微藻固定CO2研究进展

空气中CO2浓度升高所导致的温室效应已成为重大的环境问题,受到人们普遍关注.概述了高效固定CO2微藻藻种的筛选和培养方法,分析了微藻固定CO2的无机碳利用形式和浓缩机制,讨论了高效光生物反应器设计和运行目标,简要介绍了微藻(酶)-膜生物反应器集成新技术.并认为今后的研究方向主要是在进一步探索微藻固定CO2有关机理的基础上,构建高效固定CO2的转基因微藻,开发高效膜生物反应集成系统.     

异养微生物适应性实验室进化利用一碳化合物的研究进展

为应对全球化石能源枯竭及温室效应对人类造成的威胁,微生物利用一碳化合物生产高附加值的化学品,对提高资源利用率和减少碳排放具有重要意义。本文主要总结了4种已在模式微生物中成功构建的一碳(C1)固定途径,包括核酮糖单磷酸途径、木酮糖单磷酸途径、卡尔文循环和还原甘氨酸途径。同时,综述了适应性实验室进化作为一种强有力的策略应用于C1化合物利用菌株进化的具体实例。最后,展望了微生物利用一碳化合物面临的挑战和机遇,为提高C1化合物利用效率提供了思路。     

异养微生物固定CO2的合成生物学研究进展

人类活动造成大气二氧化碳（CO₂）浓度不断升高,使当今世界面临着气候变化的重大危机。微生物CO₂固定为实现地球“碳中和”提供了一条有前景的绿色发展路线。与自养微生物相比,异养微生物具有更快的生长速度和更先进的遗传工具,但是其固定CO₂的能力还很有限。近年来,基于合成生物学技术强化异养微生物CO₂固定受到诸多关注,主要包括优化能量供给、改造羧化途径以及基于异养微生物间接固定CO₂。本综述将围绕上述3个方面重点讨论异养微生物CO₂固定的研究进展,为将来更好地利用微生物CO₂固定技术实现“碳达峰、碳中和”提供参考。     

利用微藻固定烟道气中CO2的实验研究

为获得能适合于烟道气条件下生长的微藻 ,找到一种高效的温室气体固定的方法 ,利用配置烟道气 (CO2 和O2 的浓度分别为 15 %和 2 %)驯化稻田微藻混合试样 ,分离出对高浓度CO2 条件有很强适应力的微藻ZY 1,并研究了在不同培养条件下微藻ZY 1的生长情况 .微藻ZY 1在CO2 浓度从 10 %～ 15 %的范围内有较高生长力 ,在CO2 浓度为 10 %时 ,生长最好 .微藻ZY 1对温度、气体流速、pH值等物理条件也有很宽的适应范围 ,在温度为 2 5～ 30 .C、流速为 0 2 5～ 0 75L·min-1、pH4～ 6范围内 ,生长基本稳定 .在培养条件为 10 %CO2 、2 5 .C、pH5 0时 ,微藻ZY 1的生长率最高 ,CO2 的固定率平均值为 0 397%.可以认为 ,利用该藻固定烟道气温室气体具有一定的可行性 .     

非光合微生物菌群好氧固定CO2的研究

微生物固定CO2在环境、资源方面具有重要意义.然而,通常具有较高固碳能力的光合细菌和氢-氧化细菌由于需要光照/严格厌氧和供氢,限制了其在反应器或土壤中的应用.本研究通过生物技术手段从海水及其沉积物中选育到在普通好氧条件下具有固碳能力的非光合微生物菌群,并通过电子供体和无机碳源结构的优化,显著提高了其对无机碳的同化能力,好氧条件下固碳菌液的最高无机碳同化效率可达110 mgCO2 / L·d,为实现普通环境条件下的微生物固碳奠定了基础.同时,通过分子生物学手段研究了不同环境条件下固碳微生物菌群的群落结构,以期为进一步优化固碳微生物群落结构,提升固碳效率提供理论依据.结果发现在不同培养条件下,菌群的群落结构发生了很大改变,表明不同条件下的固碳优势菌属于不同的种属,但通过测序、序列比对及构建系统发育树后发现,在已测序的16个显著条带中,11个是不可培养微生物,即其只能以共生方式存在,混合培养时,固定CO2的效果可能是多种菌共同作用的结果.这意味着单一纯种微生物的固碳效率可能较低,研究与优化固碳微生物菌群的结构和配比将有利于固碳效率的提升.     

