人工湿地污水处理系统中的植物效应与基质酶活性

为了解植物在湿地污水净化系统中的作用与机理,构建了A-B-C三级串连垂直流人工湿地系统,并选择水葱(Scirpus validus)风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、美人蕉(Canna indica)、和芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为测试植物,进行了生活污水处理试验.结果表明,系统中有植物单元单位面积污染物的去除量均高于无植物对照单元.与对照相比,在A、B、C三级系统中由植物效应产生的CODCr去除增量分别为43.52 g/(m2·d),20.38 g/(m2·d),30.94 g/(m2·d);TN去除增量为13.14 g/(m2·d),28.61 g/(m2·d),6.97 g/(m2·d);TP去除增量为1.2 g/(m2·d),0.66 g/(m2·d),0.06 g/(m2·d).从A到C级,污水中污质浓度递减,呈现根系活力显著增强,而植物生长量、过氧化物酶含量、生长量与氮磷积累量等显著下降趋势.基质酶活性在对照单元中较低,在有植物单元中,基质酶活性明显增大并与根系活力成正相关.     

水培条件下两种植物根系分泌特征及其与污染物去除的关系

分别以黑臭河涌污水和霍格兰营养液作为培养液,选取种内个体大小基本一致的风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)和美人蕉(Canna indica)各2株分别水培于2种培养液中,研究经污水驯化和营养液培养后植物的生长状况、根系分泌物、根系径向泌氧以及污水净化效果。结果表明,美人蕉在营养液中的增长速率明显高于污水,而风车草在2种培养液中的增长速率相差不大。2种植物在2种培养液中的单位重量分泌能力存在显著差异。在经过污水及营养液培养后,风车草单位重量分泌能力均高于美人蕉;就单种植物而言,污水水培的植株单位重量分泌能力均高于营养液水培的植株。风车草(营养液)、风车草(污水)、美人蕉(营养液)和美人蕉(污水)的最大分泌量分别为2.89、34.76、1.28、1.82 mg·g-1·d-1。在2种培养液中,风车草的根系泌氧速率均明显高于美人蕉。就单种植物而言,经污水驯化的植物,其泌氧速率均高于营养液中培植的植物,风车草(污水)泌氧速率最大,为0.92μmol O2·h-1·g-1(植株)或6.69μmol O2·h-1·g-1(根),美人蕉(营养液)泌氧速率最小,为0.20μmol O2·h-1·g-1(植株)或1.15μmol O2·h-1·g-1(根)。植物经过一段适应期后,对氨氮、TN、TP的去除率稳定达到90%以上;COD的去除率整体不高,单位重量的风车草和美人蕉对COD的去除量分别为6.95±1.78和1.35±0.52 mg·g-1,而对TP的去除量最小,分别为0.28±0.06和0.06±0.02 mg·g-1。对于COD、氨氮、TN和TP,风车草的单位重量去除量显著高于美人蕉,这与风车草根系分泌有机物能力及根系泌氧能力较美人蕉强有明显的一致性。研究表明,采用风车草作为浮床植物应用于污染水体修复,能达到更佳的效果。     

植物根系分泌物生态效应及其影响因素研究综述

植物根系分泌物的形成是植物体代谢过程中重要的生理现象,为“植物-土壤”体系物质周转的重要环节.研究植物根系分泌物对于了解陆地生态系统质能过程、碳氮收支平衡及提高生态系统的初级生产具有重要意义.本文从植物根系分泌物对植物生理性状、土壤微生物、土壤物质周转及有机污染物降解影响等4个方面对植物根系分泌物的生态效应进行综述,并从重金属含量、营养元素水平、土壤水分和光热条件、物种基因型、土壤微生物状况和外源有机污染物添加的角度综述了影响植物根系分泌物的因素,旨在对植物根系分泌物的生态效应和影响因素进行总结,并根据目前的研究现状,从研究对象、研究方法和效应评估方面进行了展望.     

