湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

大面积连片应用性迷向素对桃园梨小食心虫的防控效果

为了评价梨小食心虫迷向素的实际防控效果,在大面积连片使用梨小食心虫性迷向素的北京市平谷区(约8667 ha),分别选择王辛庄镇翟各庄村、东杏园村和峪口镇西营村的3个处理果园。以临近的采用常规化学防治的顺义区杨镇小曹庄村为对照,采用性诱剂和糖醋液监测调查比较桃园梨小食心虫的发生动态、抽样法调查统计桃树蛀梢率和蛀果率等,评价性迷向素梨小食心虫田间控制效果。结果显示,迷向素处理区梨小食心虫的种群数量显著低于常规化学防治的对照区。3个迷向素处理区梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为99.05%、98.10%和99.68%;保梢效果均在98.40%以上,保果效果几乎达到100%。说明桃园大面积应用迷向技术对梨小食心虫具有很好的控制作用。     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素对梨小食心虫的诱集和迷向作用

【背景】在中国,苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫经常混合发生,但有关苹果蠹蛾迷向设置对梨小食心虫影响的研究却较少。【方法】在苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫同时发生的果园中设置2种迷向发散器,使用三角胶粘式信息素诱捕器监测2种昆虫的发生动态,以观察苹果蠹蛾性信息素是否会对梨小食心虫产生诱捕效果或类似的迷向作用。【结果】无论是否设置性信息素迷向发散器,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器均能诱集到梨小食心虫的雄性成虫。在2009~2011年的田间试验中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器对梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量最多能达梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器的1.1倍,占2种诱捕器诱集总量的51.7%。在设置性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量受苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的影响而下降:相比无迷向设置的对照果园,同时设置2种昆虫迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了90.9%,梨小食心虫自身性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了92.4%;在仅设置苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了87.5%,梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了60.6%。【结论与意义】苹果蠹蛾迷向发散器对于梨小食心虫雄性成虫存在"迷向"作用。在2种害虫同时发生的情况下使用2种迷向发散器,对于2种害虫能够达到比较好的防治效果。     

不同剂型迷向剂处理对苹果蠹蛾控制效果比较

【背景】苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的检疫性害虫,目前从新疆迅速向东部扩散。苹果蠹蛾性信息素胶条迷向剂对防控苹果蠹蛾高效、安全,但成本较高。【方法】2013年在宁夏中卫市常乐镇马路滩村果园使用3种不同剂型的迷向剂对苹果蠹蛾进行了防治试验,每个处理果园面积3.3 hm~2,分别使用性诱剂处理后,用诱捕器监测处理后的诱蛾量,在生长期调查果实为害率,比较防治效果。【结果】通过整个生长季诱捕器监测,悬挂点以900个·hm~(-2)双层处理,胶条迷向剂在开花前处理1次,整个生长季处理区中心部位没有监测到苹果蠹蛾成虫;透明塑管迷向剂分别在开花前和6月底处理2次,整个生长季中心部位平均每个诱捕器诱到3.3头雄蛾;膏体迷向剂分别在开花前和6月底处理2次,整个生长季中心部位平均每个诱捕器诱到12头雄蛾。在6月下旬和果实采收前进行果实为害率调查,胶条迷向剂区平均蛀果率分别为0和0.56%,透明塑管迷向剂区蛀果率分别为0.89%和1.38%,膏体迷向剂处理区蛀果率分别为0.79%和1.38%。常规农药防治区2个时期蛀果率分别为1.44%和3.13%。【结论与意义】综合考虑防治效果和使用成本,在虫口密度高、效益高的果园可以使用胶条迷向剂,膏体迷向剂和透明塑管迷向剂只有在虫口密度较低的情况下使用。     

梨小食心虫性信息素在四种载体中释放速率及田间迷向率研究

【目的】研究4种常用缓释载体对梨小食心虫Grapholithamolesta性信息素的释放速率及田间迷向效果,为制作梨小食心虫迷向剂筛选合适的缓释材料。【方法】采用气相色谱法测定野外条件下梨小食心虫性信息素在PE管、PE瓶、PE袋和PVC管4种载体中的释放速率,并通过田间试验研究4种缓释载体处理下桃园梨小食心虫的迷向率和持效期。【结果】在测试期内,PE管和PE瓶中梨小食心虫性信息素释放速率范围分别为0.32-1.62mg/d和0.59-2.73mg/d,两种载体持效期均达到5个月;PVC管的释放速率在0.71-6.86 mg/d之间,田间持效期3个月;PE袋释放速率1.14-19.27 mg/d,持效期仅1个月。4种缓释载体中梨小食心虫性信息素释放过程均符合一级动力学方程,4种载体的半衰期由高到低顺序为：PE管>PE瓶>PVC管>PE袋。在持效期内,4种缓释材料的迷向效果均达到90%以上。【结论】野外条件下PE管和PE瓶中梨小食心虫性信息素释放速率较稳定,持效期长,迷向率高,适合作为制作梨小食心虫的迷向剂的缓释材料。     

