中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）肌肉中粗脂肪含量与死亡,产 …

本文报道了中华螯蟹越冬时,越冬后不同性别、不同生活状况肌肉中粗脂肪含量及变化。越冬时、越冬后死亡的♂♀河蟹肌肉中粗脂肪的含量均不到８％,而同时越冬成活的♂♀蟹肌肉中粗脂肪含量均高于１０％。顺利越冬并能产卵的雌蟹肌肉中粗脂肪含量为４．９６％,顺利越冬并交配的♂性肌肉中粗脂肪含量为４．１８％。产卵并抱卵孵化的♀蟹肌肉中粗脂肪含量为５．８５％,产卵但♀蟹中途死亡的其肌肉中粗脂肪的含量为５．４７％。交配不     

中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）体内维生素C含量与死亡和产…

本文报道了中华绒螯蟹越冬后肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺维生素Ｃ的含量及变化。肝胰脏为中华绒螯蟹储存维生素Ｃ的器官;越冬后的雌性中华绒螯蟹,其肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ高于雄性;正常活动雌性或雄性,其肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ含量均高于死亡的个体的维生素Ｃ含量;产卵且抱卵孵化的雌体,其肝脏维生素Ｃ的含量高于那些不产卵的雌体。维生素Ｃ含量的降低是越冬时或越冬后中华绒螯蟹死亡的主要原因之一。     

中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）体内维生素C含量与死亡和产卵的关系

本文报道了中华绒螯蟹越冬后肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺维生素Ｃ的含量及变化。肝胰脏为中华绒螯蟹储存维生素Ｃ的器官;越冬后的雌性中华绒螯蟹,其肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ高于雄性;正常活动雌性或雄性,其肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ含量均高于死亡的个体的维生素Ｃ含量;产卵且抱卵孵化的雌体,其肝脏维生素Ｃ的含量高于那些不产卵的雌体,维生素Ｃ含量的降低是越冬时或越冬后中华绒螯蟹死亡的主要原因之一。     

延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾繁殖力及寿命的影响

为明确延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella的影响,在室内条件下,分别对初羽化未交配的马铃薯块茎蛾雌虫、雄虫及雌雄虫同时延迟1～5 d配对饲养,研究不同延迟交配处理对该虫产卵量、卵的孵化率及雌雄成虫寿命的影响.结果表明,从产卵量来看,分别将雄虫或雌虫延迟1～3 d交配对产卵量无显著影响,而延迟4和5 d交配能显著降低其产卵量,其中雄虫分别延迟4 d和5 d交配后使单雌产卵量分别降低了 20.50％和42.00％,雌虫分别延迟4 d和5 d交配后单雌产卵量分别降低了 26.01％和35.79％.当将雌雄同时延迟1～2 d交配,对单雌产卵量无显著影响,而延迟3 d、4 d和5 d交配时,产卵量分别降低了 12.50％、23.84％和44.57％.从卵的孵化率来看,延迟1～5 d交配对卵的孵化无明显影响.从成虫寿命来看,不同延迟交配对雌雄虫的寿命均无显著影响.由此表明,马铃薯块茎蛾延迟3d或4 d后交配有利于降低其产卵量,因此可通过在田间设置性诱剂以干扰马铃薯块茎蛾正常交配来降低产卵量,从而达到控制田间马铃薯块茎蛾下一代虫口数量的作用.     

广聚萤叶甲成虫交配时长对产卵量与孵化率的影响

【目的】明确不同交配时长对广聚萤叶甲雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率的影响。【方法】在室内条件下,对不同交配时长下广聚萤叶甲的雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率进行观察:(1)选取羽化第3d的广聚萤叶甲雌雄虫随机配对,观察24 h,记录交配情况和时长;(2)在交配开始1、5、15、30、60 min时,强行分开雌雄成虫,然后将不同交配时长的雌虫进行单独饲养,以正常交配一次的雌虫作为对照,每个处理选取23组;(3)将15～30 cm健壮豚草小苗插入注满水的塑料小瓶内,将配对的一组雌雄成虫和豚草小苗放入养虫盒中饲养,每天更换带卵的小苗并记录叶片上的产卵量;(4)将上述带卵的小苗至于适宜条件下培养,记录5～7 d内卵块孵化的情况。【结果】广聚萤叶甲正常交配一次的对照组的产卵水平显著高于各处理组,单雌产卵为889粒,交配时间15 min以下各组雌虫的产卵量明显低于交配30 min以上的各组雌虫。同时交配时长5 min以下雌虫产的卵基本不能孵化,而交配时间达到30 min以上的各组卵块的孵化率明显提高。【结论】雄虫转移雌虫受精所需精子量需要耗费的时间为30 min左右,且雄虫有延长交配时间的趋性。该结果为研究广聚萤叶甲的生态特性以及优化种群繁殖提供科学依据。     