有关微生物固定CO2技术及其应用探索

本文首先介绍了固定CO2的意义及方法,然后分析了微生物固定CO2技术流程,接下来阐述了微生物种群及生物反应器类型,最后重点讨论了微生物固定CO2的应用(以微型藻类在CO2吸收与资源化中的应用为例),以期为同行提供有益借鉴与参考。     

一种基于强化CO2固定反应提高谷氨酸转化率的育种策略

鉴于强化CO2固定反应可以提高谷氨酸转化率,该实验通过紫外线(UV)及亚硝基胍(NTG)逐级对谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)ATCC13761进行诱变来减弱丙酮酸的非目的代谢支路、提高CO2固定反应的底物(ATP)水平来强化CO2固定反应,成功筛选出一株氟丙酮酸(FP)敏感型、磺胺胍(SG)抗性突变株,该突变株在适宜的金属离子浓度下30℃发酵36h,谷氨酸转化率最高可达到65.8%,比出发菌株提高19.2%,并具有良好的遗传稳定性.     

利用微藻固定CO2实现碳减排的研究进展

CO2减排是目前社会经济发展所面临的重大环境问题之一,如何高效、绿色地进行减排已成为各国科研工作者关注与研究的热点。利用微藻技术进行减排符合碳循环规律,显示出很好的应用前景。本文结合笔者近年在利用微藻技术进行碳减排方面的研究工作,从固定CO2的微藻选育、微藻的培养、微藻减排在光生物反应器方面的开发以及CO2减排与污水深度处理及高价值生物质生产的耦合等4个方面对近些年来国内外在利用微藻技术实现CO2减排方面的研究情况进行了归纳与评述,并对前景进行了展望。     

蓝藻高CO2需求突变株的研究进展

对蓝藻CO2浓缩机制(CO2 concentrating mechanism,CCM)的认识,最终要揭示其作用的生理生化和分子生物学基础,蓝藻高CO2需求突变株的研究为这个目标的实现提供了一条最为有效的途径,1986年,Marcus等第一次把筛选光合作用突变株的方法加以修改,利用化学诱变筛选到第一个单细胞蓝藻Synechococcus PCC7942的高CO2需求突变株,为这一领域的研究在方法学上开辟了一个新的途径。     

光催化微生物耦合固碳研究进展

CO2作为主要的温室气体之一,它的大量排放是引起全球变暖等环境问题的主要因素.同时,CO2也是大气中储量丰富、可再生的碳源,可以用于含碳燃料及化工产品的生产.因此,实现CO2的捕集及转化是缓解全球环境和能源危机的重要途径.受自然界光合作用的启发,国内外研究者将半导体材料的高光电转换效率和微生物全细胞代谢途径的高选择性有...     

Cloning and expression of chromosomally and plasmid-encoded glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes from the chemoautotroph Alcaligenes eutrophys

Abstract Hybridizations using heterologous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene probes suggested the existence of three GAPDH genes in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Two of these, located on the chromosome and the megaplasmid pHG1 of the organism, respectively, mapped about 2.5 kilobase pairs (kb) downstream of the two duplicated CO₂ fixation gene clusters ( cfx genes). They were identified as GAPDH genes ( cfxG _c and cfxG _p ) by cloning and expression in Escherichia coli . These genes encode GAPDH isoenzymes functioning in the Calvin cycle. The third gene ( gap ) is chromosomally encoded but not linked to the cfx _c cluster. Its product is probably involved in heterotrophic carbon metabolism.     

