不同树形龙安柚冠层特性

以开心形、Y字形、双层分层形和自然圆头形的龙安柚为试验材料,比较不同树形的冠层特性、叶片结构和生理特征,以期为龙安柚果园小环境的调控提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)开心形间隙分数阈值最高,是自然圆头形的4.33倍。开心形与Y字形的冠层光合辐射与透射系数均显著高于其他树形,但二者无显著差异,表明开心形和Y字形的冠层通风透光特性较好。(2)开心形与Y字形叶片厚度增加,叶面积和气孔密度较大,栅栏/海绵组织厚度和组织紧密度较高,叶片组织疏密度较低,且二者无显著差异,表明开心形与Y字形利于提高叶片的光合作用,降低蒸腾作用。(3)Y字形和开心形净光合速率、水分利用率、最大表观电子传递速率、初始斜率和半饱和光强较高,而蒸腾速率较低,二者对强光的耐受能力较强;其中开心形蒸腾速率最低为2.43 mmol m~(-2)s~(-1),且其结果枝光抑制参数最小,为0.629。说明开心形为最佳的高光效树形。(4)冠层微环境因子、叶片结构及光合生理指标之间多呈极显著相关关系,但开心形叶片结构和生理的大部分指标与冠层环境因子之间相关性较低,说明开心形树形不同部位的营养枝和结果枝的叶片性状差异较小,其光渗透性好,整个冠层的光截获能力和有效光辐射的分布差异较小,笔者认为开心形是龙安柚栽培中的适宜高光效树形。     

香梨两种树形净光合速率特征及影响因素

以自然开心形和疏散分层形香梨树为试材,应用美国Li-cor公司生产的Li-6400光合作用测定系统测定其光合参数,分析了香梨两种不同树形叶片的光合特性以及叶片叶绿素含量、比叶重(SLW)与净光合速率(Pn)的关系,同时研究了气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及其它因子对不同树形Pn的影响。结果表明:自然开心形和疏散分层形香梨树叶片Pn日变化呈不对称双峰曲线,14:00左右出现光午休现象,且整个生长期疏散分层形香梨树叶片Pn峰值大于自然开心形,6月份Pn最小,这与气孔的调节作用密切相关。疏散分层形Pn日变化在11:00 和15:30出现高峰,自然开心形Pn日变化高峰出现在11:00和17:00;同一品种同一时期的自然开心形树和疏散分层形树的叶绿素含量与其Pn值呈正相关,R²分别为0.9438和0.8952;自然开心形的Pn与SLW的相关性高于疏散分层形;Gs、Tr、RH与Pn呈正相关,与Ci、Cs和Pn呈负相关,且疏散分层形香梨树叶片的Pn与Gs、Tr和Cs的相关性均达到了极显著水平,与Ci、Ta、PAR和Hs均达到了显著水平,而在自然开心形中Pn与光合参数相关性不明显,这说明疏散分层形香梨树对影响光合作用的外界因素和内部因素的变化反应比自然开心形敏感。     

龙眼树形对生长结果及机理影响初探

为了解决龙眼园的郁闭问题,提高龙眼的产量和品质,该文以桂香龙眼品种为材料,研究了扁开心形、开心形、自然圆头形三种不同树体结构对树体光照强度、叶片、根系、果实的影响。结果表明:扁开心形显著改善了树冠和果园通风透光环境,提高了叶绿素含量,增大了叶面积,提高了PSⅡ系统活性和开放程度,调节了光合机构的自我保护机制,改善了荧光参数,从而提高了果实品质;扁开心形、开心形、对照的单株产量分别是19.90、17.00、15.60 kg,单果重分别是10.24、10.07、7.64 g;扁开心形和开心形可食率比对照分别提高了4.20%、4.40%,可溶性固形物含量分别提高了12.16%、12.55%;扁开心形比开心形以及对照的表层根有所上浮,促进了果树的生殖生长,显著扩大了根系的分布深度,扩大了根系对营养物质以及水分的吸收。扁开心形是一种高光效的树形,应在生产上加以推广。     

