海口城市土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评估

对海口城市土壤重金属含量、空间分布特征与赋存形态进行了研究,并评估了其生态风险。结果表明,海口城市土壤重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为0.073、3.82、0.25、26.7、92.4、52.5、29.1和84.1 mg·kg-1。与海口土壤背景值相比,海口城市土壤明显富集重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn,受到一定程度重金属污染。Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd和Zn元素主要在郊区富集,Pb主要在路边绿化带中富集,Hg主要在生活区富集。海口城市土壤中Zn、As、Cr、Cu和Ni以残渣态为主,Hg主要以强有机态和残渣态存在,Pb主要以铁锰氧化态和残渣态存在,而Cd则主要以生物可利用态为主。生态风险评价结果显示,海口城市土壤重金属综合生态风险属于微弱水平,但Cd和Hg污染应引起重视。     

鄂尔多斯地区公路沿线土壤重金属形态与生物有效性

采用TessierA连续提取法对鄂尔多斯地区公路沿线土壤重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr）化学形态进行了测定。同时对土壤pH值、重金属含量和公路绿化植物重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、As和Se）含量进行了分析，对该区域重金属的生物有效性与潜在生态风险进行预测。结果表明：土壤重金属有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu，与重金属元素在绿化植物中含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非完全趋于一致。不同公路段土壤重金属与其不同形态存在较大的变幅。公路沿线表层土壤中重金属的有效态占其总量为G109（东胜-准格尔段）15．7％～46．1％，G210（达拉特-东胜段）8．0％-40．9％，G109（东胜-鄂托克段）9．1％～33．9％，而且以有机态和Fe—Mn氧化结合态的比例较大，为各元素有效态的主要形态特征。Cu在不同植物不同器官中的含量较高，可能在鄂尔多斯地区特定环境条件下随植物的蒸腾拉力、水分和营养盐运移的生理生态作用下使其在植物体中富集。土壤重金属Zn的有效态含量较高，而残渣态含量低，须特别注意其对区域生态系统的潜在影响。     

海口城市水体底泥中重金属含量分布、形态特征及环境质量评价

分析了海口市19 个水体59 个底泥样品中重金属的含量和形态, 并进行环境质量评价。结果表明: 海口城市周边水体底泥的Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd 元素含量高于市区底泥; 而Hg、Pb、Zn 元素含量分布则表现出市区高于周边的规律。As 未表现出空间差异。海口底泥中Cu、Pb、Zn 以残渣态为主(占40%左右); Cr、Ni、Hg、As 四种元素以残渣态为主(占60%以上); Cd 元素形态则以离子交换态为主(占30%以上), 除残渣态之外的其余形态所占比例和高于80%。环境质量评价结果表明, 海口城市底泥中As、Cd、Cu 三种元素的含量较低, 基本上符合海洋沉积物质量(GB18668-2002)一、二级标准。而Cr、Ni 和Hg、Zn、Pb 五种元素含量稍高, 周边底泥中Cr、Ni 两元素含量符合或超过三级标准, 市区底泥中Hg、Zn、Pb 元素含量分别符合二、三或超三级标准。     

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）、小叶杨（Populus simonii）及其根际土壤中重金属元素（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr）和类金属元素（As和Se）含量以及根际土壤重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr）形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明：绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn〉Cu〉Ni,Cr,As,Pb〉Cd〉Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn〉Pb〉Ni、Cr〉Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn〉Cu〉Ni、Cr、As、Pb〉Cd〉Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。     