雌星豹蛛性信息素的行为学证据

采用星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)成熟雄蛛求偶时潜伏时间、静止时间、身体震动和第一墩步足伸展次数等行为参数,利用行为学方法测定了不同性别、日龄和生殖状态的星豹蛛雌蛛释放的拖丝对雄蛛求偶行为的影响。结果表明,雄蛛第一对步足伸展和身体震动等典型求偶行为是进行星豹蛛性信息素生物测定的可靠评价指标。星豹蛛雄蛛能通过拖丝上的性信息素辨别星豹蛛的性别、日龄和生殖状态。雄蛛在成熟3周未交配雌蛛拖丝处理过滤纸上潜伏时间和静止时间都相应最短,在交配未产卵雌蛛、雌亚成蛛和成熟雄蛛拖丝上时间中等,在卵孵化雌蛛拖丝处理滤纸上潜伏时间和静止时间都相应最长。成熟3周未交配雌蛛和交配未产卵雌蛛释放的拖丝都能引起雄蛛第一对步足伸展和身体震动等典型求偶行为,雄蛛对成熟3周未交配雌蛛拖丝典型求偶行为的频率都相应高于交配未产卵雌蛛。卵孵化雌蛛释放的拖丝虽也能引起雄蛛第一对步足伸展行为,但其伸展频率显著降低;而其它拖丝都不能引起雄蛛典型求偶行为。     

桔绿绵蜡蚧生物学及其寄生性天敌

<正> 桔绿绵蜡蚧Chloropulvinaria aurantii(Cockerell)又名黄绿絮介壳虫,在上海发生普遍,是海桐重要害虫,亦为害夹竹桃、柿、杜仲、山茶、桂花等。成虫和若虫群集在枝条和叶片上为害。严重时可使枝叶枯死,并诱生煤烟病。 此虫在上海一年发生2代,以若虫在枝条上越冬。4月变为成虫,雄虫交配后死亡,5月雌虫从腹后分泌出一个蜡质卵囊,产卵于囊中,每头雌成虫产卵数百粒至2千余粒,产卵后干缩死去。5月下旬孵化为若虫,先群集在枝条上为害,后迁至叶片上,在叶片上沿主脉寄生。8月出现第2代成虫,8月下旬产卵,9月孵化为     

低盐度海水和淡水对中华绒螯蟹性腺发育及交配行为的影响

研究了低盐度海水(盐度为15)和淡水(盐度为0)对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,以下简称河蟹)性腺发育及交配行为的影响,并比较了河蟹交配和产卵前后的性腺指数及肝胰腺指数的变化。实验分为4组,分别为低盐度海水雌蟹组、淡水雌蟹组、低盐度海水雄蟹组和淡水雄蟹组。结果表明,(1)各组河蟹的成活率均在80%左右,无显著差异(P>0.05);(2)实验第15天、30天和45天时,低盐度海水雌蟹组的卵巢指数显著高于淡水雌蟹组(P<0.05),低盐度海水雄蟹组的性腺指数也略高于淡水雄蟹组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)实验第30天时,低盐度海水雌蟹组的肝胰腺指数显著低于淡水雌蟹组(P<0.05),其余采样时间两组雌体间或两组雄体间的肝胰腺指数差异不显著(P>0.05),实验期间,两组雌体的肝胰腺指数均显著下降(P<0.05);(4)实验第45天,低盐度海水雌蟹组和雄蟹组实验个体全部能够交配,有66.7%的低盐度海水雌蟹组的个体交配后2 d内产卵,淡水雄蟹组有部分个体在低盐度海水中有发情行为;(5)低盐度海水组,雌蟹产卵后和雄蟹交配后的性腺指数均显著下降(P<0.05),但肝胰腺指数下降不显著(P>0.05)。     

