野生药食两用植物青葙种子萌发的初步研究

测定青葙种子吸水和温度、光、暗、不同浓度GA,和0．2％KNO,影响其种子发芽的结果表明：青葙种子于25℃恒温下浸种8h后吸水达到饱和,其适宜发芽温度为30-35℃,萌发受光照抑制。10、50和100mg·L^-1GA3浸种的发芽率分别为61％、66％和72％,0．2％KNO3处理的发芽率达到81％。     

贮藏条件对益母草、桔梗和白术种子发芽率的影响(简报)

益母草、桔梗和白术3种药用植物种子均不耐贮藏,在收到种子后初始发芽率较低.益母草与桔梗种子萌发适温是25±1℃,而白术种子为15±1℃.在适温下,益母草、桔梗与白术种子的发芽率分别是69.8%、39.8%和46.8%.在15%RH下(硅胶密闭),种子贮藏较适宜,43%RH下贮藏种子的发芽率次之.益母草种子宜在15℃中贮藏,桔梗种子则宜在5℃中贮藏,在5℃下75%RH和43%RH贮藏后的发芽率相近.用PEG6000引发处理桔梗种子可以明显地提高发芽率,但益母草种子则出现负效应.     

桔梗种子萌发对低温、干旱及互作胁迫的响应

以药用植物桔梗种子为材料,研究了低温、干旱及其互作对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,旨在探索在春寒干旱条件下其种子萌发对策及生态适应性,为桔梗野生种群恢复及人工栽培群体构建提供依据.结果表明,温度、干旱及其互作对桔梗种子萌发和幼苗生长均有显著影响.0-10％ PEG水分条件下,在变温10/20℃及恒温15-25℃下桔梗种子能够良好萌发(10％ PEG、20℃除外),而15％ PEG可显著抑制萌发.低温(10℃)下种子萌发始时间延迟,发芽率降低.随干旱胁迫程度的增加,10℃发芽率呈先升后降趋势,而其它温度下,发芽率和发芽指数均呈下降趋势.随温度的降低,幼苗根长、茎长及鲜重均呈下降趋势,且幼根生长对温度变化更为敏感.     

外源激素与温度对花楸树种子萌发的影响

三种外源激素和萌发温度对花楸树种子萌发影响的研究结果表明,25℃（16h光／8h暗,10d）-5℃（暗110d）变温可极显著提高种子发芽率和种子发芽势,但极显著延迟发芽初始时间。200mg·L^-16-BA溶液中吸胀2d后经历25℃·5℃变温可使种子发芽初始时间最短（33d）,发芽率（62．25％）和发芽势（57．88％）最高。GA3或ABA与温度的结合处理对种子萌发的促进作用小于6-BA与温度的综合处理。     

生态因子对碱茅种子萌发期耐盐性影响的数量分析

 以种子在盐溶液中的相对发芽率作为种子萌发期耐盐性指标,定量分析了种子生产条件与萌发期温度,盐分(类型与浓度)等生态因子对碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)种子萌发期耐盐性的影响,生产条件选取了3个生产年份或贮藏时间(年)。用3个不同的种批表示,处理溶液有不同浓度(或渗透势)的NaCl,CaCl2与Na2SO4 3种盐溶液和渗透胁迫剂PEG(6000)组成,处理温度有两个变温10(16h)～25℃(8h)与15(16h)～25℃(8h)条件组成。随溶液渗透势降低,种子相对发芽率线性下降,线性回归关系式中的回归系数与回归截距分别反映溶液的渗透与离子效应的相对大小。本试验条件下、碱茅种子生产条件对种子活性(以水中的发芽率表示)有显著影响,但对耐盐(NaCl)性无显著影响。溶液类型与温度条件主要通过改变溶液的离子效应影响种子耐盐性,对渗透效应无显著影,两种变温条件下,4种溶液对碱茅种子的渗透效应是溶液渗透势每降低1.0Mpa,相对发芽率降低52.31％。10～25℃变温条件下,与PEG溶液相比,3种盐溶液的离子效应是使碱茅种子相对发芽率分别增加14.0％。15.1％与21.6％,表现为对种子萌发的促进效应;15～25℃变温条件下,NaCl溶液的离子效应比10～25℃下约低17.0％。     

光照与温度对云杉和红桦种子萌发的影响

通过在气候箱内模拟迹地环境条件,探讨了不同温度和光照对亚高山针叶林采伐迹地关键种种子萌发的影响．结果表明,云杉和红桦种子萌发的最适温度均为25℃,发芽率分别为88．8±8．4％和30．8±10．4％,多重比较显示红桦对温度的响应比云杉更敏感．云杉在10℃时能萌发而红桦则几乎不能．红桦种子萌发所需要的最低温度比云杉的高．昼夜温差对两类种子发芽影响明显,20℃／15℃条件下两种种子萌发率最高,温差过大不利于红桦种子萌发．光照强度对种子的发芽率也有明显影响。二者在透光20％时种子发芽率最高,分别为83．2±6．6％和29．2±5．5％,云杉种子萌发对光照的响应比红桦种子更为敏感．采伐迹地强烈的光照是限制亚高山针叶林自然更新的重要因素,迹地温度升高有利于云杉和红桦种子萌发,但剧烈的昼夜温差又在一定程度上抑制了种子萌发。     

