白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌对人肺上皮细胞的粘附作用及其差异性比较

目的探讨白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌对人肺上皮细胞的粘附作用及其差异性.方法将白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌临床分离株在体外与人肺上皮细胞共同作用,经革兰染色后,在倒置显微镜下观察念珠菌对肺上皮细胞的粘附数.结果念珠菌粘附的肺上皮细胞与浓度和时间有依赖关系.菌液浓度在5×103CFU/ml至5×107CFU/ml范围内,念珠菌对肺上皮细胞的粘附作用随念珠菌浓度的增加而增强.白色念珠菌对肺上皮细胞的粘附数比热带念珠菌的粘附数要高.来自痰、尿标本的同一种念珠菌对人肺上皮细胞的粘附数无明显差异.结论念珠菌对人肺上皮细胞的粘附是一种特异性的粘附,临床标本来源的白色念珠菌粘附宿主细胞的能力比热带念珠菌强.     

MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA ANALYSES AND THE ORIGIN AND RELATIVE AGE OF PARTHENOGENETIC LIZARDS (GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS). III. C. VELOX AND C. EXSANGUIS

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of two unisexual, parthenogenetically reproducing species of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus velox and C. exsanguis) and their bisexual relatives were compared by restriction-enzyme analysis to assess levels of mtDNA variation and to establish the maternal ancestry of the unisexuals. No cleavage-site differences were found to be diagnostic between C. velox and C. exsanguis mtDNAs, suggesting an ancestry rooted in the same maternal lineage. The mtDNA of the unisexuals is relatively homogeneous, indicating that these lineages are of recent origin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the maternal ancestor of both C. velox and C. exsanguis was most probably C. burti stictogrammus, C. costatus barrancorum, or an unidentified taxon closely related to them. In addition, the mtDNA analyses demonstrate conclusively that the triploid species C. velox could not have been formed by the fertilization of an unreduced (diploid) C. inornatus egg, further strengthening the hypothesis that parthenogenesis in Cnemidophorus results from hybridization.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISOZYMIC AND MORPHOLOGIC VARIATION IN THE DIPLOIDS CHENOPODIUM FREMONTII,C. NEOMEXICANUM,C. PALMERI,AND C. WATSONII

Levels of variation revealed by starch gel electrophoresis and morphologic character analysis were compared within and among four diploid species of Chenopodium: C. fremontii (sect. Chenopodium subsect. Leiosperma), C. neomexicanum, C. palmeri, and C. watsonii (sect. Chenopodium subsect. Cellulata). The data sets exhibited little concordance. Numerical analysis of morphologic characters demonstrated that C. neomexicanum and C. palmeri are relatively distinct, whereas allozyme analysis indicated a high degree of genetic similarity among populations of the two species. I concluded that C. palmeri should be reduced to a variety of C. neomexicanum. Chenopodium watsonii expressed the highest degree of allozyme heterozygosity and polymorphism and may represent the oldest extant member of subsection Cellulata. Although C. fremontii is classified in another subsection, it exhibited higher genetic identity values with C. neomexicanum and C. palmeri than did C. watsonii. In addition, morphologic and allozymic similarity between C. fremontii and C. neomexicanum suggests the need for further examination and possibly realignment of subsections Cellulata and Leiosperma.     

MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA ANALYSES AND THE ORIGIN AND RELATIVE AGE OF PARTHENOGENETIC LIZARDS (GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS). II. C. NEOMEXICANUS AND THE C. TESSELATUS COMPLEX

Restriction-endonuclease analyses of mitochondrial DNAs from all six color-pattern classes (A–F) of the parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus tesselatus yield estimates of nucleotide divergence that are extremely low (π = 0.06%). In digests of 75 C. tesselatus mtDNAs with 20 different restriction enzymes, only four cleavage-site differences were noted, three of which were found only in pattern class F. The near-identity of these mitochondrial DNAs with those from C. tigris marmoratus shows unequivocally that C. t. marmoratus was the species to which the maternal parent(s) of all C. tesselatus belonged. Mitochondrial-DNA analyses of another unisexual species, C. neomexicanus, led to the same conclusion. Mitochondrial DNAs from 96 individuals of these three species were extensively analyzed for cleavage-site differences; only 13 were found. The low interspecific sequence diversity found within C. neomexicanus and the C. tesselatus complex suggests a recent origin for both. Based on diversity data for mitochondrial DNA and allozymes, we estimate that a minimum of two hybridizations were required to produce all diploid C. tesselatus (C–F), followed by at least two more to generate the triploids (A and B). These data and those presented in the two accompanying papers indicate that events leading to parthenogenesis in Cnemidophorus are rare and strengthen the hypothesis that interspecific hybridization is a necessary, causal event in its establishment.     

HYDRILLA INVADES WASHINGTON,D.C. AND THE POTOMAC

The aquatic weed hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Royle) was discovered growing in the Potomac River, south of Alexandria, VA, in Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens, Washington, D.C., and in the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal near Seneca, MD. Cultures in Florida of the Kenilworth clone produced male flowers. This is the first report of the occurrence of the male in the U.S. Two distinct isoenzyme patterns have been identified for plants from various locations in the U.S., corresponding to a monoecious strain and a dioecious female. The occurrence of the wild colonies of the monoecious Hydrilla greatly increase the potential for physiological diversity through sexual reproduction, which may have serious consequences for the management of this weed.