不同剂量信息素缓释迷向剂防治苹小卷叶蛾的比较

【目的】明确信息素缓释迷向剂在不同果园防治苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana beijingensis Zhou et Fu的持效期及合理使用密度。【方法】本研究采用信息素迷向法,分别于2013、2014年在河南省郑州市应用0.3 g/根苹小卷叶蛾信息素缓释迷向剂防治苹果园和桃园苹小卷叶蛾进行了试验,试验设置600、500、400根/hm~2 3个密度梯度。【结果】桃园中在苹小卷叶蛾越冬代活动前以600、500、400根/hm2处理,处理后124 d的防治效果分别为85.86%、91.98%和70.12%,8月份以后防效显著降低。苹果园中3种密度处理后5个月对苹小卷叶蛾的防效均为100%。【结论】结合防治成本,建议桃园中早熟品种可使用信息素缓释迷向剂400根/hm~2密度进行处理防治苹小卷叶蛾,晚熟品种使用信息素缓释迷向剂500根/hm2以上密度处理,持效性可达4个月,苹果园可使用信息素缓释迷向剂400根/hm2密度进行处理防治苹小卷叶蛾,持效期可达5个月。     

印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的防控效果研究

【目的】探索0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta的控制效果。【方法】根据梨小食心虫的生物习性,采用浸渍法和浸虫法对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄、5日龄的卵和3龄、5龄幼虫进行了杀虫活性测定,采用药膜法对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫进行毒力测定,并通过田间试验测定0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的控制效果。【结果】0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄和5日龄卵的致死中量分别为6.5195、4.5789、6.6268 mg/L,对初孵幼虫的致死中量为6.0495 mg/L,效果较好,而对3龄和5龄幼虫几乎没有杀伤作用。使用有效成分为2.0 mg/kg~3.0 mg/L的印楝素乳油在田间进行梨小食心虫防治试验时,药后5 d和10 d的防治效果在63.18%~76.22%之间,至药后15 d时,防效则下降到27%以下,果实受害明显,表明该药剂已失去控制作用。【结论】印楝素乳油不能作为防治梨小食心虫的专用药剂,仅可在其发生危害的初期,防治其他害虫时,作为兼治的药剂来使用。     

性诱剂、赤眼蜂和化学药剂协同防治大豆食心虫的研究

【目的】本文为优化大豆食心虫Leguminirora glycinioorella(Mats.)Obraztsov生物防治策略,探究不同防治策略的最佳防治时期和最佳使用量,最终达到提高防治效率及保护环境的目的。【方法】选取哈尔滨和黑河两个地区进行试验,通过比较不同措施防治大豆食心虫的防治效果,以及在大豆食心虫不同发生期单独使用性诱剂和性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治的防治效果,寻找最佳防治方法及最佳防治时期。通过比较在不同配比下性诱剂与化学药剂(敌敌畏)协同防治效果,寻找最适配比。【结果】结果表明:(1)性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治效果为60.89%,明显优于单独使用性诱剂或赤眼蜂单独防治大豆食心虫。(2)性诱剂单独使用和性诱剂赤眼蜂协同防治大豆食心虫最佳防治时期都为其盛发期前5 d,防治效果最高可达62.42%和66.08%,其次是盛发期防治,盛发期后5 d防治效果最差。(3)性诱剂-化学药剂协同防治研究发现,从防治效果、经济效益、生态保护等多方面考虑,放每667 m2放1个诱捕器和3/4药量的敌敌畏熏蒸剂效果更佳,与使用化学药剂防治效果差差异不显著,并能减少农药使用量。【结论】研究结果表明,最佳生物防治策略为在大豆食心虫盛发期前5 d利用性诱剂-赤眼蜂协同防治大豆食心虫,每667 m2放1个诱捕器和3/4药量的敌敌畏熏蒸剂,可作为从化学防治向生物防治过渡的防治方法。     

梨小食心虫与苹果蠹蛾为害对苹果果实防御酶活性的影响

【目的】植物在生长过程中,面对昆虫的取食危害演化出了系统而有效的防御策略。本研究探索了苹果果实应对蛀果害虫危害的防御反应机制。【方法】本文以蛀果害虫梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta和苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella为研究对象,研究食心虫为害对果树防御酶活性的影响及反映寄主受其危害的应激程度。【结果】结果表明将梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾分别接虫于苹果果实处理后,寄主的蛋白质含量、CAT、POD和SOD活性明显高于未被危害果实且差异显著;梨小食心虫与苹果蠹蛾同时取食为害时,CAT活性4-8d时上升,12d后开始下降;POD活性增强明显高于其它4个处理,SOD活性明显高于其它处理且差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】苹果果实在遭受到虫害胁迫时,可诱导寄主体内防御酶出现应激反应,从而发挥重要保障作用。     

