灵武长枣果实质膜和液泡膜H~+-ATPase和H~+-PPase活性与果实糖分积累

以不同发育时期灵武长枣(Ziziphus jujuba cv.Lingwuchangzao)的果实为材料,通过测定与分析果肉组织中细胞质膜、液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性、果实糖分含量变化,研究了灵武长枣果实质膜、液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性与糖积累特性的关系。结果表明:(1)果实第二次快速生长期之前主要积累葡萄糖和果糖,之后果实迅速积累蔗糖,葡萄糖和果糖含量则逐渐下降,成熟期果实主要积累蔗糖。(2)在果实发育的缓慢生长期S1,质膜H+-ATPase活性最低;第一次快速生长期,质膜H+-ATPase活性最高;缓慢生长期S2,其活性降低;第二次快速生长期,质膜H+-ATPase活性升至次高;完熟期,质膜H+-ATPase活性下降幅度较大。(3)在果实发育过程中,液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性的变化趋势相似。缓慢生长期S1,液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性较低;从缓慢生长期S1至第一次快速生长期缓慢下降至最低;从第一次快速生长期开始,液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性呈现为逐渐增高的变化趋势;除第二次快速生长期以外,液泡膜H+-PPase活性始终高于H+-ATPase。由此推测,质膜H+-ATPase和液泡膜H+-ATPase、H+-PPase对灵武长枣果实糖分的跨膜次级转运起到重要的调控作用。     

灵武长枣果实ATPase超微细胞化学定位和功能研究

采用ATPase超微细胞化学定位技术,研究灵武长枣果实不同发育阶段韧皮部和果肉库薄壁细胞ATPase分布特征,以明确灵武长枣果实ATPase超微细胞化学定位特征和功能。结果显示:(1)第一次快速生长期SE/CC复合体与周围的薄壁细胞有丰富的胞间连丝,形成共质体连续,韧皮部薄壁细胞之间有丰富的胞间连丝,ATPase反应物在韧皮部各细胞分布较少。(2)缓慢生长期ATPase反应物在韧皮部各细胞分布逐渐增加。(3)第二次快速生长期SE/CC复合体与周围的薄壁细胞缺乏胞间连丝,形成共质体隔离,韧皮薄壁细胞及果肉库薄壁细胞的胞间连丝较少,囊泡和膜泡在筛管、韧皮薄壁细胞和库薄壁细胞中很丰富,质膜、液泡膜、囊泡膜、细胞壁和胞间隙的ATPase活性较高。研究表明,果实在第一次快速生长期同化物从筛分子的卸出主要采取共质体途径,缓慢生长期同化物卸出时可能为共质体和质外体途径共存,第二次快速生长期则主要以质外体途径为主,证明果实不同发育阶段韧皮部同化物卸出路径存在差异。     

枸杞果实ATP酶超微细胞化学定位研究

运用常规ATP酶超微细胞化学定位技术,对宁夏枸杞果实发育不同阶段的韧皮部和果肉库薄壁细胞ATP酶分布进行了观察研究.结果显示,在果实发育过程中SE/CC复合体与周围韧皮薄壁细胞间存在共质体隔离,韧皮薄壁细胞及果肉库薄壁细胞的胞间连丝较少,但是与果肉库薄壁细胞相邻的韧皮薄壁细胞的胞间连丝较多.囊泡和膜泡在筛管、韧皮薄壁细胞和库薄壁细胞中很丰富,并且质膜、囊泡膜、液泡膜上ATP酶沉淀物在韧皮部各细胞分布较少,在果肉库薄壁细胞分布较多,特别是在果实第二次快速生长期,果肉库薄壁细胞膜系统、细胞壁和胞间隙的ATP酶活性剧烈增强.此外,果肉库薄壁细胞的质膜ATP酶具极性分布特点.由此得出,枸杞果实韧皮部卸载是一种需要能量驱动的过程,其卸载途径主要以质外体途径为主,在从韧皮部向果肉库薄壁细胞卸出时可能为共质体和质外体途径共存.膜泡运输是枸杞果实同化物卸出和转运的重要方式,而韧皮薄壁细胞在同化物卸出和转运过程中承担了主要转运角色;果肉库薄壁细胞进行主动和定向卸载、积累同化物的能力很强.     

