亚热带常绿阔叶林若干树种分布与Penman指标关系的探讨

根据中国亚热带常绿阔叶林区域的气象资料和植物分布资料,计算了组成中国亚热带常绿阔叶林１４个主要科１１２个优势种及常见种的Ｐｅｎｍａｎ可能蒸散（ＰＥ）值和干燥度（Ａ）值,按气候指标的分布范围将优势种和常见种划分为５个水热分布类群,分别为：Ｇ１低温湿润型,Ｇ２低温半湿润型,Ｇ３中温湿润型,Ｇ４中温半湿润型,Ｇ５高温湿润型,并分析其生态气候特征,所得结果较好表现了中国亚热带常绿阔叶林主要树种沿水热梯度的分布格局。虽然Ｐｅｎｍａｎ指标的计算比较复杂,但因其坚实的物理学基础而应用较广,对常绿阔叶林树种与气候关系的研究有一定的参考价值。     

四川大头茶地理分布与环境水热状况的关系

在广泛收集四川大头茶地理分布资料的基础上,利用目前国际上被认为较好的几种研究植被－气候相互关系的指标和方法,包括Ｋｉｒａ的温暖指数和寒冷指数。徐文铎的湿润指数,Ｐｅｎｍａｎ的干燥度指标,Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅ的潜在可能蒸散和水分指数。     

景观生态学在荒漠化监测与评价中应用的初步研究——以青海沙珠玉地区为例

以青海沙珠玉地区为例对景观生态学在荒漠化监测与评价中的应用进行了初步研究,并主要分析了多样性、优势度和均匀度以及马尔科夫转移矩阵模型等指标和方法在荒漠化监测与评价中应用的景观生态学意义。     

东北亚地区鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究进展

在东北亚地区（中国的东北地区和内蒙古东北部、日本、朝鲜半岛、蒙古国、俄罗斯的远东地区）具有较为丰富的鼩鼱科类群。分子生物学方法的快速发展,使东北亚地区鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究不断深入。对鼩鼱科动物的分子系统发育、遗传多样性和分子系统地理学等分子生态学内容进行了综述。提出鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究未来的发展：1）东北亚地区第四纪冰期避难所的研究;2）同域分布的鼩鼱科动物比较系统地理学研究;3）中国东北地区鼩鼱科动物在东北亚分布区的系统地理学地位;4）新型分子标记和分析方法的发展。     

景观生态学在荒漠化监测与评价中应用的初步研究——以青海沙珠玉城区为例

以青海沙珠玉地区为例对景观生态学在荒漠化监测与评价中的应用进行了初步研究,并主要分析了多样性、优势度和均匀度以及马尔科夫转移矩阵模型等指标和方法在荒漠化监测与评价中应用的景观生态学意义。     

中国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种常见种分布与气候的相关分析

 广泛收集植物的分布资料,包括杨梅科、胡桃科、壳斗科、木兰科、樟科、山茶科、金缕梅科、交让木科、杜英科、五加科、安息香科、冬青科、杜鹃花科、山矾科的优势种和常见种112个,利用目前在国际上被认为是较好的几种研究植被—气候相互关系的指标和方法,包括：Kira方法;Penman公式;Thornthwaite方法与分类;Holdridge生命地带分类系统指标与方法,分析中国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种及常见种分布与气候的生态关系,找出它们的地理分布特征和气候指标特征,建立现代植被与气候的关系。(1)利用Kira的温暖指数(WI)和寒冷指数(CI)及徐文铎的湿润指数(HI),计算了中国亚热带常绿阔叶林112个优势种及常见种的水热指标值,分析了树种分布与气候的关系,并将优势种及常见种划分为5个Kira水热指标分布类群。(2)计算了112个优势种及常见种的Penman可能蒸散(PET)和干燥度(A)值,划分了5个优势种及常见种的Penman水热指标分布类群。(3)计算了树种的Thornthwaite潜在可能蒸散(APE)及湿润指数(IH)、干旱指数(IA)和水分指数(IM),划分了优势种及常见种的Thornthwaite水热指标分布类群。(4)计算了树种的Holdridge生物温度(BT)、可能蒸散(PE)、降水量(P)及可能蒸散率(PER),划分了优势种及常见种的Holdridge水热指标分布类群。     