冠层结构对梨叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

冠层结构是影响果树生长发育及丰产优质的重要因素。该研究以20年生‘玉露香’梨大冠分层树形为对照(CK),以冠层整形修剪后的3、4和5个主枝的开心树形为处理(分别记为OCC_(3b)、OCC_(4b)和OCC_(5b)),测定了冠层截获的光合有效辐射、叶片的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和果实品质特性,探讨不同冠层结构内光环境的变化对梨树叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响,探讨果树的光合调控和结实规律,为西北黄土高原产区果树的标准化整形修剪提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)OCC_(3b)、OCC_(4b)和OCC_(5b)的冠层不同方位和不同时刻截获的光合有效辐射(PAR)均高于CK。与CK和OCC_(5b)相比,OCC_(3b)和OCC_(4b)叶片光响应的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))和羧化效率(CE)显著提高。(2)在强光胁迫下,开心树形叶片光呼吸速率(P_r)占总光合速率(P_g)的比例(P_r/P_g)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)中可恢复组分r(qE)提高,同时不可恢复组分r(qI)降低。(3)OCC_(3b)和OCC_(4b)比OCC_(5b)和CK的单果重、果面红晕面积、果皮花青苷含量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量均显著提高,而可滴定酸含量显著降低。(4)PAR与果面着色面积和果皮花青苷含量呈极显著正相关关系,P_(nmax)与单果重呈极显著正相关关系,而PAR和P_(nmax)均与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关关系。研究发现,OCC_(3b)和OCC_(4b)的梨树冠层内可截获更多的光能,叶片光合能力更强,遭遇强光胁迫时能够通过更高效的热耗散和光呼吸进行自我保护,而且开心形树冠结构还能显著提升果实品质。     

缺钼对旺长期烤烟光合色素和荧光日变化及亚显微结构的影响

以模式作物烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)为试材,采用水培试验,以营养液含钼0.20mg·kg-1作为对照(CK),0mg·kg-1为缺钼处理(T),研究缺钼对旺长期烟草光合色素、叶绿素荧光日变化和叶片细胞亚显微结构的影响,以揭示钼对旺长期烟草光合作用影响及其作用机理。结果显示:(1)缺钼处理烟叶的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著低于施钼烟叶。(2)缺钼烟叶的日净光合速率(Pn)下降早于对照,而且回升较慢;施钼烟叶的Pn呈典型双峰日变化。(3)施钼烟叶的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)比较稳定;光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光合有效量子产量(Y)在14:00较低,16:00略有回升;初始荧光(F0)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)在12:00~14:00略微增加,18:00恢复到8:00的水平。缺钼烟叶Fv/Fm在12:00明显降低,16:00后开始有所回升;10:00后,其ETR和Y开始下降,F0和NPQ急剧增加,16:00后开始有所降低,18:00未恢复到8:00的水平。(4)缺钼烟叶细胞亚显微结构的基粒片层和基质片层膨胀变形、松散,淀粉粒少而且发育差;施钼烟叶片层结构排列整齐,淀粉粒发育好。研究表明,旺长期缺钼烟叶的光合色素含量降低,细胞结构发育不良,叶绿素荧光受强光和高温反应敏感,净光合速率降低,光合碳同化产物减少。     

两种不同生态型麻疯树夏季光合特性的比较

以来源于海南及贵州的两种不同生态型麻风树(Jatropha curcas L.)为试材,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统及PAM-2100调制叶绿素荧光仪,在夏季对其气体交换特性及叶绿素荧光参数等进行测定.光强-光合速率响应曲线显示两种不同生态型叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)和光饱和点(LSP)分别为18.9μmol · m-2 · s-1、1600μmol · m-2 · s-1(贵州型)和20.4μmol · m-2 · s-1、1700μmol · m-2 · s-1(海南型),而CO2光合速率响应曲线则显示两者的差异不大.两者的净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线都呈双峰型,主峰出现在10:00,在14:00左右出现低谷,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的光合"午休"现象.海南麻风树的Pmax、LSP、光补偿点(LCP)、表观量子效率(AQY)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均高于贵州麻风树.两种生态型麻风树PSⅡ最大原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)日变化无显著差异, 而实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)变化趋势与Pn相同.这表明麻风树是一种具有较高的光合速率和强光适应性的木本能源植物,不同生态型麻风树的气体交换特性及叶绿素荧光参数有一定的差异,海南麻风树对强光的适应能力强于贵州麻风树.     

