广东中部地区高温季节蔬菜田杂草群落特征

当前我国农业生产方式和农田生境呈现深刻的变革, 农田草害不断加剧, 及时掌握农田杂草群落特征, 积累相关数据资料迫在眉睫。于2013 年夏季对广东典型蔬菜种植区的90 块典型菜田杂草群落进行了样地调查, 在90 块菜田记录了82 种杂草, 包括16 种外来入侵杂草; 82 种杂草共涉及27 科54 属, 其中超过5 种的科包括: 禾本科(14 种)、菊科(12 种)、莎草科(8 种)、玄参科(7 种)、蓼科和苋科(5 种)。杂草中频度最高的为碎米莎草(Cyperus iria, 88.9%); 马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、水虱草(Fimbristylis miliacea)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)、石胡荽(Centipeda minima)、草龙(Ludwigia hyssopifolia)等均超过60%; 频度在10%以上的杂草共26 种, 其中禾草类5 种、莎草类3 种、阔叶类18 种。在所调查田间, 阔叶草种类较多, 且平均发生盖度显著高于禾草和莎草(P < 0.05), 菜心田间禾草类杂草相对盖度显著低于其它作物田, 莎草类杂草显著高于其它作物田; 水旱轮作田间莎草类杂草的盖度显著高于旱连作田(P < 0.05)。对26 种常见杂草与耕作因子间进行RDA 排序, 结果表明, 水旱轮作、种植甜玉米(Zea mays)、种植豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)、种植丝瓜(Luffa cylindrica)等因子均对田间杂草群落具有显著影响(P < 0.05)。结果和原始数据可为研究华南地区菜田杂草群落及其演替趋势积累第一手资料。     

稻鸭共作及其它控草措施对稻田杂草群落的影响

运用群落生态学方法研究了稻鸭共作、人工除草、化学除草3种控草措施对稻田杂草群落特征的影响及其对田间杂草的控制作用.结果表明,稻鸭共作显著降低了田间杂草的发生密度,对稻田主要杂草鸭舌草(Monochoriavaginalis)、异型莎草(Cyperusdifformis)、矮慈姑(Sagittariapygmaea)的防效均达到95%以上,总体控草效果显著优于化学除草和人工除草.稻鸭共作使稻田杂草群落的物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略有降低,但Pielou均匀度指数显著提高,表明群落物种组成有了很大的改变,降低了原来优势杂草的发生危害.在不同控草措施作用下,稻田杂草群落的结构组成也发生了一定的变化,稻鸭共作区群落组成为陌上菜(Linderniaprocumbens)+异型莎草+水虱草(Fimbristylismiliacea),Whittaker群落指数显著高于化学除草、人工除草及对照区,表明稻鸭共作对田间杂草群落结构影响较大.从Sorensen群落相似性指数及以其为距离测度指标的聚类分析结果中也可得到同样的结论.     

高尔夫球场草坪-杂草群落中主要杂草种类年消长动态及时间生态位

研究了亚热带地区高尔夫球场草坪 -杂草群落中主要杂草种类组成、年消长动态及时间生态位。结果表明 :高尔夫球场草坪 -杂草群落中各类杂草总计 5 9种 ,其中禾草 14种 ,莎草 4种 ,阔叶杂草 4 1种。在 2 0 %以上的样带小样方中出现的杂草种类为13种 ,即香附子、水蜈蚣、黄花酢浆草、铺地黎、牛筋草、两耳草、马唐草、天胡荽、狗尾草、空心莲子草、马齿苋、鸡眼草和犁头草 ;13种主要杂草总的年消长动态是 :1～ 3月份个体数量较少 ,4～ 10月份期间生长加快 ,但消长起伏不平 ,10月份后变缓 ;70 %以上的主要杂草在草坪 -杂草群落中生态位宽度均在 0 .7左右 ,其中生态位宽度较高的杂草种类为香附子 (0 .90 5 4 )、水蜈蚣(0 .86 18)和黄花酢浆草 (0 .8381) ,生态位最小的杂草种类为马齿苋 (0 .392 2 ) ;13种杂草中 ,相似性指数最高的杂草种对为空心莲子草与马齿苋 (0 .75 98) ,最小的杂草种对为天胡荽与鸡眼草 (0 .16 6 6 )     