胡焕庸线存在性的大数据分析——中国人口分布特征的生态学及新经济地理学认识

基于大数据分析思路和数据挖掘工具,在县级尺度上,利用2010年第六次人口普查数据,计算各县的平均人口密度,以及合成海拔(地带性因素)、环境脆弱性、人生气候指数、农业生产潜力、适宜水资源偏离度、交通便捷性、区位指数等,克鲁格曼Krugman所谓的区域地理本性特征,对胡焕庸线的存在的地理基础和生态学基础进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)中国人口密度与合成海拔、环境脆弱性、人生气候指数、适宜水资源偏离度、农业生产潜力等生态学因素密切相关,与交通便捷性、GDP和区位指数等显著相关。(2)对大多数省的人口密度的影响的贡献率排在强烈的是合成海拔、农业生产潜力和和水资源适应度,其次是交通便捷性和区位指数;它们是克鲁格曼Krugman新经济地理学认识的第一次区域本性和第二次地理本性因素。(3)新疆、山东、宁夏、内蒙古、黑龙江、江苏、北京和天津的人口分布比较独特,还需引入新的因子来解释其人口分布的影响因素;(4)胡焕庸线沿线是一个生态脆弱地带。研究基本展现了中国人口的空间分布的胡焕庸线的地理学与生态基础。     

两个典型荒漠化地区景观多样性变化的比较——景观基质的影响

利用青海沙珠玉沙区英德尔乡和陕西榆林沙区可可盖乡两个典型荒漠化地区两个时期的土地利用和荒漠化数据,分析了多样性、优势度和均匀度等景观多样性指标在两个地区的变化规律及其指示的景观生态学意义。研究结果表明,这些指标在两个地区都能够较好地评价荒漠化土地的动态变化规律,对分析荒漠化土地的发展趋势具有较好的指示意义。但由于景观基质的影响,上述指标在两个地区存在着完全不同的变化趋势,即随着荒漠化土地的增加,在沙珠玉沙区表现为多样性指数增加、优势度指数减小和均匀度指数增大;在榆林沙区则表现为多样性指数减小、优势度指数增加和均匀度指数减小。     

过去4000年中国降水与森林变化的数量关系

历史时期陆地森林覆被的变化是影响气候变化的重要因素。通过应用历史回推、理论推导和统计分析方法,研究了过去4000a中国降水与森林变化的数量关系。结果表明:近4000a来全国年均降水量由918mm,下降为20世纪70-80年代的612mm,再提高到21世纪初年的628mm。全国森林厚度约由9.38mm,减少到20世纪70年代的1.03mm,再恢复到21世纪初的1.58mm。由于森林相对农田、草原、城市等土地利用类型具有更强大的蒸散作用,加之中国东南季风的特殊气候动力条件,致使中国的森林对降水有重要影响。森林厚度每变化1mm,则影响降水变化37mm。中国20世纪70-90年代出现的罗布泊干涸、青海湖水位降至历史顶点、黄河断流、土地沙漠化扩大等气候干旱现象不是偶然的,从大尺度上说,是我国近4000a来森林资源破坏达于极点而导致气候干旱化达于极点的必然结果。历史上森林破坏时空上的不均匀性可能导致了气候变化的阶段性和突变,280-1230年,受人口南迁和人口数量增长的影响,中国南方亚热带和热带森林受到大规模破坏,致使在此期间中国气候表现为持续干旱化。可见我国南方森林影响全国尤其是北方气候变化的作用值得重视。治理中国北方地区的沙漠化在根本上要靠森林资源的增加,不仅要提高森林覆盖率,更要增加森林厚度。中国土地沙漠化加剧的主要原因在于气候的干旱化,而气候干旱化的主要原因则是中国森林资源的减少。在未来,只要中国森林的厚度增加了,全国年均降水量就会增加起来,中国的沙漠化就会得到治理,西北地区大面积土地的生产潜力就会逐渐得到挖掘和发挥。     

