorsomedian axis; 4) three segmental pairs of ventral oblique muscles elongate into the periphery: the main dorsoventral muscles that run along the body side posterior and dorsally and the anterior and posterior oblique parapodial muscles, which contribute to the ventral chaetal sacs; 5) one segmental pair of dorsal oblique parapodial muscles, contributing to the dorsal chaetal sacs; 6) five to seven small dorsoventral muscles per segment; and 7) complex head and pharyngeal musculature. These results support the belief that absence of circular muscles in the polychaete body wall is much more widely distributed than is currently presumed.     

Musculature and nervous system of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Gnathostomula peregrina</Emphasis> (Gnathostomulida) shown by phalloidin labeling,immunohistochemistry, and cLSM,and their phylogenetic significance

Musculature and nervous system of Gnathostomula peregrina (Gnathostomulida, Scleroperalia) were reconstructed from whole animals by immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The F-actin muscular subset, stained with FITC-labeled phalloidin, consists of: (1) eleven pairs (four ventral, one ventrolateral, one dorsolateral, five dorsal) of longitudinal muscles; (2) two types of diagonal muscles (thin fibers throughout the body, and slightly thicker fibers of which seven pairs occur ventrally and two pairs dorsally); (3) evenly spaced thin circular fibers that gird the posterior half of the body, continuing less prominently into the anterior half; and (4) a complex pharyngeal and genital musculature. Dorsoventral muscles are absent. The organization of the FMRFamidergic nervous system shows: (1) a central nervous system with a frontal ganglion and one pair of longitudinal nerves ending in a terminal commissure, and one median ventral nerve; (2) eight to ten unipolar perikarya above, and up to ten bipolar perikarya in front of the brain; (3) a total of five (one unpaired, two paired) longitudinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system with two to four accompanying perikarya; and (4) a buccal ganglion of the stomatogastric nervous system with six to eight perikarya above the pharyngeal bulbus. Our results reveal the musculature and nervous system of Gnathostomula to be more complex than hitherto reported.     

Tracheation of abdominal ganglia and cerci in the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera,Gryllidae)

Patterns of tracheation in the abdominal central nervous system and the cerci of Acheta domesticus are described from whole mounts, and light and electron microscopy. The tracheal supply of the ganglia is derived from ventral longitudinal tracheal trunks which have segmental connections to the spiracels. Each abdominal ganglion is served by a single pair of tracheal trunks, except the terminal ganglion, which has two pairs. Within the ganglia, tracheoles occur principally in association with glia-rich areas of the neuropile. We suggest that the respiratory exchange may be concentrated in the cell bodies of neurons and glia. Each cercus has a tracheal supply in paralle with a large air sac which, it is suggested, serves to lighten the cercus, functions as a resonator for sound reception, or facilitates tidal flow of hemolymph and postecdysial expansion of the cercus. No tracheae run continuously between ganglia or between the terminal ganglion and the cerci, and they do not appear to have a potential role as a contact guidance pathway for cercal nerve growth.     

Distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system of the dog

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were determined in 23 selected parts of the dog CNS and 4 parts of the peripheral nervous system. Maximum ChAT activity was found in the caudate nucleus and the ventral roots of the spinal cord. High activity was also present in the thalamus, the pons, the cerebral cortex, the medulla oblongata, the ventral spinal horns and the sciatic nerve. The lowest activity was measured in the cerebellum, the dorsal cord roots and the spinal ganglia. Maximum AChE activity was found in the caudate nucleus and the cerebellum. Relatively high activity was also present in the thalamus, the pons, the medulla oblongata, the grey matter of the spinal cord and the spinal ganglia. The lowest AChE activity was measured in the ventral and dorsal spinal roots.