商洛低山丘陵区农林复合生态系统光能竞争与生产力

农林复合系统是改善商洛低山丘陵区脆弱生态环境、促进该区域经济发展的重要举措。以该区具有代表性的核桃(Juglans regia L.)、大豆(秦豆8号)和丹参(Radin salviae Miltiorrhizae)农林复合模式为对象,研究不同农林复合系统对光能分布、农作物生长、生产的影响。研究结果表明,不同复合模式下,大豆、丹参的光合有效辐射、光合速率、生物量及产量均有不同程度的下降,且距树行愈近,影响愈大。叶片水势与大豆、丹参的光合速率、生物量以及产量不相关或负相关,而15—30 cm土壤含水量与大豆的生物量和产量以及丹参的生物量正相关,大豆、丹参的生产量与其光合有效辐射呈显著正相关性,这说明农林复合系统中光能竞争是导致间作大豆、丹参产量下降的主要原因。     

滇北球花报春和滇海水仙花的光合特性研究

用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪对引种栽培的滇北球花报春和滇海水仙花的光合参数进行测定,以探讨其光合生理特性.结果表明:(1)滇北球花报春的净光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r)日进程曲线均呈"单峰"型,它们的峰值分别出现在13:00和16:00;滇海水仙花的P_n、Tr较滇北球花报春低,且在一定范围内保持稳定,没有明显的峰值,与滇北球花报春表现出较明显的种间差异;(2)两种报春比叶重( LMA)和叶氮含量(LNC_a)对其光合相关特征参数没有显著影响,而叶氮在Rubisco中的分配系数PR、生物能库中的分配系数P_B和光合组分中总氮含量N_P与光合特征参数LCP、V_(cmax)、J_(max)、CE具有显著的正相关关系;(3)滇北球花报春具有较高的气孔导度(G_s)、P_n和T_r,对强光、高温、低湿度表现出较强的环境适应性,表现出较强的光合能力.     

水分胁迫对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

对不同水分条件下小麦叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数及光合速率的变化进行了研究．结果表明,随着胁迫的加剧．其叶绿素含量降低,且叶绿素a的含量下降比叶绿素b的含量要快。住不同水分条件下,叶片叶绿素含量及光合速率随生育进程的变化趋势基本一致．拔节期到抽穗期迅速上升,灌浆期后迅速下降,且叶绿素含量与光合速率呈显著的正相关。在水分胁迫下旗叶的T12值减少．旗叶光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv／Fm)和潜在活性(Fv／Fo)降低．胁迫程度越大其值降低幅度越大,轻度胁迫与对照相比其值降低幅度小。而重度胁迫其值急剧下降,这些值的降低,导致了光合作用的潜在活力降低,影响了光合电子的传递和CO2同化的正常进行,最终导致产量降低。     

光能竞争对农林复合生态系统生产力的影响

农林复合生态系统是改善渭北黄土区脆弱生态环境、促进该区域经济发展的重要举措.以该区具有代表性的核桃(Juglans regia L.)、李子(Prunus salicina),绿豆(秦豆6号)、辣椒(陕椒981)农林复合模式为对象, 研究不同农林复合系统对光能分布、农作物生长、生产的影响.研究结果表明,不同复合模式下,玉米、辣椒的光合有效辐射、光合速率、生物量及产量均有不同程度的下降,且距树行愈近,影响愈大.叶片水势与玉米、辣椒的光合速率、地上部分生物量以及产量不相关或负相关.而10～20cm土壤含水量与绿豆的生物量和产量以及辣椒的地上部分生物量正相关.但绿豆、辣椒的生产量与其光合有效辐射呈显著正相关性,这说明,农林复合系统中光能竞争是导致间作绿豆、辣椒产量下降的主要原因.     

Comparison of photosynthetic activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orychophragmus violaceus</Emphasis> and oil-seed rape

Orychophragmus violaceus, Brassica campestris cv. Chuanyou No.8, and Brassica juncea cv. Luzhousileng diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) of leaves were studied. One uni-modal curve occurred at the diurnal changes of P _N in O. violaceus, but bimodal curves were found in B. campestris and B. juncea. Thus photosynthetic midday depression was not found in O. violaceus but in both Brassica species. Midday depression of P _N in O. violaceus was not related to high temperature or low humidity at midday but to the activity of CA.     