有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察

有性棉蚜有多次交配习性,交配时间平均为41分钟。雌蚜寿命为28．1±6．0天,产卵前期为3．0±1．2天,产卵历期为15．3±3．8天,产卵后期为9．7±3．4大,每雌产卵8．1±1．6粒,卵的产出率平均为88．4％。群体产卵的始盛、高峰和盛末期分别在羽化后3～4天、7～8天和15～16天。未经交配的雌蚜在产卵方面有明显的负效应,产出的受精卵也不能孵化。     

北京幽灵蛛的繁殖行为

室内用数码摄像机记录北京幽灵蛛(Pholcus beijingensis)的求偶、交配、产卵和孵卵行为,并分析了行为动作系列。拨丝和慢跳在求偶中起着重要的作用。北京幽灵蛛有多次交配的习性,雌蛛第一次交配的持续时间显著长于第二次交配,PPMs动作(pedipalp movements)在交配阶段贯穿始终,铲状的引导器在PPMs动作里会移出雌蛛生殖腔内的竞争者的精液和雌蛛分泌物,反映的是最后一个交配雄蛛的精子优先模式。雌蛛有护卵行为,产卵后用螯肢咬住卵袋直至其孵化。     

Rhythmic egg-laying behaviour in virgin females of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster

Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster females display rhythmic egg-laying under 12:12?h light/dark (LD) cycles which persists with near 24?h periodicity under constant darkness (DD). We have shown previously that persistence of this rhythm does not require the neurons expressing pigment dispersing factor (PDF), thought to be the canonical circadian pacemakers, and proposed that it could be controlled by peripheral clocks or regulated/triggered by the act of mating. We assayed egg-laying behaviour of wild-type Canton S (CS) females under LD, DD and constant light (LL) conditions in three different physiological states; as virgins, as females allowed to mate with males for 1?day and as females allowed to mate for the entire duration of the assay. Here, we report the presence of a circadian rhythm in egg-laying in virgin D. melanogaster females. We also found that egg-laying behaviour of 70 and 90% females from all the three male presence/absence protocols follows circadian rhythmicity under DD and LL, with periods ranging between 18 and 30?h. The egg-laying rhythm of all virgin females synchronized to LD cycles with a peak occurring soon after lights-off. The rhythm in virgins was remarkably robust with maximum number of eggs deposited immediately after lights-off in contrast to mated females which show higher egg-laying during the day. These results suggest that the egg-laying rhythm of D. melanogaster is endogenously driven and is neither regulated nor triggered by the act of mating; instead, the presence of males results in reduction in entrainment to LD cycles.     

Seasonal variations in fat content and fatty acid composition of male and female coregonid' bondella' from Lake Maggiore and landlocked shad from Lake Como (Northern Italy)

The Lake Maggiore bondella Coregonus macrophthalmus use perivisceral adipose tissue for gonadal development (with particular evidence in females), and muscle fat as an energy source. Females use mainly saturated fatty acids (SFA) for energy purposes, while males use monounsaturates (MUFA) also. During vitellogenesis, females can also mobilize fatty acid precursors of gonadal highly unsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 family from muscle tissue, but in both sexes specific retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA=22: 6ω3) in muscle is evident. Landlocked shad, unlike several freshwater fishes, can utilize the liver as well as body cavity and muscle as a fat reserve depot. The perivisceral fat stored during the feeding period appears to be utilized mainly for winter energy maintenance requirements. Lipid reserves from liver and muscle are also mobilized to meet the requirements resulting from gonadal development. In particular, females seem to use liver reserves, especially 18: 1ω9, more than males, to meet the demands of ovogenesis. In the muscle, SFA are used mainly for energy purposes. During gonadal development, specific muscular and hepatic ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (ω3 HUFA=20: 5 + 22: 5 + 22: 6) and ω6 HUFA (20: 4+22: 4+22: 5) retention is evident in both sexes, while fatty acid precursors of ω3 and ω6 HUFA are mobilized, especially from muscle tissue.     

