药用植物凤丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)根际土壤细菌群落16S rRNA基因的ARDRA分析

凤丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)为芍药科多年生植物,是一种重要的传统中药资源。在其生长发育的周期中与土壤微生物尤其是根际土壤微生物有密切的关系。通过构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库及文库的限制性片段长度多态性分析(ARDRA),对中国药用植物凤丹5大主要分布区域的根际土壤细菌群落多样性进行了研究。采用限制性内切酶HinfI和Csp6I对克隆文库中随机挑选的1000个白色克隆子进行了酶切分型,根据酶切图谱的不同,将其分为324个OTUs,并对38个优势OTUs进行了测序和系统发育分析。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,凤丹根际土壤细菌种群主要包括:变形菌门(包括alpha、beta、gamma、detla亚门)、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门及厚壁菌门等11类细菌,此外还包含了3个未归类的细菌。变形菌门和酸杆菌门为文库中的主要菌群,分别占克隆总数的47.34%和14.36%,其中Pseudomonas sp.、Burkholderia sp.和Arthrobacter sp.为优势菌属。研究结果表明,我国药用植物凤丹5大主要分布区域的根际土壤细菌种群不仅具有丰富的多样性,还存在丰富的潜在新菌种。     

新疆艾比湖湿地博乐河入口处土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】了解新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区非培养土壤细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】采用非培养法直接从湿地土壤提取总DNA进行16S r RNA基因扩增,构建细菌16S r RNA基因克隆文库。使用MspⅠ和AfaⅠ限制性内切酶对阳性克隆进行16S r RNA基因扩增片段的限制性酶切分析(Amplified r DNA restriction analysis,ARDRA),挑取具有不同双酶切图谱的克隆进行测序,序列比对并构建16S r RNA基因系统发育树。【结果】从土壤细菌的16S r RNA基因文库中随机挑取75个不同谱型的克隆子,共得到58个OTUs,系统发育归类为8个细菌类群:绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrob)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)。其中,变形菌门为第一优势菌群,拟杆菌门为第二优势菌群,两者约占总克隆的65%。【结论】艾比湖湿地博乐河入口处土壤细菌多样性丰富,且存在一定数量的潜在微生物新种。     

沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水细菌多样性分析

[目的]了解沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水中细菌群落组成和物种多样性。[方法]采用免培养法提取煤层水中微生物总DNA,利用细菌通用引物构建16S r DNA基因克隆文库。采用HhaⅠ、MspⅠ限制性内切酶对克隆子进行RFLP分析,测序并构建16S r DNA基因系统发育树。[结果]从文库中筛选出234个阳性克隆,覆盖度为97.4%,聚类为28个操作分类单元。BLAST比对、RDP归类及系统发育分析将这234个克隆归为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋体门、疣微菌门、黏胶球形菌门。其中变形菌门为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌克隆文库的80.1%。变形菌门中的ε-变形菌纲,占整个基因文库的35%。[结论]应用16S r DNA克隆文库技术,分析沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水中细菌类群的多样性不高。     

新疆玛纳斯热气泉免培养土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】了解新疆玛纳斯热气泉土壤免培养细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】采用免培养法直接从土壤样品中提取总DNA,利用细菌通用引物对土壤总DNA进行16S rDNA扩增,构建细菌16SrDNA文库。使用HaeⅢ限制性内切酶对阳性克隆进行限制性片段长度多态性分析(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP),挑选具有不同酶切图谱的克隆进行测序、比对并构建16SrDNA系统发育树。【结果】从土壤细菌16S rDNA文库中随机挑选了170个阳性克隆,共得到29个不同的分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)。系统发育分析归为6个门:酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌文库的71%。29个OTUs中有14条序列与GenBank中相关序列的相似性低于97%(序列长度约1.5kb),占序列总数的48%。【结论】热气泉土壤细菌种群多样性较低,但存在大量潜在细菌新种。     