细胞原生质层的透性测定法

一个正常的完全生长的植物细胞,具有大的中央液泡,原生质占细胞体积的5％,是质膜与液泡膜之间的一个薄层。原生质与质膜和液泡膜合称为原生质层。它是液泡和外界溶液进行物质交换的屏障,非电解质从外界溶液进入液泡主要依赖于扩散过程,即被动透性。原生质层对非电解质的透性大小表示原生质层对液体或处于溶解状态物质的通透能力,是原生质层的一个特性。通过原生质层透性大小的测定,可以获得有关膜的组成,     

甜菊愈伤组织中的质膜内陷:超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学定位

对在分化条件下的甜菊 (Stevia rebaudiana)愈伤组织分生区域细胞的质膜内陷进行了超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究。结果表明 ,在不同液泡化状态的细胞中均有质膜内陷存在。在原生质浓密的细胞中 ,质膜呈起伏的波纹状 ,某些部位发生明显内陷 ,大小不等 ,多呈圆球状。在部分液泡化细胞中 ,质膜内陷体积增大 ,内含物增多且结构复杂。在液泡化细胞中 ,质膜内陷嵌入中央液泡 ,但彼此间以一膜间隙隔开。质膜内陷中的内含物以小泡和卷绕的膜结构形式存在。酸性磷酸酶活性定位结果显示 ,质膜及其内陷含高的酶活性。推测质膜内陷在功能上与液泡相似 ,构成了这些细胞水解空间的一部分。     

冷驯化提高金边卫矛抗寒力期间细胞ATP酶的超微细胞化学定位

采用磷酸铅沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,对经冷驯化及未经冷驯化的金边卫矛 EuonymusradicansEmorald&Gold. 以及两者在-5℃下处理1d后的叶肉细胞进行了ATPase的超微细胞化学定位的比较观察,并对冷驯化可提高植物抗寒力及ATPase与植物抗寒性关系进行了探讨.标志ATPase活性反应的磷酸铅沉淀物主要分布在叶片栅栏细胞和海绵细胞的质膜和液泡膜上,ATPase在这两类细胞中的分布及活性无明显差异.金边卫矛幼苗经4℃低温驯化7d后,其质膜和液泡膜的ATPase活性高于22℃下生长的幼苗,冷驯化后的金边卫矛幼苗在-5℃处理1d后,其质膜和液泡膜上仍可观察到ATPase的活性反应,但较低温胁迫前有所降低,且超微结构完整,未见任何伤害.而未经冷驯化的金边卫矛幼苗在-5℃处理1d后,其质膜和液泡膜上的ATPase完全失活,同时细胞的超微结构受到严重伤害.实验结果表明,冷驯化可提高金边卫矛幼苗ATPase在低温胁迫下的稳定性,这种活性变化与植物抗寒力的提高呈正相关,同时还发现液泡膜ATPase活性较质膜ATPase变化幅度大,推测液泡膜可能较质膜ATPase对低温更为敏感.     

甜菊愈伤组织中的质膜内隐：超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学定位

对在分化条件下的甜菊愈伤组织分生区域细胞的质膜内陷进行了超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究。结果表明,在不同液泡化状态的细胞中均有质膜内陷存在。在原生质浓密的细胞中,质膜呈起伏的波纹状,某些部位发生明显陷,大小不等,多呈圆球状。     