中国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种及常见种的水热分布类群

 利用目前国际上比较常用的植被—气候相关分析的气候指标,如Kira的温暖指数和寒冷指数,徐文铎的湿润指数,Penman的可能蒸散和干燥度指标,Thornthwaite的潜在可能蒸散和水分指数,Holdridge生命地带分类系统指标以及气温和降水等单一气候因子,综合对中国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种及常见种进行TWINSPAN分类和DCA排序,可将植物种分为8个水热分布类群,较好地反映出优势种及常见种沿热量和水分梯度的分布格局。并总结了这8个水热分布类群的气候指标范围。这8个类群是：Ⅰ高温湿润型,Ⅱ高中温湿润型,Ⅲ低中温湿润型,Ⅳ高低温中湿型,Ⅴ低低温中湿型,Ⅵ低温半湿润型,Ⅶ高低温低湿型,Ⅷ低低温低湿型     

1989—2019年西北地区干燥度指数时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

基于西北地区143个气象站点的气象数据,采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸发量,并结合降水量计算西北地区1989—2019年干燥度指数(AI),采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析、小波分析、偏微分方程等方法来揭示其变化趋势、变化周期和气候因子对AI的贡献率。结果表明: 1989—2019年,西北地区AI整体呈不显著的减小趋势,其中,青海呈显著减小趋势,新疆呈不显著的上升趋势;研究区AI在2010年发生了突变,AI变化存在1个17年的主周期。西北地区AI呈现出由东南部向中部、西北部向中部增加的空间格局。西北地区AI变化的倾向率为-1.267·(10 a)^-1,其中,甘肃、宁夏、陕西、青海和新疆AI变化的倾向率分别为-1.17、-0.41、-0.49、-1.77和-2.73·(10 a)^-1。青海小灶火、新疆库尔勒、阿克苏和吐鲁番地区干旱风险发生的可能性较高。降水量和实际水汽压是影响甘肃、宁夏、青海、陕西AI变化的主要气侯因子,影响新疆AI变化的主要气侯因子为潜在蒸散、太阳辐射和平均气温。     

气候变化和人类活动对中国北方旱区植被变绿的定量贡献

气候变化和大规模的生态恢复使中国北方旱区植被发生了显著变化，量化气候变化和人类活动对植被动态的相对贡献，对于旱区生态系统管理和应对未来气候变化具有重要意义。目前，中国北方旱区植被变化影响因素的时间动态（2000年大规模生态恢复工程实施前后）和空间异质性（沿干旱梯度）仍需进一步的定量研究。基于多源数据，采用趋势分析、偏相关分析和随机森林模型等方法，分析了1981-2018年中国北方旱区气候和植被的时空变化规律，量化了2000年前后气候变化和人类活动对植被动态的相对贡献并分析其在干旱梯度上的空间差异性。结果表明：（1）1981-2018年期间，中国北方旱区的叶面积指数（LAI）平均增加速率为（0.0037±0.0443） a^-1，且增加速率沿干旱梯度增大。2000年前仅10.46%（P<0.05）的地区显著变绿，而2000年后达到36.84%，且植被变绿主要归因于非树木植被。（2）2000年后降水对植被变绿的正效应在不同干旱梯度均增加，而在半干旱区和亚湿润干旱区，温度对植被变绿由正向促进转为负向抑制，而辐射在干旱区由负效应转向正效应。（3）2000年前后，气候变化均主导着植被的动态，贡献率分别为96.07%和73.72%，人类活动的贡献在2000年后进一步增强（从3.93%增加到26.28%），且沿着干旱梯度而增加，其中人类活动对植被变绿的贡献在半干旱地区增加最显著（+0.0289 m² m^-2 a^-1，P<0.05）。研究结果可为未来气候变化下中国北方旱区的植被恢复和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Fuel shapes the fire–climate relationship: evidence from Mediterranean ecosystems