赤霉素、钙和甜菜碱对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响

小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)属大戟科( Euphorbiaceae)麻疯树属(Jatropha L.)的能源植物。分别以小桐子种子和幼苗为实验材料,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素和CaCl₂单独处理,以及不同浓度的赤霉素、CaCl₂和甜菜碱组合处理对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响。结果表明:分别用10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理小桐子种子,不仅可以提高其在正常萌发条件(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)下的发芽率,还可缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和丙二醛(MDA)的积累。用10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和15 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理小桐子种子,也可进一步增强其在正常萌发(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)条件下种子的发芽率,以及缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和MDA的积累,表明10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂分别处理或10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和10 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理可提高小桐子种子在低温和干旱胁迫下的发芽率,以及提高小桐子幼苗对低温和干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

板蓝根种子的吸水特性及发芽条件研究

采用室内测定方法,对板蓝根种子的吸水特性及不同处理下种子的发芽率、发芽势和相对活力指数等进行比较研究。结果表明,板蓝根种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性,分为快速吸水期、缓慢吸水期和缓慢吐水期三个阶段,入水后2 h的吸水量达最大吸水量的73.29%,为快速吸水阶段;温度对板蓝根种子的萌发影响较大,最适发芽温度为30℃。光照、发芽床和种子预处理对板蓝根种子的萌发无明显影响。这说明板蓝根种子的萌发主要取决于水分和温度。     

温度对干旱、盐胁迫下两种黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨温度对干旱、盐胁迫下黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,以黄芪属蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪2种种子为研究对象,纯净水处理为对照组,NaCl、PEG处理为实验组,设置4个渗透势水平(0、-0.1、-0.3、-0.5 MPa),置于5种不同的温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)下,每日观察并记录两种种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明:旱盐胁迫下蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪种子萌发最适宜的温度分别为25和20℃左右;蒙古黄芪耐高温不耐低温,而扁茎黄芪恰恰相反;但25和20℃均适宜两种幼苗生长,包括胚根、胚轴和子叶的生长。蒙古黄芪各处理组(除未发芽的种子)的平均发芽时间都比扁茎黄芪长; NaCl胁迫程度的增加使得两种种子的最终发芽率降低,但蒙古黄芪的耐盐性高于扁茎黄芪;随着PEG胁迫程度的增加,二者的发芽均受到抑制,甚至会出现完全不萌发,但扁茎黄芪的耐旱性高于蒙古黄芪;在相同的渗透势时,尤其是-0.5 MPa,PEG比NaCl对两种种子的影响大;交互胁迫作用下,随着渗透势的增加两种幼苗的鲜重、干重以及胚根、胚轴、子叶的长和宽变化较大;利用Design Expert软件预测发现:温度25℃、NaCl渗透势为-0.1 MPa,温度24℃、PEG渗透势为-0.04 MPa的处理是蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长达到最优化的组合;而扁茎黄芪最优化的组合则为23℃下NaCl渗透势为-0.07 MPa的处理,20℃下PEG渗透势为-0.13 MPa的处理。     

温度对干旱、盐胁迫下两种黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨温度对干旱、盐胁迫下黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,以黄芪属蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪2种种子为研究对象,纯净水处理为对照组,NaCl、PEG处理为实验组,设置4个渗透势水平(0、-0.1、-0.3、-0.5 MPa),置于5种不同的温度(10、15、20、25、30 ℃)下,每日观察并记录两种种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明：旱盐胁迫下蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪种子萌发最适宜的温度分别为25和20 ℃左右;蒙古黄芪耐高温不耐低温,而扁茎黄芪恰恰相反;但25和20 ℃均适宜两种幼苗生长,包括胚根、胚轴和子叶的生长。蒙古黄芪各处理组(除未发芽的种子)的平均发芽时间都比扁茎黄芪长;NaCl胁迫程度的增加使得两种种子的最终发芽率降低,但蒙古黄芪的耐盐性高于扁茎黄芪;随着PEG胁迫程度的增加,二者的发芽均受到抑制,甚至会出现完全不萌发,但扁茎黄芪的耐旱性高于蒙古黄芪;在相同的渗透势时,尤其是-0.5 MPa,PEG比NaCl对两种种子的影响大;交互胁迫作用下,随着渗透势的增加两种幼苗的鲜重、干重以及胚根、胚轴、子叶的长和宽变化较大;利用Design Expert软件预测发现：温度25 ℃、NaCl渗透势为-0.1 MPa,温度24 ℃、PEG渗透势为-0.04 MPa的处理是蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长达到最优化的组合;而扁茎黄芪最优化的组合则为23 ℃下NaCl渗透势为-0.07 MPa的处理,20 ℃下PEG渗透势为-0.13 MPa的处理。     

