角雉属分类地位的探讨

角雉属Tragopan两性羽色不同,雄性具有艳丽的装饰性羽毛,这与一般雉族Phasianini相似;而尾较翅为短,尾羽的换羽从中央到外侧,这些特征又与鹑族Perdicini各属相同,形态特征上角雉属被划为鹑族.通过PCR扩增鸡形目Galliformes黄腹角雉Tragopan caboti等10个属19个个体的线粒体DNA细胞色素b的部分基因,获取片段长度为828bp,以及从GenBank获取22种样本的相应序列,以角叫鸭Anhima cornuta和海龟Kachuga dhongoka为外群,分别用邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)和最小进化法(Minimum-evolution,ME),对鸡形目和将雉科的15个属分为5个属及雉族和鹑族构建分子系统树,NJ和ME系统树中,都是角雉与雉类相聚.角雉出现形态解剖与基因分析分类地位的不一致,说明雉和鹑可能不是单系群.同时我们认为雌雄的色泽区别比尾羽的长短和换羽方式在对雉和鹑形态特征分类时更为重要.从分子水平分析的结果都是角雉属与雉聚类.因此角雉归为雉族更合理.     

雪鸡属分类地位探讨

以5种鸡形目鸟类,包括4个藏雪鸡Tetraogallus tibetanus、12个喜玛拉雅雪鸡T.himalayensis、1个阿尔泰雪鸡T.altaicus、1个石鸡Alectoris chuckar和1个斑翅山鹑Perdix dauurica为材料.通过P(永扩增线粒体细胞色素6基因513个碱基,同时从GenBank下载25种鸡形目鸟类细胞色素b基因序列.通过对鸡形目24个属线粒体细胞色素b基因序列的分析,结果表明共有214个变异位点,简约信息位点184个.以鸿雁 Anser cygnoides为外群,在运用不同分析方法得到的拓扑结构基础上,构建了最大简约树(MP)和最大似然树(ML),结果表明鸡形目鸟类鹑族和雉族基本上是多系发生的.结合分子钟和遗传信息分析,可以得出雪鸡属在鹑族中形成的时间相对较晚,约在14.6Myr出现石鸡属的祖先种群;而在约12.6Myr属和鹌鹑属开始出现.雪鸡属的祖先足起源于低海拔环境,后来伴随着青藏高原的逐渐降起和更新世冰期事件的发生各自演化形成现今各个种.     

山西历山自然保护区的雉类

１９９０－１９９４年在山西历山国家级自然保护区对雉科鸟类进行了调查研究，已知本区现有本科鸟类七属、七种。其中雉鸡，勺鸡种群数量高，地理分布广；血雉，白冠长尾雉以往文献有记载，但本次调查尚未发现。除斑翅山鹑为冬候鸟外，其余均为留鸟。近年来雉鸡资源遭严重破坏，种群数量日益减少，应制止破坏雉鸡资源的行为。     

基于生物信息学对部分鸡形目鸟类系统发生关系的研究

本研究从GenBank下载了31种鸡形目鸟类、2种雁形目鸟类、1种戴胜目鸟类、1种佛法僧目鸟类和1种犀鸟目鸟类的线粒体16SrRNA基因的部分序列。经比对后序列长度为1384bp,其中有400个变异位点。A+T平均含量为54.2%,C+G平均含量为45.8%。贝叶斯系统发生分析揭示出鸡形目和雁形目分别形成单系。研究表明:(1)珠鸡科是鸡形目中较为原始的一个类群;(2)传统分类中的雉亚科和鹑亚科并非分别形成单系;(3)吐绶鸡科和松鸡科与雉科的亲缘关系较近;(4)孔雀属、Francolinus和Bambusicola之间的亲缘关系较近;山鹑属与多个雉亚科的亲缘关系较近;(5)雉科内各个属的属内分化主要发生于后中新世-更新世期间。     

切叶蚁亚科七属十二种的分子系统学研究

测定了切叶蚁亚科7属12种的线粒体CO1、CO2的部分基因及完整的tRNA_Leu基因DNA序列,对DNA序列进行了分析,对tRNA_Leu 基因进行了二级结构分析;根据DNA序列数据和氨基酸序列数据,以臭蚁亚科的Forelius chalybaeus作为外群,采用最大似然法(ML)、最大简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)、未加权组对算术平均法(UPGMA)构建分子系统树,通过自举检验,得到自举置信水平,以此检验该分子系统树的可靠性。研究结果显示,基于以上基因的分子系统分析与传统分类分析的结果基本一致,且在属级的一致性高于种级的一致性。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列的虹雉属鸟类的系统发育关系