溴代阻燃剂污染底泥与未污染底泥中细菌群落结构之比较分析

【目的】通过免培养的分子生物学方法,比较受溴代阻燃剂污染严重的河流底泥和与未污染水库底泥中细菌多样性差异,解析二者间细菌群落结构,为污染河流的治理与生物修复提供相关的理论依据。【方法】从中国贵屿溴代阻燃剂污染区练江底泥样品和未污染水库底泥样品中分别提取微生物总DNA,用细菌通用引物27F和1500R扩增16S rRNA基因,构建16S rRNA基因文库。用HhaⅠ和HinfⅠ2种限制性内切酶对克隆子进行扩增产物rDNA的限制性酶切分析(ARDRA),挑取不同的操作分类单元OUT中的克隆进行测序并构建系统发育树,比较代表克隆子的基本分类类群和生物多样性构成。【结果】未污染水库底泥中细菌群落组成主要包括变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)的α、β、γ和δ4个亚门、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。优势菌是酸杆菌,占文库克隆的30.2%。污染河流底泥中细菌群落组成包括变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)的α、β、δ和ε4个亚门、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿菌门或拟杆菌门(Chlorobi orBacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、待定菌群candidatedivision OP01、candidate division OP08和candidate division WS3的相似菌。优势菌是ε-变形细菌和绿弯菌,占文库克隆的44.9%。【结论】受溴代阻燃剂污染河流底泥中的细菌群落具有较高水平的多样性,与未污染底泥有显著区别,主要体现在ε-变形细菌和绿弯菌在细菌群落中具有优势地位。这种优势种群的改变可能与污染物的过度富集具有一定的相关性,对于我们进一步探索和了解溴代阻燃剂的微生物修复具有一定的指导意义。     

应用16S rRNA基因文库技术分析土壤细菌群落的多样性

[目的]土壤微生物在菜田生态系统中具有重要的生态功能,通过16S rRNA基因克隆文库技术分析典型菜田土壤细菌群落结构的组成情况,为揭示典型的菜田土壤微生物的多样性以及土地利用变化与生态环境效应之间的关系奠定基础.[方法]采用未培养技术直接从北京和山东两地典型菜田土壤样品中提取微生物总的DNA,分别构建基于通用引物PCR扩增的土壤细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库,通过Hinf Ⅰ和Hae Ⅲ限制性内切酶对两地土壤细菌16s rRNA基因文库中的克隆进行ARDRA(Amplified Ribosomal DNA Rstriction Analysis)分析,将所有阳性克隆分为若干个可操作分类单元(OTU).[目的]通过构建两地细菌克隆文库的系统发育树,并分析主要种群的组成表明:北京和山东菜田土壤细菌克隆文库的优势种群均为γ、β、α变形细菌亚群.两地的细菌种类组成分别包括124个OTUs和92个OTUs.[结论]北京地区和山东地区典型蔬菜地土壤细菌种群中优势种群均为变形细菌,但是土壤细菌多样性降低,这可能与典型菜田的多年连作,种植蔬菜种类单一直接相关.同时,也可能是造成菜田土壤病害普遍发生,土壤退化的一个重要原因.     

大港孔店油田水驱油藏微生物群落的分子分析

通过多聚酶链式反应温度梯度凝胶电泳（PCRTGGE）和构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库两种方法对比研究了大港油田孔二北断块注水井和采油井的微生物群落结构。16S rDNA V3区PCR扩增产物的TGGE图谱分析表明,这两个油井的微生物群落结构差异很大。注水井样品的TGGE图谱中有6条主要条带,而采油井样品中只有一个条带占绝对优势。同时,建立了两个样品的16S rRNA基因克隆文库,从中分别挑选了108和50个克隆进行限制性酶切片段长度多样性分析（ARDRA）。注水井样品有33个操作分类单元（OUT）,其中6个OUT是优势类型;而采油井样品只有8个OUT,有1个OUT在文库中占绝对优势。克隆文库和TGGE的研究结果一致,均表明注水井样品的微生物多样性比采油井丰富很多。每个OUT的代表克隆序列分析结果表明,注水井样品中的细菌主要属于α、β、γ变形菌纲和放线菌纲,尤其是红细菌亚纲（47%）。采油井样品的细菌主要属于α、β、γ变形菌纲,尤其是假单胞菌属（62%）。油藏微生物多样性的分子分析可为开展微生物采油技术研究奠定基础。     

西藏扎布耶盐湖细菌多样性的免培养技术分析

【目的】利用免培养技术,获得有关西藏高原高盐度、高海拔盐湖的细菌多样性认识。【方法】从西藏扎布耶盐湖沉积样品中提取微生物总DNA,利用细菌引物f530/r1492扩增16S rRNA基因,然后构建16S rRNA基因质粒文库。采用HaeⅢ和HhaⅠ两种内切酶对阳性克隆质粒DNA进行ARDRA分型分析,根据分型结果挑选克隆进行测序。得到它们的16SrRNA基因部分序列,根据获得的序列构建构建系统发育树。【结果】在系统发育树上,部分克隆(占总克隆数的57.14%)与已知细菌属归于同一分支,主要分布在γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的23个嗜盐细菌属之中。其余的克隆为未培养序列,与前者差异很大,在进化树上形成了独立的分支。【结论】研究结果显示出扎布耶茶卡湖中的细菌组成具有极其丰富的多样性。     