Aim To understand how vegetation mediates the interplay between fire and climate. Specifically, we predict that neither the switching of climatic conditions to high flammability nor the sensitivity of fire to such conditions are universal, but rather depend on fuel (vegetation) structure, which in turn changes with productivity. Location An aridity/productivity gradient on the Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean Basin). Methods We defined 13 regions distributed along an aridity gradient, which thus differ in productivity and fuel structure. We then assessed the changes in the temporal fire–climate relationship across regions. Specifically, for each region we estimated three variables: the aridity level for switching to flammable conditions (i.e. climatic conditions conducive to fire), the frequency of these flammable conditions and the area burnt under such conditions. These variables were then related to regional aridity and fuel structure indicators. Results In mediterranean ecosystems, the aridity level for switching to flammable conditions increased along the aridity gradient. Differences in fire activity between regions were not explained by the frequency of flammable conditions but by the sensitivity of fire to such conditions, which was higher in wetter and more productive regions. Main conclusions Under mediterranean climatic conditions, fuel structure is more relevant in driving fire activity than the frequency of climatic conditions conducive to fire. At a global scale, fuel also drives the fire–climate relationship because it determines the climatic (aridity) threshold for switching to flammable conditions. Our results emphasize the role of landscape structure in shaping current and future fire–climate relationships at a regional scale, and suggest that future changes in the fire regime (i.e. under global warming) might be different from what it is predicted by climate alone.     

Aridity indices predict organic matter decomposition and comminution processes at landscape scale

Microbial decomposition and invertebrate comminution of a particular organic substrate are largely regulated by temperature and water availability. Numerous metrics have been used to model decay processes at large regional-to-global scales. However, their use at smaller landscape scales might not be practical or feasible. Aridity, generally defined as the balance between long term annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET), is a metric that synthesizes the major climatic drivers regulating ecosystem processes including the activity of microbes and invertebrates on the forest floor. Thus, aridity indices (AIs) can theoretically represent suitable predictors of decomposition and comminution processes at landscape scale.We investigated our hypothesis in a sclerophyll forest in south-east Australia, where decomposition and comminution rates of Eucalyptus globulus leaf litter were measured in eight sites positioned along an aridity gradient caused by variable exposure to solar radiation. Four sites were also instrumented to continuously monitor air, litter and soil microclimatic variables.We found that AIs were strongly related to above- and below-ground microbial decomposition rates, as well as above-ground comminution rates. Some microclimatic variables, such as shortwave radiation, air relative humidity and litter temperature were also significantly related to above-ground processes, but not below-ground decomposition. Among the AIs tested, the index calculated using the Priestley-Taylor equation for PET had consistently higher coefficients of determination with decomposition and comminution rates. Our case study suggests that AIs can represent robust predictors of both decomposition and comminution processes at landscape scale and useful surrogates for more expensive microclimatic predictors collected at site level. AIs could also be used across spatial scales (from local to continental) to improve biogeochemical and hydrological models by incorporating a spatially-explicit representation of decay processes.     

Assessing trends in climate aridity and vulnerability to soil degradation in Italy

The present study illustrates a framework to analyze changes in climate aridity and soil degradation on a country scale in Italy. The spatial distribution of an indicator of soil vulnerability to degradation (the SQI, soil quality index) was compared with an aridity index (the ratio of annual rainfall to annual reference evapotranspiration) estimated on a decadal basis during 1951–2010. The aridity index decreased by 0.38% per year indicating increased aridity and a non-uniform spatial distribution of soil vulnerability to degradation. Changes in the aridity index were found associated with the lowest SQI classes, suggesting that the largest increase in climate aridity affects land with high-quality soils. Territorial disparities in the aridity index between high-quality and low-quality soils decreased over time indicating a more homogeneous and dry climate regime prevailing in the more recent decades. Results may inform sustainable land management policies and National Action Plans to combat desertification in the Mediterranean region. Areas classified at increased aridity and high vulnerability to soil degradation should be identified as a key target for climate change mitigation policies. Sustainable land management strategies are required to address the dependency between climate variations, land-use changes and soil degradation processes.     

气候变化对鸟类影响：长期研究的意义

过去一个多世纪全球气候发生了明显变化,地球表面温度正在逐渐变暖。已有大量研究结果表明,鸟类已经在种群动态变化、生活史特性以及地理分布范围等方面对全球气候变化作出了相应的反应。根据全球范围内气候变化对鸟类影响的研究资料,尤其是北美和欧洲的一些长期研究项目的成果,综述了气候变化对鸟类分布范围、物候、繁殖和种群动态变化等方面的可能影响。这些长期研究项目为探讨气候变化在个体和种群的水平上如何长时间地影响鸟类提供了独特的机会,对未来中国鸟类学研究也会有所裨益。     