通过雉科虹雉属(Lophophorus)、角雉属(Tragopan)、勺鸡属(Pucrasia)和血雉属(Ithaginis)7种鸟类的细胞色素b(cyt b)基因序列比较,构建的虹雉属及其近缘属的分子系统树表明：①3种虹雉构成一个单系群(monophyletic group),虹雉属与角雉属、勺鸡属构成一个单系群;②虹雉属内分为白尾梢虹雉,以及棕尾虹雉和绿尾虹雉两个演化枝。综合分子系统学、地理分布格局和形态学的证据,推测虹雉属鸟类起源于中国的横断山脉,其中繁衍生活在原地的一枝演化为白尾梢虹雉;另一枝则分别进入喜马拉雅山区(西)和中国西南部(东),向西的演化为棕尾虹雉,向东的则为绿尾虹雉。     

基于核内核糖体小亚基序列的蝗总科系统发育关系分析

用核糖体SSURdna全序列对蝗总科（Acridoidea）进行了分子系统学研究。依据测定的8种蝗虫的SSU Rdna全序列 (平均 1.844 bp),并从GenBank中选取了6种内群种类和2种外群种类的SSU Rdna同源序列,进行序列分析。利用Clustal、MEGA 和 PHYLIP 软件构建分子系统树（距离邻接法Neighbor-Joining,NJ;最小进化法 Minimum Evolution）。结果显示： (1) 蝗总科是一个单系类群;(2) 锥头蝗科（Chrotogonidae）和瘤锥蝗科（Pyrgomorphidea）亲缘关系较近,为蝗总科最原始的类群;(3) 网翅蝗科（Arcypteridae）和槌角蝗科（Gomphoceridae）有较近的亲缘关系; (4) 斑翅蝗科 （Oedipodidae）为最进化的类群; (5) SSU Rdna序列保守性强,转换transition）取代的速率大于或接近颠换（transversion）取代的速率;(6) 在系统树中,总科首先分离,大多数同科不同属的类群以高置信度聚合在一起,说明SSU Rdna序列适合用于蝗总科的系统发育关系分析。     

斑腿蝗科11种蝗虫RAPD带型的变异

采用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)技术研究了斑腿蝗科 8属 11种蝗虫RAPD带型的变异。在 2 3个随机引物中有 8个引物能扩增出清晰而稳定的RAPD带 ,扩增总带数为 148条。带型显示 :科内属间及属内种间多态性普遍存在。利用Nei&Li相似系数和UPGMA聚类法 ,构建斑腿蝗科不同属种的分子系统树。聚类结果显示 :属内的种各自先聚为一类 ,而 8个属间的系统树分为两大分支 ,这两个分支与这些属种的形态特征尤其是翅发达与否完全一致。第一分支的 2个属 (云秃蝗属和小蹦蝗属 )均为前翅退化型 ,第二分支的 6个属 (星翅蝗属、长夹蝗属、素木蝗属、胸斑蝗属、外斑腿蝗属、斜翅蝗属 )都是前翅发达型。     

基于12S rRNA基因的鹳形目系统发生关系

采用分子系统学的方法探讨鹳形目5个科之间的系统发生关系.文中测出鹳形目鸟类7种mtDNA 12SrRNA基因全序列,并结合来自Genbank的鹳形目另外7个物种及原鸡的同源区序列,经Clustal W软件对位排列后共1 009位点,包含405个变异位点,其中多态性位点381个,260个简约信息位点.基于上述序列数据,以原鸡为外群,使用距离邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法及贝叶斯法分别重建了鹳形目5科14种的系统发生树.重建的系统发生树显示,内群中的14个种聚合为4支:鹮科构成第一支,聚在系统树的基部;锤头鹳科与鲸头鹳科聚为一支;鹭科和鹳科各自聚成一支.在比较不同建树方法的结果并进行合意树分析后认为:在鹳形目的系统发生中,鹮科可能是最早分化出的一支;锤头鹳科与鲸头鹳科之间的亲缘关系最近,它们祖先与鹭科、鹳科之间的分歧在时间上可能非常接近.鹳形目5个科之间的系统关系可以表示为:(鹮科,(鹭科,鹳科,(锤头鹳科,鲸头鹳科))).     