红豆杉免培养内生细菌多样性的初步研究

【目的】了解红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)内生细菌的组成及多样性。【方法】提取红豆杉组织总DNA,选用细菌通用引物799F和1492R对总DNA进行16S rDNA特异性扩增,构建红豆杉内生细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,对阳性克隆进行PCR-RFLP(限制性内切酶片段长度多态性)分析,并对酶切带谱不同的菌液进行测序,构建系统发育树。【结果】根据酶切带谱分析和测序结果的不同,将随机挑取的158个阳性克隆归为26个不同的可操作分类单元(OUTs),系统发育分析表明这些克隆序列分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria,包含Alpha、Beta、Gamma、Delta亚群)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4个门。其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占克隆总数的58.86%)为最优势类群。序列比对结果表明这些克隆序列分别与已报道的20个属具有较高的相似性。此外,还有一个OUTs在系统发育树上形成独立分支且未能确定其分类。【结论】红豆杉内生细菌多样性丰富,并且可能存在新的分类单元。     

太湖地区典型菜地土壤微生物16S rDNA的PCR-RFLP分析

土壤微生物多样性是土壤生态功能的基础,但长期以来缺乏对高强度土地利用条件下的土壤微生物多样性的认识.作者采用间接法提取了江苏省太湖地区典型菜地土壤微生物的总DNA,以细菌的通用引物27F和1492R扩增16S rDNA片段,将扩增产物与T-载体酶连,转化大肠杆菌,建立土壤微生物16S rDNA克隆文库.PCR扩增基因文库中插入的16S rDNA外源片段,用两种限制性内切酶Hha I和Rsa I分别酶切,获得该土壤173个克隆的酶切指纹图谱.结果表明,Hha I和Rsa I联合酶切产生了63个基因分型,文库的覆盖度达76.30%,单一酶切产生的基因分型少,但文库的覆盖度高;克隆文库中存在两种优势类群,分别占总克隆的16%和12%.16S rDNA测序结果表明,太湖地区菜地土壤细菌在分类方面主要属于α-和γ-变形杆菌亚门.以上结果为进一步研究太湖地区菜地土壤微生物生态功能提供了基础资料.     

Endophytic Bacterial Diversity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Roots Estimated by 16S rDNA Sequence Analysis

The endophytic bacterial diversity in the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing in the agricultural experimental station in Hebei Province, China was analyzed by 16S rDNA cloning, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and sequence homology comparison. To effectively exclude the interference of chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA of rice, a pair of bacterial PCR primers (799f–1492r) was selected to specifically amplify bacterial 16S rDNA sequences directly from rice root tissues. Among 192 positive clones in the 16S rDNA library of endophytes, 52 OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were identified based on the similarity of the ARDRA banding profiles. Sequence analysis revealed diverse phyla of bacteria in the 16S rDNA library, which consisted of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon subclasses of the Proteobacteria, Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides (CFB) phylum, low G+C gram-positive bacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Acidobacteria, and archaea. The dominant group was Betaproteobacteria (27.08% of the total clones), and the most dominant genus was Stenotrophomonas. More than 14.58% of the total clones showed high similarity to uncultured bacteria, suggesting that nonculturable bacteria were detected in rice endophytic bacterial community. To our knowledge, this is the first report that archaea has been identified as endophytes associated with rice by the culture-independent approach. The results suggest that the diversity of endophytic bacteria is abundant in rice roots.     

兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科根瘤菌遗传多样性ARDRA分析

通过16S rDNA扩增产物限制性片段长度多态性分析(ARDRA),对兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌的遗传多样性进行了研究。采用限制性内切酶Hae Ⅲ、Hind Ⅲ、Hinf Ⅰ和Taq Ⅰ对16S rDNA扩增产物进行了酶切分型,根据ARDRA酶切图谱的不同,进行树状聚类。结果表明:49株根瘤菌在40%的相似水平上按氮含量不同及铅锌含量的采集地不同分别聚为OTU1、OTU2和OTU33个群,说明根瘤菌的遗传多样性及分布与土壤中的氮含量和铅锌含量有关。代表菌株的16S rDNA测序结果分析表明,它们在系统发育树上属于Rhizobium sp.、Sinorhizobium sp.和Bradyrhizobium sp.3个系统发育分支,进一步说明兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌多样性较丰富。     

新疆泥火山细菌遗传多样性

为了解新疆乌苏泥火山细菌多样性,从泥火山泥浆样品中直接提取总DNA,构建了含150个有效转化子的泥火山细菌16S rDNA基因文库,转化子经菌液PCR及HaeⅢ酶切后获得16个不同带型,克隆测序结果表明,其分属于16个不同的分类单元.一部分序列与已知细菌类群的16S rDNA序列相似性较高,归属变形菌门(Proteobacteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria),放线菌门(Actinobacteria);另外一部分序列与已知细菌类群的16S rDNA序列同源性较低,可能代表新的分类单位.研究结果显示,泥火山环境中微生物种群丰富,值得进一步研究.     