油蒿叶片氮分配对其最大净光合速率季节变异的影响

植物最大净光合速率的季节变异性及其氮调控机制是近年来植物生理生态领域研究热点,对荒漠植物光合最大净光合速率季节动态及其叶氮影响,特别是叶氮分配对最大净光合速率调控机制的了解仍非常有限。2018年5-10月在宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地,对当地主要建群种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)进行生长季原位观测,测定其叶光合光响应曲线(A-PAR)、CO₂响应曲线(A-Ci)和叶氮含量,结合环境观测数据,分析A-PAR关键参数最大净光合速率(A_max)的季节变异和叶片氮分配相关参数对A_max的调控。结果表明,油蒿叶片A_max在生长期季节变异系数(Cv)为14%,在完全展叶中期,光合氮利用效率(PNUE)有最大值11.82 μmolCO₂ gN^-1 s^-1,此时叶片氮素在光合系统中的分配比例最大,A_max有最大值29.48 μmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1,油蒿光合能力较强。在完全展叶末期,油蒿叶片氮在光合系统中的分配比例(P_p)有最小值0.21,此时叶氮分配更倾向于非光合系统,A_max较小,光合能力较弱,有利于油蒿延长叶片寿命。A_max与单位干重叶片氮含量(N_mass)、氮在捕光系统中分配比例(P_L)、氮在生物力能系统中分配比例(P_b)正相关(P<0.05),其中,P_L对A_max产生了最大的直接正向影响,氮在羧化系统中分配比例(P_c)主要通过P_b对A_max的产生了间接的正向影响,P_b对A_max季节动态的解释度最大(R²=0.49,P<0.01)。A_max与比叶重(LMA)负相关(P<0.05),即当有较高LMA时油蒿具有较低的光合速率,此时叶片光合能力较弱,叶片机械韧性较强。不同物候时期,油蒿叶片氮素分配的变化及叶片光合能力与结构性状之间的权衡关系,标志着荒漠植物对其生境的适应性调节。研究结果不但可提高荒漠灌木油蒿生态系统生产力预测的准确性,也是对植物光合适应机理认识的补充和深入。     

光合单位的周转率与叶片光合速率的关系

利用闪光技术,测得若干高等植物叶片的光合单位为 1450～2050 Chl/CO_2。在含O_2 2％及CO_2浓度和光通量密度都饱和的条件下,测得叶片的连续光合速率为25～70μmol CO_2 m~(-2) s~(-1)。从上述数据及叶片叶绿素含量计算,得叶片光合单位的周转率已达80～160次/s。这样的周转速率与Emerson当初用改变闪光间暗间隔而测到的光合单位周转时间相似(即<10 ms/次,或>100次/s),从而证实了光合单位的周转与光合速率直接有关。这样的速率可称之为叶片光合的理论速率。     

Assessment of Genotypic Variation in Salt Tolerance of early CIMMYT Hexaploid Wheat Germplasm Using Photosynthetic Capacity and Water Relations as Selection Criteria

Twenty-five genotypes of early CIMMYT hexaploid wheat were screened for salt tolerance in a glasshouse experiment using photosynthetic capacity and water relation parameters as selection criteria. Under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) the genotypes Frontana, Norin-10, Mayo-54, Noreste-66, and Yaktana-54 excelled all other lines in shoot dry mass, and Na(20)TPP, Penjamo-62, Inia-66, Frontana, Siete Cerros, and Jaral-66 in grain yield per plant in both absolute and relative (percent of control) terms. Although net photosynthetic rate (P _N) declined in all genotypes due to salt stress, it was not helpful in discriminating among genotypes according to salt tolerance. Similarly, no positive relationships of salt tolerance of the genotypes with stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, or turgor pressure were found. Every genotype used its own specific mechanism to tolerate salt stress. However, a large amount of variation in salt tolerance observed in 25 early CIMMYT wheat genotypes can be of considerable practical value for improving salt tolerance in the existing commercial hexaploid wheats. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Changes Induced by Low Oxygen Concentration in Photosynthetic and Respiratory CO2 Exchange in Phosphate-Deficient Bean Leaves

Effect of phosphorus deficiency on photosynthetic and respiratory CO₂ exchanges were analysed in primary leaves of 2-week-old bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Golden Saxa) plants under non-photorespiratory (2 % O₂) and photorespiratory (21 % O₂) conditions. Low P decreased maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_Nmax) and increased the time necessary to reach it. In the leaves of P-deficient plants the relative decrease of P_Nmax at 2 % O₂ was larger than at 21 % O₂. The results suggested the influence of photorespiration in the cellular turnover of phosphates.     