文冠果果实韧皮部及其周围薄壁细胞的超微结构观察及功能分析

该研究应用透射电镜技术,对生长发育过程中的文冠果果实的韧皮部及其周围薄壁细胞的超微结构进行了观察,以探讨文冠果果实同化物韧皮部卸载的细胞学路径及其机理。结果显示:(1)文冠果果实发育过程中,筛分子细胞胞腔较空,几乎没有细胞器,但有类似于囊泡的丝状不定型物存在;伴胞胞质浓密且细胞器丰富,液泡化程度不一,大多数存在多个小液泡;薄壁细胞具有中央大液泡,发育中期富含线粒体、高尔基体、内质网等细胞器,并存在囊泡运输现象,发育后期细胞器发生降解,说明随着果实生长发育,果实内物质代谢和转运活跃程度逐渐下降。(2)果实发育过程中筛分子和伴胞之间始终有胞间连丝,薄壁细胞之间也一直存在大量的胞间连丝,而筛分子-伴胞复合体与薄壁细胞之间只有在果实发育前期和后期存在一定数量的胞间连丝,发育中期却几乎没有胞间连丝。研究结果表明,文冠果果实发育过程中同化物韧皮部卸载路径可能发生了共质体途径-质外体途径-共质体途径的转变。     

水稻及燕麦根细胞的原生质膜、线粒体内膜与液泡膜ATPase的比较研究

水稻线粒体内膜,液泡膜及质膜ATPase的最适pH分别是5,8,5;燕麦线粒体内膜,液泡膜及质膜ATPase的最适pH分别为6,8,6;水稻与燕麦三种膜ATPase的最适反应温度分别为45℃与50℃,它们均在3 mmol/LATP时达最大反应速度。DCCD对所有膜的ATPase活性有抑制作用,而NaN_3与Na_3VO_4只分别对线粒体内膜与质膜ATPase表现出抑制效应。MgSO_4,KCl,KBr和KI对ATPase活性有不同程度的激活作用。我们认为这三种膜上的ATPase都是致电子泵,但它们在运转质子的方式上有可能不尽相同,水稻和燕麦的ATPase在对环境条件的反应上也存在着差异。     

香蕉果实后熟过程中果肉软化差异的研究

对香蕉果实贮藏过程中内、外果肉相关生理生化指标及细胞结构的变化进行系统的观察分析,结果显示:(1)在贮藏初期香蕉果实内果肉的硬度小于外果肉,在贮藏过程中的同一时期,均表现出内果肉硬度小于外果肉,且内果肉硬度较外果肉先降到零;(2)在贮藏初期内果肉中多聚乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和淀粉酶的活性均高于外果肉,随着贮藏时间的延长,酶活性在内、外果肉均表现出不断增加,且这两种酶活性在内果肉中早于外果肉达到最高值,但其在内果肉中的最高值均略低于外果肉的最高值;而淀粉含量却相反,在贮藏初期内果肉中淀粉含量低于外果肉,且在贮藏过程中的降解速率高于外果肉;(3)超微结构显示,香蕉果实内果肉中淀粉粒和细胞壁结构的降解均早于外果肉.研究表明,香蕉果实的软化首先由内果肉细胞降解开始,并呈放射状向外逐步延伸.     

白刺胚乳早期发育的超微结构研究

白刺(Nitraria sibirica)胚乳发育经历游离核阶段、细胞化阶段和被吸收解体阶段。游离核胚乳沿胚囊壁均匀排列为一层,胞质浓厚,其中有丰富的质体、线粒体、高尔基体、内质网和各种小泡等细胞器。珠孔区域的胚囊壁具发达的分枝状壁内突,而周缘区域的胚囊壁具间隔的钉状内突,内突周围的细胞质中具多数线粒体和小泡。胚乳细胞化时,初始垂周壁源于核有丝分裂产生的细胞板。在细胞板两端开始壁的游离生长,一端与胚囊壁相连接,另一端向心自由延伸。壁的游离生长依赖于小泡的融合。早期胚乳细胞具大液泡,具核或无核,细胞质中有大量的线粒体,质体缺乏,其壁仍由多层膜结构组成。     