Seasonal variation in fatty acid composition of silver pomfrets,Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters

Proximate and fatty acid composition of wild silver pomfrets, Pampus argenteus, were studied in Kuwait waters for a period of 1 year (November 2007–October 2008) to see whether there were any seasonal compositional differences between males and females. Ten adults (five males, five females) were sampled each month during (i) Pre‐spawning (March–May), (ii) Spawning (June–August), (iii) Post‐spawning (September–November), and (iv) Winter (December–February). Both sexes had significantly (P < 0.05) higher whole body moisture and lower crude protein and lipid contents in winter compared to the respective males and females sampled in other seasons. However, females had significantly higher (9.1%) lipid content during the pre‐spawning season than females in other seasons (7.0–8.2%). The most abundant fatty acid in whole body lipid in both sexes was C16 followed by C18:1n‐9, which accounted for about 31–35% and 22–24% of total lipids, respectively. Males in the pre‐spawning and spawning seasons had significantly higher total monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than males and females in post‐spawning and winter. Males had significantly higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during post‐spawning seasons than females in pre‐spawning and winter seasons. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in total saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) or n‐3/n‐6 ratios between respective males and females in different seasons. Livers in males had significantly (P < 0.05) higher MUFA, SFA, PUFA, EPA and DHA than respective females in all months during the spawning season. Female gonads had significantly (P < 0.05) higher MUFA and PUFA but lower SFA content than males in different months during the spawning season. In contrast to the liver, the gonad DHA content and n‐3/n‐6 ratios in females were significantly higher than in males. The gonads from both sexes contained more than double the amount of EPA present in liver; in the case of DHA this was more than three‐fold higher in female gonads, but not in males. Thus, the presence of higher proportions of PUFA, EPA and DHA in gonads, particularly in eggs of silver pomfret, indicates their need for these fatty acids, which may be used as a guideline for dietary essential n‐3 fatty acid requirements for feed formulation of this species. A higher content of DHA in eggs also indicates the higher requirement for DHA in the broodstock diet of silver pomfret.     

Flight capability and fatty acid level in triacylglycerol of long-distance migratory adults of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura

The larvae of Spodoptera litura were reared on an artificial diet, and the flight capability, and triacylglycerol (TG) level plus its fatty acid composition in 3-day-old sexually mature and non-fed adults were compared. In males, during 3 hr of tethered flight, the levels of abdominal TG and its fatty acid components did not change. But thereafter the TG and fatty acids, significantly unsaturated fatty acids in TG declined in their levels with the prolongation of flight, unsaturated fatty acids being exhausted preceding saturated fatty acid decline. When males were tested by tethered flight for 20 hr, some could fly for nearly the whole period, and were judged to be able to fly for approximately 24 hr, depending on the level of residual TG. Fatty aids in TG decreased in females similarly to males during tethered flight and some females with fully developed ovaries deposited eggs after 12 hr of flight similarly to non-flown individuals, which supports the long-distance flight capability even in sexually mature females. These results are discussed with regard to the overseas migration of this moth.     

A Potential Cost of Monandry in the Lekking Sandfly Lutzomyia Longipalpis

Multiple mating by females is a subject of considerable controversy. In some species, however, females appear to mate only once, and the potential costs and benefits of this behavior are equally intriguing. When male mating success is highly skewed, monandrous females potentially risk mating with a sperm depleted male. In lek-breeding species, a male may gain up to 80% of available matings, yet few studies have explored whether these highly successful males suffer sperm depletion. These points are investigated in a series of laboratory experiments on the lekking sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis. It is shown that females may actively reject males prior to and after genital contact and that mated females do not remate within a single egg-laying cycle regardless of the refractory period between the first and subsequent matings. Males mate multiply and suffer from the effects of sperm depletion after their fifth copulation. Despite this, they continue to court and copulate females with equal vigor and females do not appear to detect sperm-depleted males: they lay similar numbers of eggs irrespective of the number of females their mate has previously copulated with. The implications of a single mating for L. longipalpis females in natural and laboratory leks are discussed.     