Temperature dependence of the germination of tomato seeds

1. 1.|The germination of tomato “C38” seeds exposed to periodical white incandescent light occurs from 6.0° ± 0.2°C to 37.5° ± 0.2°C, being rate-limited for 10.3° T 25.9°C, and elsewhere limited by the germination capacity.

2. 2.|Rate averages are linearly T-dependent outside their optimum range (25.9° T 29.5°C) and rate variances are typically heterogeneous.

3. 3.|The smooth curvilinear Arrhenius plot indicates that diffusion processes cannot be rate-limiting outside the interval 25.9° T 29.5°C, whereas phase transitions and (or) transconformation of proteins may limit the rate above 34.9°C and, by opposite effects, below 15.3°C.

4. 4.|The thermal communication between the environment and the germinating seed proceeds by a temperature signal which is quenched by random thermal noise at T 11.2°C and at T 34.0°C.

Analysis of the action of compounds that inhibit the germination of spores of Bacillus species

AIMS: To determine the mechanism of action of inhibitors of the germination of spores of Bacillus species, and where these inhibitors act in the germination process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Spores of various Bacillus species are significant agents of food spoilage and food-borne disease, and inhibition of spore germination is a potential means of reducing such problems. Germination of the following spores was studied: (i) wild-type B. subtilis spores; (ii) B. subtilis spores with a nutrient receptor variant allowing recognition of a novel germinant; (iii) B. subtilis spores with elevated levels of either the variant nutrient receptor or its wild-type allele; (iv) B. subtilis spores lacking all nutrient receptors and (v) wild-type B. megaterium spores. Spores were germinated with a variety of nutrient germinants, Ca2+-dipicolinic acid (DPA) and dodecylamine for B. subtilis spores, and KBr for B. megaterium spores. Compounds tested as inhibitors of germination included alkyl alcohols, a phenol derivative, a fatty acid, ion channel blockers, enzyme inhibitors and several other compounds. Assays used to assess rates of spore germination monitored: (i) the fall in optical density at 600 nm of spore suspensions; (ii) the release of the dormant spore's large depot of DPA; (iii) hydrolysis of the dormant spore's peptidoglycan cortex and (iv) generation of CFU from spores that lacked all nutrient receptors. The results with B. subtilis spores allowed the assignment of inhibitory compounds into two general groups: (i) those that inhibited the action of, or response to, one nutrient receptor and (ii) those that blocked the action of, or response to, several or all of the nutrient receptors. Some of the compounds in groups 1 and 2 also blocked action of at least one cortex lytic enzyme, however, this does not appear to be the primary site of their action in inhibiting spore germination. The inhibitors had rather different effects on germination of B. subtilis spores with nutrients or non-nutrients, consistent with previous work indicating that germination of B. subtilis spores by non-nutrients does not involve the spore's nutrient receptors. In particular, none of the compounds tested inhibited spore germination with dodecylamine, and only three compounds inhibited Ca2+-DPA germination. In contrast, all compounds had very similar effects on the germination of B. megaterium spores with either glucose or KBr. The effects of the inhibitors tested on spores of both Bacillus species were largely reversible. CONCLUSIONS: This work indicates that inhibitors of B. subtilis spore germination fall into two classes: (i) compounds (most alkyl alcohols, N-ethylmaleimide, nifedipine, phenols, potassium sorbate) that inhibit the action of, or response to, primarily one nutrient receptor and (ii) compounds [amiloride, HgCl2, octanoic acid, octanol, phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF), quinine, tetracaine, tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester, trifluoperazine] that inhibit the action of, or response to, several nutrient receptors. Action of these inhibitors, is reversible. The similar effects of inhibitors on B. megaterium spore germination by glucose or KBr indicate that inorganic salts likely trigger germination by activating one or more nutrient receptors. The lack of effect of all inhibitors on dodecylamine germination suggests that this compound stimulates germination by creating channels in the spore's inner membrane allowing DPA release. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work provides new insight into the steps in spore germination that are inhibited by various chemicals, and the mechanism of action of these inhibitors. The work also provides new insights into the process of spore germination itself.     