发育过程中苹果果皮和果肉细胞的超微结构

用透射电镜对发育过程中苹果（Ｍａｌｕｓ ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａ Ｂｏｒｋｈ ｃｖ．Ｒｅｄ Ｆｕｊｉ）果皮和果肉细胞的超微结构进行了观察。结果表明,不同发育期果皮细胞的超微结构发生了变化,其中最引人注目的是,内质网自始至终密布于整个细胞质中,而且大多为槽库膨大的、合成功能旺盛的管状粗面内质网,并分泌出大量的具运输功能的小泡;观察到这些小泡与液泡融合的景象;细胞中也存在活跃的高尔基体。超微结构上的这些现象     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE DEVELOPING MEGASPORE MOTHER CELL OF GINKGO BILOBA

The immature megaspore mother cell of Ginkgo biloba is essentially spherical and is surrounded by a thick, complex wall. A large nucleus occupies the central region of the cell, and the organelles appear to be randomly arranged in the cytoplasm. With approaching maturity and the onset of meiosis, the cell elongates in the direction of the ovular axis. An extensive system of ER develops at the micropylar pole of the cell during elongation, and the plastids and mitochondria migrate to the opposite or chalazal pole. The micropylar end of the mature megaspore mother cell is usually devoid of plastids and mitochondria, but these organelles are densely packed in the chalazal end of the cell below the nucleus. The dictyosomes and dense spherosome-like bodies do not show such polarity in their distribution. At meiosis I plastids and mitochondria are, as a rule, restricted to the chalazal dyad cell that is destined to produce the functional megaspore. The wall of the megaspore mother cell consists of a middle lamella which is irregularly thickened, an outer wall layer resembling the walls of the surrounding nutritive cells, and an inner layer resembling the middle lamella in appearance.     

Ultrastructural changes in the epidermis of petals of the sweet orange infected by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum acutatum</Emphasis>

Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) is an important disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. PFD is characterised by the formation of necrotic lesions on the petals and stigmas of flowers as well as premature abscission of the fruit in Citrus spp. We compare the ultrastructure of the epidermis of uninoculated Citrus sinensis petals with that of petals inoculated with the fungus to understand the changes that occur upon C. acutatum infection. Healthy petals have a cuticle with parallel striations covering the uniseriate epidermis. This pattern consists of vacuolated parietal cells whose cytoplasm contains mitochondria, plastids with an undeveloped endomembrane system and a slightly dense stroma, a poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, few lipid droplets, and a nucleus positioned near the inner periclinal wall. In damaged regions, the cytoplasm of some cells is densely packed with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, a large number of hyperactive dictyosomes, numerous mitochondria, and many lipid droplets. The plastids have an electron-dense stroma, starch grains, and a large amount of electron-dense lipid droplets, which can be released into vacuoles or the endoplasmic reticulum. Multivesicular bodies and myelin bodies are frequently observed in the vacuole, cytoplasm, and periplasmic space. Vesicles migrate through the cell wall and are involved in the deposition of cuticular material. In the later stages of infection, there is deposition of new cuticle layers in plaques. The outer periclinal walls can be thick. These observations indicate that epidermal cells respond to the pathogen, resulting in cuticular and parietal changes, which may limit further infection.     

An Ultrastructural Study on Triggering of Cell Division in Young Pollen Protoplast Culture of Hemerocallis fulva L.

The ultrastructural changes of young pollen protoplasts under culture condition in Hemerocallis fulva were studied. In comparison with the original pollen grains, the pollen protoplasts had been completely deprived of pollen wall, but kept the internal structure intact, including a large vacuole, a thin layer of cytoplasm and a peripherally located nucleus. After 8 days of culture a few pollen protoplasts were triggered to cell division: some of them were just undergoing mitosis with clearly visible chromosomes and spindle fibers; the others already divided into 2-celled units. The two daughter cells were equal or unequal in size but with similar distribution of organelles inside. Besides cell division, there were also free nuclear division, amitosis and formation of micronuclei indicating a diversity of division modes in pollen protoplast culture, A series of changes occurred during the process of induction of cell division, such as locomotion of the nucleus toward the central position, disappearence of the large vacuole, increase of electron density of cytoplasm, increase and activation of organelles, diminishing of starch granules in plastids, etc. However, the regeneration of surface wall was not sufficient it contained mostly vesicles with only a few microfibrits. The wall separating the two daughter cells were either complete or incomplete. The weak capability of wall formation is supposed to be one of the major obstacles which has so far restricted sustained cell divisions of young pollen protoplasts under current culture condition.     