蝗总科部分种类Cyt b基因序列及系统进化研究

蝗总科8个科10个种的线粒体DNA细胞色素b(Cyt b）基因部分序列被测定分析,比较同源性,计算核苷酸使用频率并构建NJ分子系统树。在获得的432bp的序列中,A T约占70.4%,其中177个核苷酸位点存在变异（约占41.0%）,DNA一级序列数据显示,该8科蝗虫间DNA序列变异丰富。用日本蚱作外群构建的NJ树表明：瘤锥蝗科较为原始,而癞蝗科与槌角蝗科关系较近,为比较进化的类群,蝗总科8科的起源关系为：瘤锥蝗科→班翅蝗科和锥头蝗科→斑腿蝗科→剑角蝗科→网翅蝗科→槌角蝗科和癞蝗科,上述研究结果与传统形态分类学结论不完全一致,并就此进行了讨论。     

鸡形目鸟类系统发生研究现状

综合形态学、行为学、分子系统发生等方面研究成果,对世界鸡形目鸟类科的系统关系以及属、种间系统发生的研究进展进行了阐述,侧重介绍与我国鸡形目鸟类相关类群的系统发生研究现状。与传统的系统关系比较,新的研究结果主要有:凤冠雉科和冢雉科不再是互为姊妹群;传统分类中的雉族和鹑族被证明并非单源而是多源的;雉族的原鸡属与鹑族的竹鸡属有很近的亲缘关系;灰山鹑、火鸡和松鸡类的系统发生关系可能很近。分子进化的研究表明雉科各属的起源主要集中在上新世。     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the Coturnix chinensis (blue-breasted quail) mitochondrial genome and a phylogenetic analysis with related species

Coturnix chinensis (blue-breasted quail) has been classically grouped in Galliformes Phasianidae Coturnix, based on morphologic features and biochemical evidence. Since the blue-breasted quail has the smallest body size among the species of Galliformes, in addition to a short generation time and an excellent reproductive performance, it is a possible model fowl for breeding and physiological studies of the Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) and Gallus gallus domesticus (chicken), which are classified in the same family as blue-breasted quail. However, since its phylogenetic position in the family Phasianidae has not been determined conclusively, the sequence of the entire blue-breasted quail mitochondria (mt) genome was obtained to provide genetic information for phylogenetic analysis in the present study. The blue-breasted quail mtDNA was found to be a circular DNA of 16,687 base pairs (bp) with the same genomic structure as the mtDNAs of Japanese quail and chicken, though it is smaller than Japanese quail and chicken mtDNAs by 10 bp and 88 bp, respectively. The sequence identity of all mitochondrial genes, including those for 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs, between blue-breasted quail and Japanese quail ranged from 84.5% to 93.5%; between blue-breasted quail and chicken, sequence identity ranged from 78.0% to 89.6%. In order to obtain information on the phylogenetic position of blue-breasted quail in Galliformes Phasianidae, the 2,184 bp sequence comprising NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and cytochrome b genes available for eight species in Galliformes [Japanese quail, chicken, Gallus varius (green junglefowl), Bambusicola thoracica (Chinese bamboo partridge), Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl), Perdix perdix (gray partridge), Phasianus colchicus (ring-neck pheasant), and Tympanchus phasianellus (sharp-tailed grouse)] together with that of Aythya americana (redhead) were examined using a maximum likelihood (ML) method. The ML analyses on the first/second codon positions, the third codon positions, and amino acid sequence consistently demonstrated that blue-breasted quail and Japanese quail are in the same phylogenetic cluster.     

Phylogenetic position of the genus Tetraophasis (Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences

The genus Tetraophasis is endemic to China and the systematic relationships of the genus in Phasianidae based solely on their morphology are not clear. The phylogenetic position of this genus and other genera in Phasianidae was investigated in this study using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (CYT B), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and nuclear ovomucoid intron G (OVO-G). Maximum parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were employed. Comparison between the mitochondrial and nuclear findings suggested that our final combined data had higher resolving power than the separate data. Both separate data and combined data yielded a sister relationship between Tetraophasis and Lophophorus with strong support, which provided new evidence that pheasants and partridges were not monophyletic. In addition, our results indicated a basal position of Ithaginis, but the position of Perdix and Pucrasia were still unresolved. The result of this study provided a phylogenetic background for a revised classification of Galliformes.     

Insertion events of CR1 retrotransposable elements elucidate the phylogenetic branching order in galliform birds