植物的生化他感效应及其在湿地研究中的应用

信息传递是生态系统的基本功能之一。自然界的一切生物体都具有某些共性,动物体靠神经和激素调控生命活动,而植物体主要靠根尖和顶尖的激素起调控作用,但也存在着电位的传导通路。神经系统的调控过程是兴奋与抑制的协调过程,生态系统的调控过程是相生与相克的协调过程,生态系统的化学调控是指生物体产生的生物活性物质能在生物体之间传递信息并导致生物体的相互作用。植物的生化他感作用是植物之间传递信息的一种方式,它和信息的功能具有惊人的相似性。早在公元前5世纪和3世纪,Ｄｅｍｏｃｒｉｔｕｓ和Ｔｈｅｏｐｈｒａｓｔｕｓ就分别提到植…     

植物根系分泌及其在林业中的意义

本文简要介绍了植物根系分泌物的成分、数量, 充分讨论了根系分泌的影响因素、根系分泌的部位及根系分泌物在土壤中扩散的范围, 并阐明了树木通过根系分泌对土壤营养条件、土壤微生物及其它相邻植物均有显著的影响。     

根系活动对湿地植物根际铁异化还原的影响及机制研究进展

根系活动是影响湿地植物根际铁异化还原速率的关键因素之一。以往国内外湿地铁异化还原的研究多为分析和比较各类中宏观生境中铁异化还原能力的差异。近年来,湿地植物根际微域铁的生物地球化学行为也日益成为该领域的研究热点。综述了根际铁异化还原研究概况,梳理了根系活动对根际铁异化还原关键因子的作用机制,分析了根际铁异化还原和其他有机质代谢途径的竞争关系,探讨了根际铁异化还原对根系活动动态变化和异质性的响应,提出了根际铁异化还原的概念模型,并指出了未来我国湿地植物根际铁异化还原研究应加强的工作。     

湿地植物与丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)相互关系的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是湿地植物主要共生菌之一,在湿地生态系统中具有重要的作用.本文就近年来AMF对湿地植物的营养物质吸收、生长发育、抗逆境胁迫和抗污染能力等的作用,湿地植物、水分、季节、土壤理化性质因素对根际AMF的多样性、侵染能力、空间分布、生长发育、孢子密度的影响,以及植物与AMF之间相互作用关系的研究进展进行综述.     

滨海湿地植物种群Allee效应驱动机制研究进展

Allee效应是指生物个体适应度与种群规模或密度之间呈正向关联的现象,因与植物种群动态和种群灭绝密切相关而受到生态学家的普遍重视。阐释多重胁迫下滨海湿地植物种群响应机制,从保护生物多样性和维持生态系统稳定性层面发展系统性生态修复措施成为相关研究关注的重点。本研究分别从遗传过程、花粉扩散过程和生物互作关系不同层面,总结分析了植物种群Allee效应驱动机制的研究进展。一方面,植物因遗传过程中近交衰退、遗传变异丧失、有害突变累积等遗传结构改变造成繁殖失败而引发Allee效应;另一方面,植物花粉扩散过程和动植物互作关系影响下的花粉限制也通过影响植物种群繁殖力成为驱动Allee效应的关键因素。滨海湿地水盐梯度变异及格局破碎化影响下,植物种群遭受Allee效应的风险需引起关注,维持滨海湿地植物种群适宜分布格局和生物连通过程成为缓解Allee效应的重要手段。结合生理学与化学生态学研究手段和长时间尺度动态监测技术,有助于进一步阐释环境及生物等多重胁迫下Allee效应的非线性驱动机制。     