短期增温对青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落结构和生物量的影响

采用增温棚模拟增温的方法,对比研究了青藏高原腹地典型高寒草甸和沼泽草甸在两种增温梯度条件下植物群落结构及植物生长对温度升高的初期响应。由于开顶式生长室(OTC)的增温作用,在整个生长季内,沼泽草甸月平均气温分别较对照提高2.98℃ (OTC1)和 5.52℃((OTC2),20cm处土壤水分分别减少了2.45%(OTC1)和3.44%(OTC2);高寒草甸月平均气温分别比对照升高了2.59℃(OTC1)和 5.16℃ (OTC2)。20cm处土壤水分分别减少了1.83%(OTC1)和7.71%(OTC2)。受温度升高及土壤含水量减少的影响,模拟增温2个生长季后,与对照样地相比,群落种群高度、密度、盖度、频度和重要值发生变化,群落结构也发生一定变化。增温处理使高寒草甸禾草和莎草盖度减少,杂草盖度增加,而使沼泽草甸中禾草和莎草盖度增加,杂草盖度减少。增温后,两种草甸总生物量均增加,但大幅度的增温条件抑制了高寒草甸的这种促进作用,而促进了沼泽草甸的这种促进作用。两种草甸的地下生物量主要分布在土壤表层,模拟增温使得高寒草甸的生物量分配格局向深层转移,但不明显;而使沼泽草甸生物量明显的趋向深层土壤中转移。     

氮磷钾不同施肥配方对退化高寒草原植物群落结构的影响

以地处青海湖北岸三角城种羊场附近高寒退化的紫花针茅草原为对象,研究了施肥对植物群落盖度、物种多样性和植物类群的影响。结果表明:施肥后的第2年(2012年)和第3年(2013年)群落的总盖度显著高于施肥前(2011年)(P0.05),且随着施肥年限的增加,群落的盖度也增加,但不同处理增加的幅度不一致;与不施肥相比,不同的施肥处理在2年和第3年物种丰富度逐渐减小;施肥后Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数的变化无明显规律;不同植物类群对施肥的响应亦不同,施肥后第2年和第3年不同施肥处理间禾草类和杂类草生物量均显著增加(P0.05),而莎草类和豆科变化不明显。     

不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛植物的生长特点

 不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛植物在生长发育、生理生态,物质生产和群落结构等方面主要有以下变化：1．在高寒灌丛草场,禾草类、莎草类和灌丛类植物的叶面积指数和平均生长速率随着放牧强度的减轻而增大;随着放牧强度的增加而减小。植株平均高度,植被盖度水平也与放牧强度呈负相关(p<0.01)。2．各项生长分析参数中：叶面积比率(LAR)、叶面积干重比(SLA)和叶干重比(LWR)与放牧强度之间存在负相关。叶面积指数(LAI)与地上生物量呈正相关(p<0.5),地上部现存在量与放牧强度呈负相关(p<0.01)。3．不同放牧强度条件下,高寒灌丛中的禾草类、莎草类、灌丛类和杂类草植物的种类组成和数量变化明显。其中禾草类和莎草类、灌丛类植物的生物量和种类组成比例在重度放牧下减少,在轻度放牧下增大。反之,重度放牧下杂类草的组成和数量明显增加,而轻度放牧下其比例降低。     

长期稻鸭共作对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响

2000~2003年连续4年研究了稻鸭共作条件下田间杂草群落的特征及其动态变化规律。结果表明,在长期稻鸭共作条件下,田间杂草密度逐年降低,下降趋势符合阻滞模型y=k+a·e^bx,模型参数b反映了杂草种群的下降速率。在稻田6种主要杂草中,水虱草(Fimbristylis miliaceae)、陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)、丁香蓼(Ludwigia prostrata)种群数量降低较快,鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)次之,稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)最慢。稻鸭共作使稻田杂草群落的物种多样性持续降低,群落均匀度提高,群落相似性与稻鸭共作前相比逐年降低。说明稻鸭共作改变了田间杂草的群落结构,有利于限制杂草的发生危害。随着稻鸭共作的连年进行,对田间杂草的控制效果逐渐上升,4年后达99%以上。稻鸭共作是稻田替代化学除草的一种非常有效的生物、生态控草措施,具有显著的经济和生态效益。     

阔叶丰花草对荔枝园杂草群落特征及物种多样性的影响

【目的】明确阔叶丰花草在荔枝园定植对杂草群落特征及物种多样性的影响,为阔叶丰花草在果园应用提供参考依据。【方法】通过调查广东茂名高州荔枝国家现代农业产业园的荔枝园中90个有、无阔叶丰花草样方中杂草群落组成、群落高度以及物种多样性,探究阔叶丰花草定植对荔枝园杂草群落结构及物种多样性的影响。【结果】阔叶丰花草在荔枝园定植后,杂草种类减少,由对照样方的42种减少到试验样方的30种;杂草群落结构显著改变,牛筋草、白花鬼针草等恶性杂草重要值降低,薇甘菊、香附子、火炭母等杂草消失;阔叶丰花草的重要值与杂草群落高度和物种多样性指数为显著性负相关(P0.001),且均呈显著三项式回归关系。阔叶花草在荔枝园定植后可建立结构较为单一,且低矮的杂草群落。【结论】阔叶丰花草有望成为荔枝园生草的有益草种。     