Effects of short-term soil flooding on stomata behaviour and leaf gas exchange in barley plants

Exposure of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) to soil flooding for 2 to 24 h reduced the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. Stomatal conductance also decreased in flooded plants. Stomatal closure started within 2 – 6 h and stomata remained closed up to 24 h of treatment.     

Gas Exchange,Membrane Permeability,and Ion Uptake in Two Species of Indian Jujube Differing in Salt Tolerance

Effect of NaCl (electrical conductivity of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m^–1) on growth, gas exchange, and ion uptake in two Ziziphus species (Z. rotundifolia and Z. nummularia) differing in salt tolerance was studied. At 30 and 45 d after first leaf initiation, the dry mass of shoot and leaves, and rates of net photosynthesis (P _N) and transpiration (E) decreased significantly with increasing NaCl concentration whereas membrane injury and accumulation of proline increased. The sodium content was highest in the roots of Z. rotundifolia and in the leaves of Z. nummularia. Potassium content did not differ much in the roots but it was significantly higher in the leaves of Z. rotundifolia at 30 and 45 d of observations. Thus both these species were tolerant to salinity but at high salinity Z. rotundifolia performed better owing to its higher P _N and E, restricted translocation of sodium from root to leaves, and larger accumulation of potassium in the leaves.     

Effect of NaCl,water stress or both on gas exchange and growth of wheat

Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to various concentrations of NaCl and levels of drought were followed. With the rise of NaCl or drought, or NaCl and drought together, growth was retarded. The water content of shoots and roots was mostly unchanged. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were increased in plants subjected to salinity or drought or both. Only high salinity level induced a considerable decrease in net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and dark respiration rate (R_D). P_N and R_D were decreased with the decrease of soil moisture content. The content of Na⁺ in the shoots and roots of wheat plants increased with increasing salinity or decreasing soil moisture content or both treatments. Considerable variations in the content of K⁺, Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ were induced by the NaCl, drought or both treatments.     

Effect of relative water motion on photosynthetic rate of red alga Gracitaria conferta

Bulk water velocities and local relative velocities generated in experimental tanks around and within thalli of free moving Gracilaria conferta were estimated according to the dissolution rate of benzoic acid sticks. Boundary-layer thickness and HCO ₃ ^– -mass-transfer coefficient were derived from the water velocities. Average relative velocities varied between 12 cm s ^–1 to less than 0.1 cm s ^–1 as a function of the absolute water flow in the tank, alga shape and location within the thallus. The lower range of velocities was observed at 20% of maximum aeration in the inner part of the plant. In laboratory experiments, photosynthetic rates, as determined in a closed Clark-type O₂-electrode system, increased by 30%–50% when water velocity was increased from zero to about 1.5 cm s ^–1. Another minor increase was obtained between 1.5 cm s ^–1 and 8 cm s ^–1 water velocity. This response to water motion was affected by bulk inorganic carbon concentration and by plant condition, as was reflected from the differences in the response in the winter and spring. It might be suggested that under carbon saturation, water velocity above 2 cm s^–1 provided almost sufficient flow to saturate carbon uptake.     

Effect of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Growth in Two Teak Phenotypes

Two teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) phenotypes differing in their leaf length/breadth ratios were subjected to water stress by withholding water supply for three weeks. Growth rates of whole plants, developing leaves (1^st and 2^nd from shoot apices), and 2^nd and 3^rd internodes were higher in broad leaved (BL) phenotype than in narrow leaved (NL) phenotype before and after imposing water stress treatment. However, the effect of water stress on these parameters was higher in the BL phenotype than in the NL one. Diurnal course of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) of 3^rd or 4^th leaves from shoot apices measured under well-watered conditions was higher for the NL than BL phenotype. P _N, stomatal conductance (g _s), and transpiration rate (E) in both phenotypes were negatively affected by water stress and their decline under water stress was significantly higher in the BL than NL plants. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.