Aridity Modulates N Availability in Arid and Semiarid Mediterranean Grasslands

While much is known about the factors that control each component of the terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycle, it is less clear how these factors affect total N availability, the sum of organic and inorganic forms potentially available to microorganisms and plants. This is particularly true for N-poor ecosystems such as drylands, which are highly sensitive to climate change and desertification processes that can lead to the loss of soil nutrients such as N. We evaluated how different climatic, abiotic, plant and nutrient related factors correlate with N availability in semiarid Stipa tenacissima grasslands along a broad aridity gradient from Spain to Tunisia. Aridity had the strongest relationship with N availability, suggesting the importance of abiotic controls on the N cycle in drylands. Aridity appeared to modulate the effects of pH, plant cover and organic C (OC) on N availability. Our results suggest that N transformation rates, which are largely driven by variations in soil moisture, are not the direct drivers of N availability in the studied grasslands. Rather, the strong relationship between aridity and N availability could be driven by indirect effects that operate over long time scales (decades to millennia), including both biotic (e.g. plant cover) and abiotic (e.g. soil OC and pH). If these factors are in fact more important than short-term effects of precipitation on N transformation rates, then we might expect to observe a lagged decrease in N availability in response to increasing aridity. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the increase in aridity predicted with ongoing climate change will reduce N availability in the Mediterranean basin, impacting plant nutrient uptake and net primary production in semiarid grasslands throughout this region.     

KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用

根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数(BWI)和生物寒冷指数(BCI),并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数(BK).利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局.以10℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值.     

The role of climate change in the widespread mortality of holm oak in open woodlands of Southwestern Spain

Forest decline and increasing tree mortality are of global concern and the identification of the causes is necessary to develop preventive measures. Global warming is an emerging factor responsible for the increasing tree mortality in drought-prone ecosystems. In the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean holm oak open woodlands currently undergo large-scale population-level tree die-off. In this region, temperature and aridity have increased during recent decades, but the possible role of climate change in the current oak mortality has not been investigated.To assess the role of climate change in oak die-off in managed open woodlands in southwestern Spain, we analyzed climate change-related signals in century-long tree ring chronologies of dead holm oaks. We examined the high/low-frequency variability in growth and the relationship between growth and climate.Similar to other Mediterranean forests, growth was favored by precipitation from autumn of the year prior to ring formation to spring of the year of ring formation, whereas high temperatures during spring limited growth. Since the 1970s, the intensity of the high-frequency response to water availability increased simultaneously with temperature and aridity. The growth trends matched those of climatic changes. Growth suppressions occurred during droughts in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Widespread stand-level, age-independent mortality occurred since 2005 and affected trees that cannot be considered old for the species standards.The close relationship between growth and climate indicate that climate change strongly controlled the growth patterns. This suggests that harsher climatic conditions, especially increased aridity, affected the tree performance and could have played a significant role in the mortality process. Climate change may have exacerbated or predisposed trees to the impact of other factors (e.g. intense management and pathogens). These observations could suggest a similar future increase in oak mortality which may occur in more northern oak open woodlands if aridity further increases.     

我国三北地区植被变化的动因分析

地表植被变化是气候变化、人类活动等多种因素共同作的结果。然而,以往的研究要么集中在与气候变化有关的气象因素,要么集中在与人类活动有关的人为因素,鲜有基于长期数据监测下对自然与社会因素之间相互作用的定量评估。因此,气候变化和人为因素对地表植被变化的相互作用并不明确,各个因素对植被变化影响的量化贡献仍然不确定。为了评价生态修复项目对荒漠化防治的效果、以及在土地荒漠化防治中自然与社会因素对我国植被变化的影响、及其复杂的相互作用机理,该研究应用卫星遥感影像资料,通过面板数据混合回归模型大数据分析方法,计算了1983年至2012年气候变化和人类活动对我国北方地区植被变化的贡献率。结果表明,气候变化和人类活动对NDVI变化均有重要作用,其中人类活动对植被覆盖度变化的影响占58.2%—90.4%、气候变化占9.6%—41.8%;不同地区表现出不同的地理分异特征,并存在时滞效应。由此可见,荒漠化防治必须充分考虑不同因素的综合作用和地域特征,才能取得事半功倍的效果。研究结果较好地体现了卫星遥感影像资料在大尺度(省域尺度)下与社会经济统计指标的融合,为进一步中尺度(县域尺度)研究提供了方法借鉴。