根系分泌物及其在植物修复中的作用

 近年来环境污染日益严重,污染物在土壤植物中的行为引起了人们的高度关注。利用植物去除土壤水体等介质中污染物的植物修复是近10年来兴起的一项安全、廉价的技术,已成为污染生态学和环境生态学的研究热点,它通过植物吸收、根滤、稳定、挥发等方式清除环境中的重金属和有机污染物。国内外有关植物修复的研究报道和概述很多, 但对植物根系分泌物在植物修复中所起的作用及其机理少有述评。 本文从根系分泌物对土壤重金属和土壤有机污染物的去除作用出发,对根系分泌物的种类、数量及其在去除环境污染物中的作用机理和功能地位进行了总结,并借助研究事例对影响植物根系分泌的内外因子,如植物种类、营养胁迫、重金属胁迫、根际环境的理化性质、土壤微生物及其它环境因子进行了讨论。概言之,根系分泌物在修复污染土壤中的重金属途径是多种多样的,主要是通过调节根际pH值、与重金属形成螯合物、络合反应、沉淀、提高土壤微生物数量和活性来改变重金属在根际中的存在形态以及提高重金属的生物有效性,从而减轻它对环境的危害。在清除有机污染物时,根系分泌物中的酶可以对有机污染物进行直接降解,根系分泌物影响下的微生物也可以对有机污染物进行间接降解,且被认为是主要的降解途径。根系分泌物在植物修复过程中确实起着某些重要作用,今后应将这方面的研究重点放在某些特异性根系分泌物植物,尤其是某些重金属超富集植物资源的寻找、筛选上,通过室内实验和野外研究确定其根系分泌物对清除重金属和有机污染物的效率,证实超富集植物根系分泌物的特异性与污染物超富集的内在联系,找到污染土壤生态恢复和治理的有效方法并加以推广应用,如针对性地在被污染地大面积种植此类具特异性根分泌物植物,并辅以营林措施如修剪等,加快生物修复进程,提高修复效率。植物根系分泌物在植物修复过程中所具有的重要生态意义和可能应用前景,为污染生态学和化学生态学之间的联合研究开拓了全新的领域,今后将取得新的突破和重要进展。     

维管植物对自然湿地甲烷排放的影响

综合评述了维管植物在自然湿地甲烷产生、氧化、传输和排放过程中的作用。维管植物光合作用的产物是甲烷产生的主要碳源,植物根系的周转和碳物质的分泌为产甲烷细菌提供底物;维管植物根际氧化是甲烷氧化最主要的途径,在植物的生长期占到总氧化量的80%左右。植物传输O2的能力和根际O2的需求是影响根际氧化的主要因素;维管植物通气组织的传输促进了甲烷从土壤向大气的输送,但所采用的传输机制影响着气体的输送效率。此外,自然湿地甲烷排放的各个过程均受到维管植物形态和植被类型的影响。维管植物在甲烷排放中的作用可以部分解释自然湿地甲烷在排放的时间(季节性变化、日变化)和空间尺度上的差异。维管植物对于自然湿地甲烷排放具有指示意义,可以用于大尺度自然湿地甲烷排放量的估算。     

Metal accumulation and tolerance in wetland plants

This paper briefly reviews the progress in studies of wetland plants in terms of heavy metal pollution. The current research mainly includes the following areas: (1) metal uptake, translocation, and distributions in wetland plants and toxicological effects on wetland plants, (2) radial oxygen loss (ROL) of wetland plants and its effects on metal mobility in rhizosphere soils, (3) constitutional metal tolerance in wetland plants, and (4) mechanisms of metal tolerance by wetland plants. Although a number of accomplishments have been achieved, many issues still remain unanswered. The future research effort is likely to focus on the ROL of wetland plants affecting metal speciation and bioavailability in rhizosphere soils, and the development of rhizosphere management technologies to facilitate and improve practical applications of phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils.     

Metal accumulation and tolerance in wetland plants

This paper briefly reviews the progress in studies of wetland plants in terms of heavy metal pollution. The current research mainly includes the following areas: (1) metal uptake, translocation, and distributions in wetland plants and toxicological effects on wetland plants, (2) radial oxygen loss (ROL) of wetland plants and its effects on metal mobility in rhizosphere soils, (3) constitutional metal tolerance in wetland plants, and (4) mechanisms of metal tolerance by wetland plants. Although a number of accomplishments have been achieved, many issues still remain unanswered. The future research effort is likely to focus on the ROL of wetland plants affecting metal speciation and bioavailability in rhizosphere soils, and the development of rhizosphere management technologies to facilitate and improve practical applications of phytoremediation of metalpolluted soils.     

