植物内生真菌产多糖类天然产物研究进展

植物内生真菌作为一类重要的微生物资源,不仅可在植物组织内生活且不引起植物病变,还能产生大量具有活性的天然产物。植物内生真菌多糖作为一类重要的大分子天然产物,越来越多证据表明其具有重要的研究价值。植物内生真菌的来源、培养和发酵,植物内生真菌均一多糖的理化性质和结构特征等都与其多糖的生理活性密切相关。为此,从菌株选择、培养条件、多糖分离纯化、理化特征、生物活性和对植物的作用等方面对植物内生真菌多糖的研究进行了综述,以期为植物内生真菌多糖的生理生化作用、开发等深入研究提供参考。     

鬼毛针多糖对小鼠细胞免疫功能影响的实验研究

20世纪80年代后多种真菌多糖的抑瘤活性被发现以来,真菌多糖作为一类新型药物引起越来越多的关注,成为一个非常活跃的研究领域。目前已证实多种真菌多糖可以通过激活T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、活化巨噬细胞和NK细胞、激活补体、调节细胞因子分泌等对免疫系统发挥多方面的调节活性[     

食药用真菌多糖对肿瘤免疫逃逸调节作用机制研究进展

食药用真菌多糖是食药用真菌的主要天然生物活性成分,可以从多层次、多靶点调节机体的免疫功能,被认为是一种天然免疫调节剂。此前食药用真菌多糖抗肿瘤机制研究集中在提升机体的免疫力达到抑制肿瘤的目的,但近年的研究表明它可以调节肿瘤微环境,恢复机体对肿瘤以及肿瘤微环境的监视能力,提升机体对肿瘤微环境的特异性免疫应答能力,进而达到充分发挥其抑制和杀伤肿瘤的功能。我们课题组前期研究中也发现食药用菌多糖可以正向调节肿瘤小鼠外周血免疫细胞数量,促进免疫细胞浸润到肿瘤微环境中帮助机体识别及杀伤肿瘤细胞,改善肿瘤微环境免疫状态。本文在我们团队的研究工作的基础上,结合国内外文献总结食药用真菌多糖作为免疫调节剂在抑制肿瘤免疫逃逸中的生物活性,结合肿瘤微环境探讨其与肿瘤免疫的关系、作用机制和在肿瘤治疗中的作用,以期为食药用真菌多糖免疫治疗提供新思路。     

药用昆虫多糖的研究进展

中医以昆虫入药,在两千多年里积累了丰富的临床经验。近年来,随着天然药物研究技术不断的发展,昆虫多糖的生物学活性被不断发现,人们对于药用昆虫多糖的研究也越来越广泛和深入。本综述通过查阅近年来有关药用昆虫多糖的资料文献,从提取分离、结构研究、药理活性三个方面总结、分析了近年来有关药用昆虫多糖的研究成果,希望可以为相关研究人员提供借鉴。目前,昆虫多糖提取分离的方法包括水提醇沉法、碱液提取法和酶解法。尽管药用昆虫多糖的结构研究报道较少,但已发现,昆虫多糖的结构比植物多糖和真菌多糖更复杂,大多为蛋白聚糖,组成的单糖种类较多。昆虫多糖具有多种药理活性,在免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗血栓及抗过敏等方面作用突出。     

真菌来源的药用天然产物

天然产物及其衍生物,包括基于天然产物药效基团结构设计的化合物,约占临床药物的50%以上。几个世纪以来,真菌天然产物的药用价值闻名于世。无论从市场前景还是人道主义角度,真菌来源的小分子药物都具有极高的应用价值。本篇综述总结了真菌天然产物在临床上的应用,并以他汀类药物的研发历程揭示了真菌来源小分子是化学合成药物研发的重要灵感源泉。本篇综述涵盖了真菌来源的药物小分子,包括天然药物、相关衍生物以及结构修饰药物。     

药用真菌桑黄(phe ili nu s sP . )抗癌功能的研究进展

桑黄（phellinus sp．）是一种近年来由韩国、日本兴起开发的稀有药用真菌,有着很好的抗癌效果。本文主要从提高机体免疫、抑制癌转移、调节药物代谢酶等多个角度,着重介绍桑黄多糖和小分子天然产物的抗癌功效和机理,并提出了以后桑黄抗癌药物深入开发的研究方向。     

真菌多糖免疫活性的研究进展*

自从真菌多糖抑瘤活性被发现以后,真菌多糖引起越来越多的关注,成为一个非常活跃的研究领域。人们发现,真菌多糖具有复杂的生物活性和功能,其中,最主要的活性就是免疫调节活性,作为一种免疫调节剂真菌多糖已广泛应用于免疫性缺陷疾病、自身免疫病和肿瘤等疾病的临床治疗。本文对近年来真菌多糖免疫活性的研究作一综述,以期为真菌多糖的研究与开发提供参考。 1真菌多糖的免疫活性 真菌多糖中具有明显免疫活性的种类很多,目前研究的比较多的有香菇多糖（Lentinan）、银耳多糖（Tremellan）、金针菇Flammulina velutipes Curt.Sing.…     

多糖-药物轭合物的研究与展望

多糖类物质作为赋形剂在药物制剂中已被广泛使用,多糖结构中包含了多种活性基团如羟基、羧基、氨基等,具有良好的亲水性、生物可降解性以及生物安全性,使其在聚合物-药物轭合物的构建中成为理想的载体材料.目前天然的多糖大分子及其衍生物作为药物载体的研究方兴未艾,以多糖为载体的聚合物-药物轭合物在定位或靶向给药、组织工程、生物黏附等领域也备受关注.本文以天然多糖-药物轭合物的研究现状为切入点,总结归纳了多糖-药物轭合物的设计与构建途径,介绍了其在药物传递中的应用,讨论并分析了多糖在轭合物体系中的角色和发挥的作用,对以多糖为载体的聚合物-药物轭合物发展的方向予以了讨论.     

真菌多糖抗氧化活性的研究进展

真菌多糖的抗氧化作用目前正成为国内外众多学科领域研究的热点之一,对真菌子实体多糖、菌丝体多糖和胞外多糖的抗氧化活性研究现状进行了综述,并对其研究前景进行了展望,旨在为真菌多糖的进一步研究和利用提供参考.     

复合药用真菌多糖抗肿瘤活性的研究进展

复合药用真菌多糖中各单一多糖的结构与活性之间具有互效性,在营养和药理作用方面呈现互补性、协调性和增效性,且复合药用真菌多糖具有全面的免疫调节、抗肿瘤等生理活性和保健功能。我们以单一药用真菌多糖抗肿瘤研究结果为对象,对比分析了复合药用真菌多糖抗肿瘤的机制与功效,揭示了复合药用真菌多糖在生命科学、食品科学和医药科学等领域的应用价值。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.