The effect of Cd2+ on photosynthetic reactions of mesophyll protoplasts

Photosynthetic CO₂-fixation of mesophyll protoplasts of lambs lettuce [Valerianella locusta (L.) Betcke] was inhibited by short time exposure to Cd⁺. Inhibition was due to uptake of the metal ion into the protoplasts and increased with increasing Cd²⁺ concentrations and the time of preincubation. A 10 min pretreatment at 2 mM Cd²⁺ reduced CO₂-fixation by 40–60%. Inhibition of photosynthesis was independent of the light intensity to which the protoplasts were exposed. Measurement of the lightinduced electrochromic pigment absorption change at 518nm and chlorophyll fluorescence studies revealed that primary photochemical reactions associated with the thylakoid membranes were not affected by the metal ion. Also, light activation of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) was not inhibited by Cd²⁺. Under rate-limiting CO₂ concentrations, inhibition of CO₂-fixation was smaller than at V_max of CO₂ reduction indicating that the carboxylation reaction of the Calvin cycle is not susceptible to Cd²⁺. Cd²⁺ treatment of protoplasts significantly extended the lagphase of CO₂-supported O₂-evolution and partly inhibited light activation of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13) and the ribulose-5-phosphate kinase (EC 2.7.1.19). Measurement of relative concentrations of [¹⁴C]-labeled Calvin cycle intermediates showed that Cd²⁺ caused a decrease in the 3-phosphoglycerate/triose phosphate ratio and an increase in the triose phosphate/ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate ratio. It is concluded that in protoplasts Cd²⁺ affects photosynthesis mainly at the level of dark reactions and that the site of inhibition may be localized in the regenerative phase of the Calvin cycle.     

Identification of the photosynthetic CO2 fixation inhibitors in isolated pine chloroplasts as resin acids

Thus far all attempts to isolate CO, fixing chloroplasts from pine have failed. In this paper it is proposed that resin acids present in pine needles partition into membranes during chloroplast isolation and interfere with specific reactions of the Calvin cycle. CO, fixation by isolated spinach chloroplasts was strongly inhibited by the introduction of a suspension of chloroplasts isolated from Pinus sylvestris L. A partially purified organic extract obtained from chloroplasts of this pine species also strongly inhibited CO, fixation by the spinach chloroplasts. The major inhibitory compounds from the organic extract were identified as a mixture of resin acids by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two resin acids, abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid, were tested for inhibitory activity. Both resin acids were potent inhibitors of photosynthetic CO₂fixation, with dehydroabietic acid being about three times more potent than abietic acid.     

卡尔文循环的数学模型

本文运用常微分方程组的数学方法,建立了卡尔文循环的数学模型。     

Carbon metabolism of Frankia spp. in root nodules of Alnus glutinosa and Hippophaë rhamnoides

The occurrence and localization of enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle in root nodules of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Vill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides were studied. The following enzymes, catalyzing reversible steps in the glycolysis, were found in both the endophyte Frankia spp. and the plant cytosol of Alnus nodules: fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase. The enzymes catalyzing irreversible steps in glycolysis, viz. hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, were detectable only in the plant cytosol. Similar results were obtained with nodule homogenates of Hippophaë. This indicates the absence of a complete glycolysis in the endophyte. Vesicle clusters of the nodule endophyte of Alnus contained various dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and showed activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Respiration studies showed that vesicle clusters take up oxygen when supplied with NAD, glutamate and malate together. No oxygen uptake was found when any of these compounds was omitted. Vesicle clusters from both Alnus and Hippophaë nodules showed no detectable activity of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Since these enzymes are known to be present in Frankia Avcll, when grown in a medium with Tween 80 as carbon source, it is suggested that the glyoxylate cycle enzymes are repressed in the root-nodule symbioses.     

Heterotrophic (Dark) CO2 Fixation by Euglena gracilis. Possible regulation by tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates

SYNOPSIS. Heterotrophic (dark) CO₂ fixation by Euglena gracilis strain Z varies with phase of batch culture and mode of nutrition. Dark CO₂ fixation increased transiently during the growth of cells under photoautotrophic (CO₂, light) and heterotrophic (glucose, dark) conditions. Cells grown heterotrophically with acetate or ethanol had no transient increase in fixation. The addition of acetate to a heterotrophically growing culture during the period of increasing dark CO₂ fixation resulted in rapid elimination of this fixation. The results suggest that dark CO₂ fixation in Euglena functions in anaplerotic feeding of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, drained by biosyntheses during growth. Induction of the glyoxylate cycle by acetate may provide an alternate source of tricarboxylic cycle intermediates, obviating the requirement for dark CO₂ fixation as a source of the intermediates.