Contrasting oxygen dynamics in the freshwater isoetid Lobelia dortmanna and the marine seagrass Zostera marina

BACKGROUND: and Aims Submerged plants possess well-developed aerenchyma facilitating intra-plant gas-phase diffusion of O2 to below-ground tissues, which are usually buried in anoxic sediments. However, aquatic habitats differ in terms of O2 fluctuations in the water column and in O2 consumption of the sediment, and aquatic plants differ in aerenchymal volume and resistance to O2 diffusion through the plant and across leaf and root surfaces. The hypothesis that the freshwater isoetid Lobelia dortmanna and the marine seagrass Zostera marina should display pronounced contrasts in intra-plant O2 dynamics because of differences in morphology/anatomy, physiology and growth habitat was tested. METHODS: In order to determine the O2 dynamics and relate this to the anatomy and morphology of the two species, O2 microelectrodes were inserted in the aerenchyma of leaves and roots, the sediment pore-water, and the water column in the field. Manipulation of water column O2 in the laboratory was also carried out. KEY RESULTS: It was found that intra-plant transport of O2 between leaf and root tips takes place more readily in L. dortmanna than in Z. marina due to shorter distances and greater cross-sections of the aerenchyma. The major exchange of O2 across roots of L. dortmanna can be accounted for by small intra-plant resistances to diffusion, larger root than leaf surfaces, and greater radial diffusive resistance of leaves than roots. In contrast, the major O2 exchange across leaves than roots of Z. marina can be accounted for by the opposite anatomical-morphological features. The larger aerenchymal volume and the smaller metabolic rates of L. dortmanna compared to Z. marina imply that turnover of O2 is slower in the aerenchyma of L. dortmanna and O2 fluctuations are more dampened following changes in irradiance. Also, O2 accumulated in the aerenchyma can theoretically support dark respiration for a few hours in L. dortmanna but for only a few minutes in Z. marina. CONCLUSIONS: The build-up of O2 in the pore-water of L. dortmanna sediments during the day as a result of high release of photosynthetic O2 from roots and low O2 consumption of sediments means that sediment, aerenchyma and water are important O2 sources for respiration during the following night, while Z. marina relies on the water column as the sole source of O2 because its sediments are anoxic. These differences between L. dortmanna and Z. marina appear to represent a general difference between the isoetid species mainly inhabiting sediments of low reducing capacity of oligotrophic lakes and the elodeid freshwater species and marine seagrasses mainly inhabiting sediments of higher reducing capacity in more nutrient-rich habitats.     

三种不同泌氧能力的红树植物对铅、锌、铜的耐性研究

红树林是分布于热带、亚热带潮间带的典型滨海生态系统。近年来,随着城市化和工业化的发展,滨海生态系统受重金属(例如铅、锌、铜等)的污染越来越严重,我国南方一些红树林底泥中的重金属浓度已达到甚或超过重度污染标准。由于沉积作用,红树林底泥被认为是一个能积累由潮水和河流淡水携带来的重金属的\"库\"。然而,红树植物具有很强的耐性生长于重度污染的底泥, 但其中的机理目前尚不清楚。由于长期被水淹没,红树林底泥是一个具氧化还原势低,还原性毒性物质(如Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、H₂S、CH₄等)积累多,营养物质缺乏等特征的厌氧环境。为了适应这种生境,红树植物也进化出了一套与其他湿地植物类似的适应机制,植物能通过通气组织将地上部分的氧气输送到地下,一部分满足根的呼吸作用需要,一部分则通过根释放到根际,这被称为根的泌氧。根的泌氧可以氧化根际环境并且氧化还原性的毒性物质,以保证红树植物根免受毒害而延长生长。因此,根际泌氧是红树植物能适应生境的一个重要机理。本研究试图揭示红树植物在长期适应生境的过程中已经进化和发展出一系列形态解剖和生理生化特征是否在耐浸水的土壤条件,解除Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺等元素的毒性同时,是否也能解除其他重金属(铅、锌、铜)的毒性。通过对木榄、桐花和白骨壤三种不同泌氧能力的植物进行8周室内砂培试验发现:(1)三种植物的生长都被铅、锌、铜所抑制;(2)三种植物对铅、锌、铜都具有一定的耐性,然而,泌氧能力较弱的木榄比泌氧能力较强的桐花和白骨壤对铅、锌、铜的耐性高。     