青藏高原高寒草甸罂粟科植物种子萌发特性研究

对9种罂粟科植物种子在5个温度(5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃)下的萌发特性进行了研究.结果显示:(1)采自低海拔的小果博落回、秃疮花和白屈菜在15～25℃的萌发率高于5～10℃;采自高海拔的全缘叶绿绒蒿和多刺绿绒蒿达到最大萌发率的温度分别为5℃和10℃;而采自高海拔的红花绿绒蒿和五脉绿绒蒿只有通过5℃冷处理后才能萌发,表明种子的最佳萌发温度与采集地海拔相关.(2)萌发速率随温度升高增大,秃疮花和苣叶秃疮花在25℃萌发速率最大,其余种25℃的萌发速率略小于20℃的萌发速率.(3)萌发时滞表现出随温度升高而缩短的趋势,秃疮花、白屈菜和苣叶秃疮花在25℃萌发时滞最短,其余种25℃萌发时滞又长于20℃萌发时滞.(4)一年生植物多刺绿绒蒿在所有温度下的萌发率和萌发速率均最高,而萌发时滞最短,这可能是一年生植物适应特殊环境的一种对策.     

Germination responses of a seed population of Taraxacum officinale Weber to constant temperatures including the supra-optimal range

Abstract The germination responses of a nondormant fraction of a seed population of Taraxacum officinale Weber at constant temperatures in the range 7–34°C were analysed through a time-course study. Maximal percentage germination (approximately 90%) was attained at temperatures 10–18°C, where simple linear relationships were observed between the temperature and the germination rates, i.e. the reciprocals of the time taken to germinate by subpopulations with 20–80% germination. There was a variation in the required ‘thermal times’ (θ) which characterized the linear relationships, the distribution of which could be approximated for the seed population by the following distribution function: where m is the median of the distribution, and A is a shape parameter characterizing the pattern of the distribution. Final percentage germination decreased with increasing temperature from 20 to 32°C, where the final percentage germination vs. temperature plotted on a normal probability scale yielded a straight line, indicating the normality of the distribution of the upper limit temperature in the seed population. The estimated mean and standard deviation were 27.25 ± 3.75°C. The rate of germination for the subpopulation with 20–80% germination also decreased with increases in the temperature from 22 to 30°C. If the relationships between the temperature within this range and the rate for the subpopulations with 20–80% germination were approximated by the regression lines, the negative ‘thermal time’ characterizing the yielded linear relationship would have a distribution which could be approximated by the same function with the required thermal time for the relationship of suboptimal range. The parameters m and A for the negative ‘thermal time’ were determined to be 2870 K h and 1.7 × 10^-10 K^-3 h^-3.     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性

在实验室条件下观测了陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性,结果发现：萌发率在80%以上的植物有杠柳、铁杆蒿和茭蒿;在60%～80%之间的物种有白羊草、紫丁香、阿尔泰狗娃花、大针茅、沙棘和猪毛蒿;长芒草为37.3%;小于20%的植物有达乌里胡枝子、刺槐、虎榛子和狼牙刺。14种植物的萌发时滞最短的为2 d,最长的为8 d;几乎所有植物种子达到T50的时间都在其萌发开始后的7 d以内,且大部分物种在萌发开始后的15 d完成总萌发量的90%;萌发持续时间最短的为6 d,有刺槐、狼牙刺、虎榛子、沙棘4种,最长的为猪毛蒿,达32 d。这些植物种子的萌发特性及生态适宜性决定了它们在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区植被演替中的角色与地位。     

Germination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis spores in the gut of Aedes larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

In laboratory experiments, germination and growth of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the gut of Aedes aegypti and A. vexans larvae (Culicidae: Diptera) was observed. The number of spores and vegetative cells in the gut of living larvae and in cadavers was estimated by plaing homogenized larvae on selective agar plates. The number of spores per gut increased in the first 40–140 min of exposure to a maximum, and decreased in the subsequent time, demonstrating spore germination in living larvae, moribunds, and in cadavers. Twenty-four hours after the death of the larvae, a minimal amount of spores, but an increased number of vegetative cells, was found in cadavers. In A. aegypti larvae, germination and growth of B. thuringiensis israelensis in the larval gut was photographically documented.     

Studies of the release of small molecules during pressure germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis

AIMS: To measure rates of release of small molecules during pressure germination of Bacillus subtilis spores, and the role of SpoVA proteins in dipicolinic acid (DPA) release. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rates of DPA release during B. subtilis spore germination with pressures of 150 or 500 megaPascals were much higher in spores with elevated levels of SpoVA proteins, and spores with a temperature-sensitive mutation in the spoVA operon were temperature-sensitive in DPA release during pressure germination. Spores also released arginine and glutamic acid, but not AMP, during pressure germination. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure germination of B. subtilis spores causes release of many small molecules including DPA. SpoVA proteins are involved in the release of DPA, perhaps because SpoVA proteins are a component of a DPA channel in the spore's inner membrane. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work provides new insight into the mechanism of pressure germination of spores of Bacillus species, a process that has significant potential for usage in the food industry.