三种杀虫剂及其混配使用对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)卵的室内触杀效果

【目的】筛选对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)卵具有高效触杀作用的药剂,旨在为梨小食心虫卵期的科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用浸渍法室内测定了螺虫乙酯、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯3种药剂及阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯分别与螺虫乙酯混配对梨小食心虫卵的触杀效果。【结果】在供试药剂处理范围内,高效氯氰菊酯240μg·g~(-1)处理对梨小食心虫卵的触杀效果最好,校正死亡率达96.42%,其次为高效氯氰菊酯120μg·g~(-1),60μg·g~(-1)和高效氯氰菊酯与螺虫乙酯1:2混配96μg·g~(-1)处理,校正死亡率分别为81.70%、76.73%和70.72%。其余供试药剂处理对梨小食心虫卵的触杀效果均低于70%,特别是螺虫乙酯单用,或者阿维菌素与螺虫乙酯混用,或者高效氯氰菊酯与螺虫乙酯1:4、1:3混用,对梨小食心虫卵的室内触杀效果几乎均小于30%。【结论】高效氯氰菊酯或高效氯氰菊酿与螺虫乙酯1:2混配在生产中有较大的推广价值;螺虫乙酯或阿维菌素均不宜在梨小食心虫的卵期防治中单独使用。     

Sprayable microencapsulated sex pheromone formulation for mating disruption of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Australian peach and pear orchards

Areawide mating disruption treatments have been effective in controlling infestation of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Australian pome and stone fruit orchards. Although successful, the areawide mating disruption program has been an expensive approach by using hand-applied Isomate dispensers. Sprayable microencapsulated (MEC) pheromone formulations that can be applied with standard spray equipment could substantially reduce the cost of application. Field trials conducted during two consecutive seasons (2002-2004) demonstrated that monthly applications of MEC-OFM phase V (3M Canada, London, Ontario, Canada) at a rate of 125 ml/ha (37.1 g [AI]/ha) in replicated 2-ha blocks of both peaches and pears reduced oriental fruit moth shoot tip and fruit damage as effectively as a single application of Isomate OFM Rosso hand-applied dispensers (500 dispensers per ha) and as or more effectively than standard broad-spectrum insecticide sprays. Fruit protection was achieved despite high oriental fruit moth population densities in both crops as measured by moth catches in terpinyl acetate food and pheromone traps. Similar numbers of oriental fruit moths were captured among all treatments in food traps but captures of males in pheromone traps were disrupted (96-99%) in pheromone-treated blocks relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that microencapsulated formulations of pheromone could be effectively used in areawide mating disruption programs for oriental fruit moth in Australia as a cost-saving alternative to reservoir-style dispensers requiring labor-intensive hand application.     

Evaluation of extended-season mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in apples

Abstract:  Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) has recently become a key pest of apples throughout the eastern USA. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth was successfully used in North Carolina apple orchards in the past few years. However, low levels of late-season fruit damage occurred in some orchards treated in late May with hand-applied pheromone dispensers because of inadequate dispenser longevity. To investigate alternative pheromone application schedules for extended mating disruption control, the following pheromone treatments were compared with conventional insecticides in Henderson County (NC) in 2002: late May application of hand-applied dispensers; late June application of hand-applied dispensers; late May application of hand-applied dispensers supplemented with a late August application of sprayable pheromone dispensers; late May application of hand-applied dispensers which have a longer activity period; and conventional insecticides as a control. All treatments were sprayed with an insecticide at petal fall in late April for thinning and for control of the first generation Oriental fruit moth adults. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in all mating disruption blocks compared with conventional insecticide blocks. Among pheromone treatments, the highest trap captures were recorded in the delayed hand-applied dispenser treatment in June before treatment. However, the mean percentage fruit damage did not vary with timing of application of hand-applied dispensers and the type of pheromone dispenser used. Clearly, the combination of each mating disruption treatment with insecticide application against first generation Oriental fruit moth was as effective as the conventional insecticide treatment under moderate population pressure.     