Iron plaques improve the oxygen supply to root meristems of the freshwater plant, Lobelia dortmanna

* High radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots of aquatic plants to reduced sediments is thought to deplete the roots of oxygen and restrict the distribution of those species unable to form a barrier to oxygen loss. Metal precipitates with high iron content (Fe-plaques) frequently form on roots of aquatic plants and could create such a diffusion barrier, thereby diverting a larger proportion of downward oxygen transport to the root meristems. * To investigate whether Fe-plaques form a barrier to oxygen loss, ROL and internal oxygen concentrations were measured along the length of roots of the freshwater plant Lobelia dortmanna using platinum sleeve electrodes and Clark-type microelectrodes. * Measurements showed that ROL was indeed lower from roots with Fe-plaques than roots without plaques and that ROL declined gradually with thicker iron coating on roots. The low ROL was caused by low diffusion coefficients through root walls with Fe-plaques resulting in higher internal oxygen concentrations in the root lacunae. * By diverting a larger proportion of downward oxygen transport to root meristems in L. dortmanna, the presence of Fe-plaques should diminish root anoxia and improve survival in reduced sediments.     

水稻砷污染及其对砷的吸收和代谢机制

水稻是当今世界大部分地区(尤其是东南亚)的主要的粮食作物之一,同时也是砷(As)进入食物链的主要途径之一。日益严重的水稻田As污染,不但影响了稻米的产量和品质,而且通过食物链威胁着人体健康。如何减少水稻地上部(尤其是米粒)As的含量和降低其毒性,及提高水稻As耐性是亟需解决的世界食品安全问题。深入了解水稻对As的吸收、积累和代谢的生理及分子生物学机制是解决水稻As污染的关键途径。综述国内外研究,对今后深入研究提出建议。     

Long-distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration and radial oxygen loss from roots

Internal transport of gases is crucial for vascular plants inhabiting aquatic, wetland or flood‐prone environments. Diffusivity of gases in water is approximately 10 000 times slower than in air; thus direct exchange of gases between submerged tissues and the environment is strongly impeded. Aerenchyma provides a low‐resistance internal pathway for gas transport between shoot and root extremities. By this pathway, O₂ is supplied to the roots and rhizosphere, while CO₂, ethylene, and methane move from the soil to the shoots and atmosphere. Diffusion is the mechanism by which gases move within roots of all plant species, but significant pressurized through‐flow occurs in stems and rhizomes of several emergent and floating‐leaved wetland plants. Through‐flows can raise O₂ concentrations in the rhizomes close to ambient levels. In general, rates of flow are determined by plant characteristics such as capacity to generate positive pressures in shoot tissues, and resistance to flow in the aerenchyma, as well as environmental conditions affecting leaf‐to‐air gradients in humidity and temperature. O₂ diffusion in roots is influenced by anatomical, morphological and physiological characteristics, and environmental conditions. Roots of many (but not all) wetland species contain large volumes of aerenchyma (e.g. root porosity can reach 55%), while a barrier impermeable to radial O₂ loss (ROL) often occurs in basal zones. These traits act synergistically to enhance the amount of O₂ diffusing to the root apex and enable the development of an aerobic rhizosphere around the root tip, which enhances root penetration into anaerobic substrates. The barrier to ROL in roots of some species is induced by growth in stagnant conditions, whereas it is constitutive in others. An inducible change in the resistance to O₂ across the hypodermis/exodermis is hypothesized to be of adaptive significance to plants inhabiting transiently waterlogged soils. Knowledge on the anatomical basis of the barrier to ROL in various species is scant. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that the barrier may also impede influx of: (i) soil‐derived gases, such as CO₂, methane, and ethylene; (ii) potentially toxic substances (e.g. reduced metal ions) often present in waterlogged soils; and (iii) nutrients and water. Lateral roots, that remain permeable to O₂, may be the main surface for exchange of substances between the roots and rhizosphere in wetland species. Further work is required to determine whether diversity in structure and function in roots of wetland species can be related to various niche habitats.     