萱草幼嫩花粉原生质体培养启动细胞分裂的超微结构研究

萱草(Hemerocallis fulva L.)幼嫩花粉,即后期小孢子原生质体在培养8天时进入有丝分裂或已形成二个细胞。此外,还观察到游离核分裂、无丝分裂、微核形成等现象。这显示了花粉原生质体分裂方式的多样性。在启动分裂时发生一系列变化:如细胞核移位、大液泡消失、细胞质电子密度增加、细胞器增多、质体不含淀粉等。再生的细胞壁含许多小泡,很少纤丝,表现出现有培养条件下壁的形成能力薄弱。这是今后改进培养技术需要特别注意的问题。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF DEVELOPING SIEVE ELEMENTS IN THLASPI ARVENSE L. II. MATURATION

Developing sieve elements of pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) were studied with the electron microscope. The maturation of sieve elements involved loss of ribosomes from cytoplasm; degeneration of nulcei; modification of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); loss of tonoplast; and disappearance of dictyosomes and dictyosomes vesicles, coated vesicles, microtubules, and microbodies. Such changes produce a mature, presumably conducting cell that contains no nucleus or central vacuole but which retains a thin layer of peripheral cytoplasm with plastids, mitochondria, and smooth ER. Some similar changes have been described in a variety of developing sieve elements of angiosperms, but coated vesicles and microbodies previously have not been followed through sieve-element maturation. Likewise, few developmental studies have been made of plant sieve elements that exhibit two types of P-protein, the tubular type and the granular P-protein body.     

Ultrastructural changes in the gracile nucleus of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The present study reports ultrastructural changes in the gracile nucleus of male Wistar rats after alloxan-induced diabetes. During the acute phase (3-7 days) degenerating electron-dense dendrites and axon terminals were dispersed in the neuropil. Degenerating dendrites were characterized by an electron-dense cytoplasm, swollen mitochondria, dilated endoplasmic reticulum and randomized ribosomes. Degenerating axon terminals were characterized by an electron-dense cytoplasm and clustering of small spherical agranular vesicles. Degenerating axon terminals may form the central element or part of a synaptic glomerulus. Macrophages were present in the neuropil and in the process of engulfing neuronal elements. During the medium phase (1-6 months), most of the degenerating dendrites and axon terminals had been engulfed or removed by macrophages. During the late phase (9-12 months), a second wave of degeneration occurred in the gracile nucleus, similar to the acute phase.     

贮藏洋葱抽苔时鳞片叶表皮细胞的细胞学变化

利用透射电镜观察了洋葱抽苔时其鳞片叶表皮细胞的亚显微结构变化。幼嫩鳞片叶表皮细胞结构正常：液泡在细胞中央,细胞质在靠近细胞壁的边缘;细胞质中富含质体、线粒体和核糖体等细胞器;胞间连丝直径约为５０ｎｍ。伴随着细胞的衰退,细胞质变得松散,在液泡中出现大量絮状物,细胞器逐渐解体。少数胞间连丝直径扩大,达到８０ｎｍ左右,它可能在大分子胞间转移中起重要作用。在衰老细胞中,核和质体已解体但多数胞间连丝仍维持正常状态。     

薄荷头状腺毛分泌过程的超微结构研究

电镜观察表明,刚形成的薄荷头状腺毛的头部细胞,细胞核较大细胞质浓,有一些小液泡,质体和线粒体最显著,分泌前期,内质网及高尔基体数量明显