Using standard phylogenetic methods, it can be hard to resolve the order in which speciation events took place when new lineages evolved in the distant past and within a short time frame. As an example, phylogenies of galliform birds (including well-known species such as chicken, turkey, and quail) usually show low bootstrap support values at short internal branches, reflecting the rapid diversification of these birds in the Eocene. However, given the key role of chicken and related poultry species in agricultural, evolutionary, general biological and disease studies, it is important to know their internal relationships. Recently, insertion patterns of transposable elements such as long and short interspersed nuclear element markers have proved powerful in revealing branching orders of difficult phylogenies. Here we decipher the order of speciation events in a group of 27 galliform species based on insertion events of chicken repeat 1 (CR1) transposable elements. Forty-four CR1 marker loci were identified from the draft sequence of the chicken genome, and from turkey BAC clone sequence, and the presence or absence of markers across species was investigated via electrophoretic size separation of amplification products and subsequent confirmation by DNA sequencing. Thirty markers proved possible to type with electrophoresis of which 20 were phylogenetically informative. The distribution of these repeat elements supported a single homoplasy-free cladogram, which confirmed that megapodes, cracids, New World quail, and guinea fowl form outgroups to Phasianidae and that quails, pheasants, and partridges are each polyphyletic groups. Importantly, we show that chicken is an outgroup to turkey and quail, an observation which does not have significant support from previous DNA sequence- and DNA-DNA hybridization-based trees and has important implications for evolutionary studies based on sequence or karyotype data from galliforms. We discuss the potential and limitations of using a genome-based retrotransposon approach in resolving problematic phylogenies among birds.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the phasianidae reveals possible non-pheasant taxa

The phylogenetic relationships of 21 pheasant and 6 non-pheasant species were determined using nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis were used to try to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within Phasianidae. Both the degree of resolution and strength of support are improved over previous studies due to the testing of a number of species from multiple pheasant genera, but several major ambiguities persist. Polyplectron bicalcaratum (grey peacock pheasant) is shown not to be a pheasant. Alternatively, it appears ancestral to either the partridges or peafowl. Pucrasia macrolopha macrolopha (koklass) and Gallus gallus (red jungle fowl) both emerge as non-pheasant genera. Monophyly of the pheasant group is challenged if Pucrasia macrolopha macrolopha and Gallus gallus are considered to be pheasants. The placement of Catreus wallichii (cheer) within the pheasants also remains undetermined, as does the cause for the great sequence divergence in Chrysolophus pictus obscurus (black-throated golden). These results suggest that alterations in taxonomic classifications may be required for some pheasant species and genera.     

大头蛙和脆皮大头蛙线粒体3个基因的测定及两栖类亲缘关系研究

现存的两栖类系统发生关系一直存在争议,特别是3个目间的亲缘关系。本文设计了5对引物,扩增和测定了大头蛙和脆皮大头蛙线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因和Cytb基因的全序列。在对所测序列进行分析的同时,基于3个基因全序列的相加数据,运用MEGA 3.1和PHYLIP 3.64软件中的NJ法、MP法和ML法,对两爬类17个物种,以鱼类非洲肺鱼为外群,重建出3个树形完全一致的分子系统树。研究结果显示:现存两栖类中无尾目和有尾目为姐妹群关系,并推断有尾目内小鲵科和隐鳃鲵科亲缘关系较近。此外,在研究两栖类系统发生关系方面,作者分析前人研究中产生两种不同观点的可能原因,同时总结了在此类研究中产生偏差的几种影响因素。     

太湖新银鱼m tDNA COII和Cytb基因的克隆与序列分析

设计了5对特异性引物,扩增、拼接并测定出太湖新银鱼线粒体tRNAAsp-COII-tRNALys和tRNAGlu-Cytb-tRNAThr两段基因序列片段。基因定位和序列分析发现,太湖新银鱼线粒体COII基因全序列长度为691 bp,序列AT含量为52.80%,编码230个氨基酸;线粒体Cytb基因序列全长为1141 bp,AT含量为48.90%,它编码380个氨基酸。分别位于线粒体COII和Cytb基因两翼的4个tRNA基因(tRNAAsp、tRNALys、tRNAGlu和tRNAThr)同时被测定出来。将太湖新银鱼与有明银鱼、小齿日本银鱼的同源序列进行比对分析,并基于线粒体COII Cytb基因合并数据的核苷酸和氨基酸两种序列形式,以黑斑蛙为外群,对10种鱼类进行分子系统树的构建,结果一致表明:小齿日本银鱼与有明银鱼的亲缘关系近于太湖新银鱼;鲱科与鲑科的亲缘关系近于银鱼科鱼类;此外在本研究硬骨鱼类的4个科中,白鲟科作为原始而古老的类群,是在系统进化的过程中首先分化出来的一支。     

鸟类核型研究Ⅶ.雉科10种鸟类

本文报道了雉科10种鸟的核型,并依据核型的DNA比较数据提出了对雉科中亚科分类的新观点。     

Polychromatisme et polymorphisme biochimique chez cinq espèces de phasianidés

A correspondence between egg shell polychromatism and polymorphism of egg white proteins is presented and discussed in five related species of Phasianidae: Coturnix coturnix japonica, Lophortyx californica, Perdix perdix, Alectoris rufa and Phasianus colchicus.