贵州兴仁煤矿区农田土壤重金属化学形态及风险评估

为了解煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况,采集了贵州省兴仁县某典型煤矿区农田土壤样品64份,测定了土样中重金属(As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni)总量及各形态含量,采用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法(Hkanson法)和风险评估编码法(RAC)对研究区主要土壤利用类型(水稻土、薏米地、植烟土和菜园土)中重金属进行潜在生态风险评估和环境风险评价.结果表明： 不同利用类型土壤中重金属含量除Zn外,其他元素均明显超过贵州省背景值.单因子指数法评价结果表明,As、Pb、Hg和Cu污染较为严重,均属重度污染.形态分析表明,土壤中重金属形态构成差异明显,酸可提取态As、酸可提取态Cd所占比例较高;Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni主要以残渣态为主;Pb主要以可还原态和残渣态为主;而Hg的酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态均占有相当比例,三者之和大于55%.重金属可利用度大小顺序为:As(63.6%)>Hg(57.3%)>Cd(56.4%)>Pb(52.5%)>Cu(45.7%)>Zn(32.8%)>Ni(26.2%)>Cr(13.2%).潜在生态风险指数表明,各类型土壤潜在生态风险(RI)〖JP2〗为:菜园土(505.19)>薏米地(486.06)>植烟土(475.33)>水稻土(446.86),均处于较高风险.风险评估编码法结果显示,As在水稻土、薏米地及植烟土中均处于高风险,在菜园土中处于中等风险;Cd、Hg均处于中等风险,Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni均处于低风险.因此,对该区域农田土壤进行管控时应重点考虑As、Cd和Hg污染.     

稻麦轮作下水稻土重金属形态特征及其生物有效性

在成都平原稻麦轮作下86个土样中重金属全量和各形态含量分析的基础上,采集分析相应点位上种植的主要粮食作物小麦和水稻籽粒的重金属含量,通过描述性统计分析、相关性分析及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤中重金属的形态分布特征及其生物有效性。统计分析结果表明：土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn各形态含量的分配顺序为：残渣态〉有机物结合态〉铁锰氧化物结合态〉碳酸盐结合态〉可交换态,而Cd各形态含量的分配顺序为：铁锰氧化物结合态〉残渣态〉碳酸盐结合态〉有机物结合态〉可交换态。若以活性态（非残渣态含量）而论,Cd的活性最高,Cr的活性最低。除Cr外,各元素全量与各活性形态之间的关系较为密切。土壤中全Cd含量与4种活性形态Cd含量间的相关性均达极显著水平;Cu、Zn全量分别与其铁锰氧化物和有机物结合态含量,Pb全量分别与其可交换态和铁锰氧化物含量间的相关系数达显著或极显著水平。用卫生部颁布的食品中重金属限量卫生标准评价稻麦籽粒重金属累积情况,其结果表明,小麦籽粒（旱作）中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb分别超标14.71%、8.70%、6.50%和17.40%,而水稻籽粒（水作）仅有Pb和Cd含量超标10.90%和8.70%。不同形态重金属对水稻和小麦籽粒中重金属累积的影响效应不同，从多元线性回归方程的回归系数来看：稻一麦籽粒中Cd含量受到土壤中各活性形态Cd含量的影响。除铁锰氧化态Cd和有机物结合态Cd含量分别对小麦和水稻籽粒中Cd的累积表现出负效应外，其余均为正效应。可交换态Cu含量对稻-麦籽粒Cu累积的效应最大，其次受碳酸盐结合态Cu含量的影响。稻一麦籽粒Pb含量的累积受土壤各活性态Pb含量影响效应的差异不甚明显。稻-麦籽粒Zn含量与土壤各活性态Zn含量间无显著线性关系。     

鸟粪对同里湿地公园土壤重金属及其形态的影响

为了解鸟粪对同里湿地公园土壤重金属全量及形态转化的影响,测定了公园内有鸟粪土壤、无鸟粪土壤、鸟粪沉积物的理化性质,Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn全量及其形态分布,并进行统计分析。结果显示:同里湿地公园土壤及沉积物p H值平均含量达4.5,N、C、H、S和TP平均含量分别达到3.69、38.07、10.97、0.52、1.43g/kg,有鸟粪土壤中N、C、H和S含量显著高于无鸟粪土壤。Cu、Zn、Co平均含量呈现出鸟粪沉积物有鸟粪土壤无鸟粪土壤;Cr的平均含量表现为鸟粪沉积物无鸟粪土壤有鸟粪土壤;Ni呈现出有鸟粪土壤鸟粪沉积物无鸟粪土壤。总体上,鸟粪的进入增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Co、Ni含量。因此应及时清理土壤上覆鸟粪,降低对当地重金属污染风险。相对于无鸟粪土壤中不同重金属形态的分布,有鸟粪土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Zn的活性态占全量的百分比均略有下降,非活性态呈上升趋势。鸟粪的加入,虽然会在一定程度上降低活性态重金属占总量的比例,但因总量和活性态含量均上升,向植物系统的迁移量会呈现增加趋势,因此对鸟粪施肥再利用应慎重。     