桃园中食心虫单一性诱芯及其复合配置的诱蛾效率比较

【目的】明确两种食心虫性诱芯复合配置的诱蛾效果,提高其监测或防治效率及其绿色环保化水平,为果树生产中食心虫的高效监测和绿色防控提供科学依据。【方法】田间系统调查研究了梨小食心虫(以下简称"梨小")、桃小食心虫(以下简称"桃小")单一性诱芯及其复合配置3种处理的诱蛾效率,并利用"Y"型嗅觉仪比较研究了其间梨小雄蛾趋向性的差异。【结果】(1)梨小和桃小性单一诱芯及其复合配置对梨小均具有引诱作用,其诱蛾总量依次为8 238.33、1 451.67、8 321.67头/诱捕器,其中第1、2、3代时复合配置诱蛾量最大,越冬代和第4代时梨小单一性诱芯诱蛾量最大,而各世代桃小单一性诱芯诱蛾量均最低。梨小单一性诱芯及其复合配置均监测到5个梨小发生高峰,且峰期基本一致,但复合配置的峰日诱蛾量均较高;桃小单一性诱芯仅监测到3个梨小发生高峰,且峰日诱蛾量亦较低。(2)桃小单一性诱芯及其复合配置对桃小均具有引诱作用,其诱蛾总量依次为4.00、2.33头/诱捕器,而梨小单一性诱芯对桃小无引诱作用。(3)"Y"型嗅觉仪研究发现,梨小食心虫对梨小和桃小各单一性诱芯及其复合配置均具有趋向作用,其趋向率依次为50.67%、8.67%、53.33%。【结论】梨小和桃小单一性诱芯复合配置对梨小诱捕量有微增效作用,而对桃小诱捕量有一定干扰作用,但影响均不显著。据此,该复合配置可用于桃园中梨小和桃小的监测与防控。     

Comparison of mating disruption with pesticides for management of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina apple orchards

The efficacy of mating disruption by using Isomate-M 100 pheromone dispensers and two formulations of microencapsulated sprayable pheromone for management of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was compared with conventional insecticides in large plot studies in Henderson County, North Carolina, in 2000 and 2001. In addition, experiments were conducted in small and large plots to test the response of oriental fruit moth males to different application rates of sprayable pheromone. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in mating disruption blocks compared with conventional and abandoned orchards. Pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy captured significantly more moths than traps placed in the lower canopy across all treatments, and lures loaded with 100 microg of pheromone caught more moths than traps with 300 microg, but the difference between doses was statistically significant at only one location in 2001. Isomate-M 100 provided excellent trap shutdown and was significantly more effective than sprayable pheromone formulations. Fruit damage by oriental fruit moth larvae was very low (< or = 1%) in mating disruption blocks and was generally lower than in conventional and nonmanaged blocks. Based on male moth response to pheromone traps in small plots, there was little difference among doses of sprayable pheromone, ranging from 12.4 to 49.1 g (AI)/ha, but efficacy declined at 2.4 g (AI)/ha. With the exception of one orchard, there was no significant difference between 12.4 and 37.1 g (AI)/ha under low and high oriental fruit moth population pressure in large plot studies. Mating disruption proved to be an alternative to organophosphate insecticides for managing oriental fruit moth populations in North Carolina apple orchards.     

用性信息素诱捕法大面积防治梨小食心虫的田间试验

1981至1982年,在辽宁省绥申县白梨产区用合成梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕法进行了大面积防治梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)的田间试验。防治面积分别为4,000公顷和5,400公顷。平均每公顷设15个性信息素诱捕器。化学防治区每年8—9月份喷两次农药,诱捕区不喷这两次农药。诱捕区梨小食心虫雌蛾的交配率比化防区下降74.2—82.9%;梨小卵的寄生率提高79.2%;梨小虫果率下降50.3—72.8%。     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

Mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption

Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.     

梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用技术研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园、桃园重要的果树害虫。本文比较研究了梨小食心虫性信息素在梨园、桃园悬挂不同高度、设置不同密度对梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响,结果表明:在梨树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为2 m;在桃树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为1.5 m;同时,田间诱捕效果与性信息素设置密度密切相关,梨园中,每0.067 hm2设置密度为6¹0个诱芯时,对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果影响不大,而桃园中每0.067 hm2设置8个诱芯时,有最好的诱集效果。本研究可为梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用提供指导。     

Comparison of a sprayable pheromone formulation and two hand-applied pheromone dispensers foruse in the integrated control of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The efficacy of integrated programs using a sprayable pheromone formulation or one of two hand-applied pheromone dispensers, and a conventional oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) control program, was compared using 4-5-ha blocks of peach orchard at three Niagara Peninsula farms during 2000-2002. In the integrated programs, chlorpyrifos and mating disruption with 3M Sprayable Pheromone, Isomate OFM Rosso, or Rak 5 hand-applied dispensers were used to control first-generation larvae, and mating disruption alone was used to control second- and third-generation larvae. In the conventional program, chlorpyrifos was used to control first-generation larvae, and pyrethroid insecticides were used to control larvae of the later generations. All programs were effective at maintaining fruit infestation by G. molesta below the industry tolerance level of 1%. An integrated program using sprayable pheromone required the use of more supplementary insecticide applications to control second- and third-generation larvae than a program using hand-applied dispensers. The elimination of insecticide sprays from integrated program blocks did not result in an increase in damage by plant bugs, Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) or by the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).