青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落结构和功能对氮、磷、钾添加的短期响应

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站的矮嵩草草甸水肥样地进行了氮、磷、钾及其组合的施肥处理,研究了施肥对植物群落结构和功能的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥使矮嵩草草甸植物群落物种丰富度减少,不同施肥处理下物种丰富度大小分别为:对照钾磷氮氮磷磷钾氮钾氮磷钾。(2)在氮磷配合施肥处理下,矮嵩草草甸植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于对照,而其它施肥处理对Shannon-Wiener指数影响不显著。(3)在同一施肥处理下,禾草类和莎草类的重要值明显高于豆科和杂类草功能群,不同施肥处理使禾草、莎草、豆科植物的重要值增加,而杂类草重要值减少。(4)与对照相比,不同施肥(除钾外)处理可不同程度的增加植物群落的高度。(5)除钾、磷钾养分添加对矮嵩草草甸地上生物量的影响与对照差异不显著外,其它养分及其组合添加都极显著增加了群落地上生物量,且大小顺序依次为氮磷氮磷钾磷氮钾氮磷钾钾对照。(6)施用不同种类的肥料后,矮嵩草草甸各功能群地上生物量的比例变化明显,禾草和莎草的比例均增加,杂类草的比例减少,而豆科植物无规律性。(7)熵值法综合评价短期施肥处理对矮嵩草草甸群落的影响表明,氮磷、氮磷钾配合施肥是青藏高原高寒草甸最佳施肥选择。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸植物类群对模拟降水和施氮的响应

 研究了青藏高原高寒矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）草甸植物类群对模拟夏季增减雨量、冬春增雪以及增施氮肥下的响应。结果表明：1999年模拟减少降雨20%～40%和增加雨量20%～40%下禾草类、杂类草和莎草类的综合优势比（SDR）和地上生物量变化均不显著。冬春增雪100%有利于禾草类夏季的生长,冬春增雪对植物类群的影响大于夏季雨量的增加。夏季增施氮150 kg·hm－2和增施氮300 kg·hm－2禾草类的盖度比、高度比、SDR和地上生物量明显增大,而杂类草的盖度比和高度比、SDR及地上生物量在施氮300 kg·hm－2下显著减低,在施氮150 kg·hm－2水平上禾草类的生物量的增加与杂类草生物量的降低存在相互补偿的作用机制。在水分资源不利的（如减少雨量）的干扰下,其敏感性表现为杂类草大于禾草类,莎草类最小。莎草类植物对各种处理下响应不敏感,也说明它对资源环境的波动有很强的适应性。缺水年（1999年）模拟增加雨量20%～40%的条件下,可缓解降水量减少的影响,相反模拟减少雨量20%～40%会增强干旱的影响程度。     

Impact of mowing and weed control on broadleaf weed population dynamics in turf

Abstract

Various turf management activities may influence weed population dynamics and interfere with weed control. The effects of a biocontrol agent, Sclerotinia minor, a chemical herbicide, Killex?, and mowing height on broadleaf weed dynamics were examined in two turfgrass stands for two consecutive years. Mowing did not reduce the population densities of dandelion or the ground cover of broadleaf weeds. In the second year, mowing significantly reduced white clover density, but significantly increased broadleaf plantain density, particularly at the closest mowing height (3–5 cm). Apart from the close height, the S. minor and Killex? treatments were equally effective in suppression of dandelion, white clover, broadleaf plantain, and prostrate knotweed in the second year. Common mallow increased in the herbicide treated plots and other species including yellow woodsorrel, yellow toadflax and lambsquarters increased in abundance in plots mowed at the 3–5 cm height and in plots treated with Killex?. Significant differences between the Killex? and S. minor treatments on dandelion population dynamics were rarely present and did not favour either treatment. S. minor did not damage the turfgrass, but Killex? reduced turf quality in 25% of the plots. The application of S. minor with a regular, medium height (～7 cm) mowing regime was highly effective in controlling broadleaf weeds in temperate Kentucky bluegrass turf.     

Molecular biology of weed control

The vast commercial effort to utilize chemical and molecular tools to solve weed control problems has had a major impact on the basic biological sciences as well as benefits to agriculture, and the first generation of transgenic products has been successful, while somewhat crude. More sophisticated products are envisaged and expected. Biotechnologically-derived herbicide-resistant crops have been a considerable benefit, yet in some cases there is a risk that the same useful transgenes may introgress into related weeds, specifically the weeds that are hardest to control without such transgenic crops. Biotechnology can also be used to mitigate the risks. Molecular tools should be considered for weed control without the use of, or with less chemicals, whether by enhancing crop competitiveness with weeds for light, nutrients and water, or via allelochemicals. Biocontrol agents may become more effective as well as more safe when rendered hypervirulent yet non-spreading by biotechnology. There might be ways to disperse deleterious transposons throughout weed populations, obviating the need to modify the crops. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Epianthropochory in Mexican weed communities