沣河沿岸土壤和优势植物重金属富集特征和潜在生态风险

测定陕西省沣河沿岸32个土壤样品和16个优势植物样品中Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn和Ni 6种重金属元素的含量,并结合数据统计与GIS制图,对土壤和植物中重金属的空间分布、富集特征及潜在风险进行分析。结果表明沣河中下游沿岸土壤和植物中Cr、Mn、Pb、Zn和Ni含量空间分布呈明显富集。土壤中Cr、Mn和Pb的几何均值分别为92.1、611.1和32.9 mg/kg,均高于陕西省土壤元素背景值;植物中Mn、Zn含量在正常范围内,Cr、Cu、Ni含量部分超标,Pb含量整体较高,地上部分对Pb的积累量达到15.5 mg/kg,约为正常情况下的7.8倍。本研究中马齿苋、艾蒿、芦苇和水蓼四种植物生物量大,对这六种重金属富集能力均较强,可作为该地区耐重金属植物。沣河沿岸土壤和植物中重金属污染值得关注。     

江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价

为了研究江苏省典型区地震带农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染,在具有代表性的农田采集收获期小麦及耕层土壤,分析和评价了土壤和小麦中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Zn的含量及污染程度。结果表明,土壤样品中Cd、Zn、Pb的含量均超过江苏省土壤背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni和As分别有25.64%、97.44%、92.31%和92.31%的土壤样品中超过江苏省土壤背景值,Hg的含量均在背景值以下;与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)中Ⅱ级标准相比,Cd的含量均超出标准限值,其它7种重金属元素含量均在标准限值以下。土壤中重金属相关分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As具有相同的来源的可能性较大,而Hg与Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As的来源均不相同。以NY 861—2004为评价标准,小麦籽粒Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni、As样品超标率分别为100%、58.97%、33.33%、10.26%、2.56%,Cu、Zn和Cd没有样品超标,由此可见小麦籽粒中Pb的污染最为严重。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态评价指数法以国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)和江苏省土壤背景值为参比值,对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,从单项污染指数来看只有Cd达到重度污染水平,其它元素均在安全范围以内,从综合污染指数来看土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平,从潜在生态评价指数法来看,研究区域表现为很强的生态危害,并以Cd为主要污染因子。     

城市绿化树种香樟不同器官对土壤重金属的富集特征

为了了解不同土壤重金属浓度梯度及污染梯度下香樟不同器官的富集特征,测定了香樟树叶、树枝、树干和根际土壤中6种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni)的含量.结果表明: 香樟地上部分重金属含量因器官、元素种类、根际土壤重金属浓度的不同而存在差异.香樟树叶和树枝重金属含量的大小顺序均为:Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni,树干重金属含量为:Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni＞Cu.树叶对Mn的富集系数较高,为2.409;树干对Ni的富集系数较高,分别为树叶、树枝的8.6和17倍,且在不同土壤重金属浓度梯度下,香樟树干对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的富集系数均明显高于其他器官.香樟地上部分器官对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni 6种重金属元素的综合富集能力大小顺序为:树叶＞树干＞树枝.随着土壤重金属污染等级的增加,香樟地上部分各器官的富集系数均逐渐降低.研究区域平均胸径为22 cm的单株香樟对重金属元素富集效能的大小顺序为:树叶＞树干＞树枝,其中树干对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的积累量均显著高于树叶和树枝.表明香樟对6种重金属元素均有一定的富集能力,并且树干对Pb和Ni的富集效能明显,分别占地上部分总积累量的82.7%和91.9%,能很好地富集并稳固土壤中的Pb和Ni,可作为修复治理土壤重金属污染的备选树种.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.