水稻根系通气组织与根系泌氧及根际硝化作用的关系

通过根箱土培试验研究了不同产量籼稻品种中旱22(ZH,高产品种)及禾盛10号(HS,低产品种)苗期根系生长、通气组织发育、根系径向泌氧量(radial oxygen loss,ROL)以及根表和根际土壤硝化强度差异。结果表明,除水稻播种40 d时二者根数量和根干重无显著差异外,ZH根直径、根数量和根干重均显著高于HS,二者差异尤其表现在根系生物量差异。两个水稻品种在距根尖20 mm处均可见辐射状通气组织,ZH皮层薄壁细胞已经完全崩溃形成连接中柱和外皮层的纵向气腔,而HS皮层薄壁细胞未发生完全离解,但仍能观察到明显的连接中柱和外皮层的纵向气腔的形成。同时ZH外皮层厚壁细胞体积较小,排列紧密,细胞壁增厚程度大;而HS外皮层厚壁细胞体积相对较大,排列疏松,细胞壁增厚程度相对较小。表明高产品种通气组织发育比低产品种更加完善,表现为ZH根孔隙度(porosity of root,POR)显著高于HS,且高产品种对水稻根系ROL的屏蔽作用较低产品种更强,为根系提供更充足的氧气供应,促进根系生长。除了水稻播种后40 d时ZH和HS单根ROL无显著差异外(P<0.05),ZH单株、单位重量以及单根ROL均显著高于HS(P<0.01)。两个水稻品种硝化强度均表现为根际土壤显著高于根表土壤 (P<0.01),前者大约是后者的3-6倍。两个品种根表土壤硝化强度无显著差异,而ZH根际土壤硝化强度均显著高于HS。相关性分析结果表明水稻根际土壤硝化强度和整株水稻ROL呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.803,P<0.01),和水稻POR也呈现极显著正相关关系(r=0.808,P<0.01),同时和根系直径、数量和干重均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。而根表土壤硝化强度和以上指标均无相关关系。由于硝化作用是好氧过程,因此高产品种由于根系发达,通气组织发育好,相应ROL也较大,造成根际土壤氧气含量高,从而可能导致根际土壤硝化强度显著高于低产品种。     

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Soil Enzyme Activity of Different Wetland Plant Soil Systems

In the present study, five soil exoenzymes (dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase, neutral phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase) were investigated in rhizosphere of wetland plants (Iris wilsonii, Arundo donax, and Typha orientalis) treated with silver nanoparticles (0, 0.024, 0.24, 4.80, and 9.60 μg/g dry soil). It was found that Ag NPs were capable of inhibiting all exoenzyme activities tested in this study, with inhibitory effects especially obvious to higher Ag NPs level (4.80 and 9.60 μg/g dry soil). However, for lower Ag NPs concentration (0.024 μg/g dry soil), the adverse effects on exoenzymes was only found in T. orientalis rhizosphere, the exoenzyme activities in rhizosphere of I. wilsonii were less affected. This study suggested that high concentration Ag NPs could negatively affect all soil exoenzyme activities, while the impacts of low Ag NPs level on exoenzyme activities were mainly related to plant species.