The relationship between oviposition and spontaneous discharges of motor neurons in Bombyx mori

The experiments in this paper were planned to study the mechanisms of release of ovipositional behaviour in bombyx mori. For this purpose, egg-laying and the spontaneous discharges of motor neurons in G IX were compared between mated and virgin females. The spontaneous discharges of motor neurons in G IX were recorded extracellularly from the nerve bundles of the isolated G IX bathed in a mixture of Ringer's solution and body fluid.The mating stimulated egg-laying so definitively that within 24 hr from the removal of males the mated females laid most of the eggs stored in the genital organs. Ageing of the moth accelerated the egg-laying of the virgins: the number of unfertilized eggs laid by virgins within 2 days from emergence was 10 to 20 per cent of the number of fertilized eggs laid by the mated females within 24 hr, but the number of unfertilized eggs laid within 7 days by the virgins reached 60 to 70 per cent. On the other hand, mating activated the spontaneous discharges of motor neurons in G IX. Moth age had a slight effect on the spontaneous discharges of motor neurons in G IX of the virgins.In recording the spontaneous discharges of motor neurons in G IX, the only changed factor was the body fluid outside the ganglion itself. Therefore, it was postulated that mating changed the humoral condition of the female. This change may stimulate the motor neurons in G IX, and then the egg-laying of mared females may be activated.     

Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda, Loliginidae)

We observed the reproductive behavior of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in captivity. The male used three different mating behaviors: male-parallel (MP), male-upturned (MU) and sneaking. Male competition over females frequently occurred before and during the female egg-laying period, and the outcome of most fights depended on male body size. Larger males guarded their partners from other males and performed MP mating during the egg-laying period of the paired females. In contrast, there was no pairing and mate guarding in MU mating and sneaking, which were adopted by smaller subordinate males as alternative tactics outside female egg-laying period and during the period, respectively. MP matings were 95% successful, but more than half of MU matings were unsuccessful. Higher mating success in MP mating was achieved through pairing, whereas males in MU mating were less successful because mating attempts without pair formation were often foiled by escape of the female. Sneaking was successful in all cases but occurred less frequently. Spermatophores were attached at the opening of the oviduct in MP mating, whereas they were attached around the female buccal membrane in MU mating and sneaking. Considering the route of egg transportation, higher fertilization success can be expected in MP mating because of the advantageous location of the attached spermatophores. Our results suggest that MP mating is used by larger, paired males during the female egg-laying period, and that MU mating and sneaking are alternative tactics adopted by smaller, subordinate males. These alternative mating behaviors would be conditional strategy dependent on relative body size, because some individual males displayed both MP and MU mating behaviors.     

油葫芦的营养价值(英文)

本研究旨在确定油葫芦Gryllus testaceus Walker的主要营养成分和营养价值。研究发现油葫芦体内主要含有蛋白质、脂类和几丁质三类物质,它们的含量(干重比)分别是58.3％,10.3％和8.7％。其中必需氨基酸的含量除了半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸外,非常符合FAO／WHO所确定的人体对氨基酸需求标准。脂肪酸分析显示,不饱和脂肪酸的含量很高,仅油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量就占总脂肪含量的77.51％。油葫芦的甲壳素含量为8.7％,而且从该虫提取甲壳素／壳聚糖的品质在甲壳素色泽及残留灰分含量、壳聚糖粘度等方面比常规甲壳素原料虾蟹壳的好。因此,油葫芦可以作为很好的食品或饲料添加剂,或医药原料。     

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE FIELD CRICKET (GRYLLUS TESTACEUS WALKER)

Abstract The chemical composition and the nutritional quality of protein, fatty acids and chitin of adult field cricket Gryllus testaceus Walker were investigated. The adult insect contained: crude protein 58.3 %; fat 10.3 %, chitin 8.7 % and ash 2.96 % on dry matter basis respectively. The essential amino acid profile compared well with FAO/WHO recommended pattern except for cysteine and methionine. The fatty acid analysis showed unsaturated acid of the field cricket to be present in high quantities, and the total percentage of oleic acid, linolic acid and linolenic acid was 77.51%. The chitin content of the insect was 8.7% with a better quality than the commercial chitin that was prepared from shells of shrimp and crab. Therefore the chemical composition of the field cricket indicates the insect to be a good supplement to nutrition for food and feed, even a raw material for medicine.