The diaspores of the 50 most important maize field weed species (agrestals) in a traditional maize-growing area of south-central Mexico (region of Puebla and Tlaxcala) were analyzed for morphological adaptations to long-distance dispersal. Adaptations to wind-dispersal were absent and to endozoochory were minimal. Most species had no visible adaptations and are presumably transported with mud. However, about one-quarter of the taxa, particularly the tall and dominant ones, relied at least partially on burrs with hooks or awns. The possible vectors for these exo- or epizoochorous species are discussed: the most likely regular dispersers are humans (epianthropochory). Interviews with farmers confirm this conclusion. Using humans as vectors allows the plant to transport relatively large seeds to favorable habitats (directed dispersal). The importance of this relatively rare dispersal adaptation in Mexican maize field weeds leads to questions on the origin and evolution of these agrestals.     

Weed species and weed communities

Summary With weeds as with many plant species the main or first level factor determining the area of distribution is a (complex) climatic one. As they have an artificially enlarged area of distribution, they have a huge border area (in an ecological sense), where the climate is not optimal for them, and where they have a narrow ecological and sociological amplitude and are especially sensitive to some measures of modern intensified agriculture. In their northern border areas species of southern origin are restricted to calcarcous substrates and to agrestal and finally ruderal communities, while in their optimal climate they are indifferent to that soil factor and able to compete with other species even in natural vegetation types. Species presumably of origin in atlantic areas are restricted with increasing continentality to very poor and acid soils, as they cannot compete with other species on better sites any more, because of their physiological properties. Thus weed distribution demonstrates the complicated reaction of plant species to the complexes of soil-climatic factors and to the competition of other species. As far as weeds are concerned, species may be only relatively calciphilous, but genuinely calcifuge species, the control being climatic in the former case and physiological in the second.The measures of modern agriculture bring about a gradual extinction of sensitive species from the limit of their range towards their centre of distribution, where they can find refuge habitats in the natural vegetation. The sensitivity of such species (also against herbicides) seems to increase towards their limits. Resistant species occur with increasing densities after the removal of their competitors. In addition, they are able to enlarge their area and to invade sites, where they had not been able to compete before, or sites where they could not previously bear the environmental conditions together with the competition of the rich weed flora.As the complex climatic gradients responsible for the ranges of weed species show smooth transitions, the alteration of species composition in weed communities is also a gradual one. This is one of the problems of weed phytosociology briefly discussed.Nomenclature follows Ehrendorfer (1973), Phytosociological units according to Westhoff & Den Held (1969).Contribution to the Symposium on Plant Species and Plant communities, held at Nijmegen, 11–12 November 1976, on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Professor Victor Westhoff.Field studies were partly supported by a grant of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.     

The origins of weed beet

Samples of weed beet were collected from two fields in Norfolk, one in which they had been present for several years and could have evolved from normal sugar beet varieties, and another in which the weed beet were thought to have arisen more recently, through contamination of a monogerm variety. The samples were grown to maturity and used as mother plants in test crosses with monogerm O-type (non-restorer lines. Observations on the mother plants and on the progenies of the test crosses, with respect to the occurrence of the monogerm gene and of cytoplasmic male sterility, were consistent with the hypothesis that weed beet can arise by evolution from bolting plants in uncontaminated seet lots, as well as from seed lots that have been contaminated with annual forms of Beta vulgaris. This conclusion is important in relation to the need for implementing agronomic control measures for weed beet, as well as for eliminating the risk of releasing contaminated seed lots.     

Evolutionary-thinking in agricultural weed management

Agricultural weeds evolve in response to crop cultivation. Nevertheless, the central importance of evolutionary ecology for understanding weed invasion, persistence and management in agroecosystems is not widely acknowledged. This paper calls for more evolutionarily-enlightened weed management, in which management principles are informed by evolutionary biology to prevent or minimize weed adaptation and spread. As a first step, a greater knowledge of the extent, structure and significance of genetic variation within and between weed populations is required to fully assess the potential for weed adaptation. The evolution of resistance to herbicides is a classic example of weed adaptation. Even here, most research focuses on describing the physiological and molecular basis of resistance, rather than conducting studies to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of selection for resistance. We suggest approaches to increase the application of evolutionary-thinking to herbicide resistance research. Weed population dynamics models are increasingly important tools in weed management, yet these models often ignore intrapopulation and interpopulation variability, neglecting the potential for weed adaptation in response to management. Future agricultural weed management can benefit from greater integration of ecological and evolutionary principles to predict the long-term responses of weed populations to changing weed management, agricultural environments and global climate.