Fecal microbial diversity in a strict vegetarian as determined by molecular analysis and cultivation

Fecal microbial diversity in a strictly vegetarian woman was determined by the 16S rDNA library method, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and a culture-based method. The 16S rDNA library was generated from extracted fecal DNA, using bacteria-specific primers. Randomly selected clones were partially sequenced. T-RFLP analysis was performed using amplified 16S rDNA. The lengths of T-RF were analyzed after digestion by HhaI and MspI. The cultivated bacterial isolates were used for partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Among 183 clones obtained, approximately 29% of the clones belonged to 13 known species. About 71% of the remaining clones were novel "phylotypes" (at least 98% similarity of clone sequence). A total of 55 species or phylotypes were identified among the 16S rDNA library, while the cultivated isolates included 22 species or phylotypes. In addition, many new phylotypes were detected from the 16S rDNA library. The 16S rDNA library and isolates commonly included the Bacteroides group, Bifidobacterium group, and Clostridium rRNA clusters IV, XIVa, XVI and XVIII. T-RFLP analysis revealed the major composition of the vegetarian gut microbiota were Clostridium rRNA subcluster XIVa and Clostridium rRNA cluster XVIII. The dominant feature of this strictly vegetarian gut microbiota was the detection of many Clostridium rRNA subcluster XIVa and C. ramosum (Clostridium rRNA cluster XVIII).     

High bacterial diversity of a waste gas-degrading community in an industrial biofilter as shown by a 16S rDNA clone library

The bacterial diversity of an industrial biofilter used for waste gas abatement in an animal-rendering plant was investigated. A 16S rDNA clone library was generated and 444 clones were screened using computer-aided amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). Of the screened clones, 60.8% showed unique ARDRA patterns and the remaining 174 clones were clustered into 65 groups. Almost full-length 16S rDNA sequences of 106 clones were determined and 90.5% of the clones were affiliated with the two phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria accounted for 22.1, 17.6 and 18.6% respectively. Minor portions were affiliated with the Actinobacteria (2.0%), Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia (both 1.0%), and the Deltaproteobacteria and Thermomicrobia (each 0.5%). Only six out of the 106 16S rDNA sequences exhibited similarities of more than 97% to classified bacterial species indicating that a substantial fraction of the clone sequences were derived from unknown taxa. It was also evaluated whether a database containing 281 computer-simulated bacterial rDNA fragment patterns generated from published reference sequences can be used for identification purposes. The data analysis demonstrated that this was possible only for a small number of clones, which were closely related to described bacterial strains. Rarefaction analysis of ARDRA clusters demonstrated that the 444 clones screened are insufficient to describe the entire diversity of the clone library.     

Culturability and In situ abundance of pelagic bacteria from the North Sea

The culturability of abundant members of the domain Bacteria in North Sea bacterioplankton was investigated by a combination of various cultivation strategies and cultivation-independent 16S rRNA-based techniques. We retrieved 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) clones from environmental DNAs and determined the in situ abundance of different groups and genera by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A culture collection of 145 strains was established by plating on oligotrophic medium. Isolates were screened by FISH, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and sequencing of representative 16S rDNAs. The majority of isolates were members of the genera Pseudoalteromonas, Alteromonas, and Vibrio. Despite being readily culturable, they constituted only a minor fraction of the bacterioplankton community. They were not detected in the 16S rDNA library, and FISH indicated rare (<1% of total cell counts) occurrence as large, rRNA-rich, particle-associated bacteria. Conversely, abundant members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria and gamma proteobacterial SAR86 clusters, identified by FISH as 17 to 30% and up to 10% of total cells in the North Sea bacterioplankton, respectively, were cultured rarely or not at all. Whereas SAR86-affiliated clones dominated the 16S rDNA library (44 of 53 clones), no clone affiliated to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterum cluster was retrieved. The only readily culturable abundant group of marine bacteria was related to the genus Roseobacter. The group made up 10% of the total cells in the summer, and the corresponding sequences were also present in our clone library. Rarefaction analysis of the ARDRA patterns of all of the isolates suggested that the total culturable diversity by our method was high and still not covered by the numbers of isolated strains but was almost saturated for the gamma proteobacteria. This predicts a limit to the isolation of unculturable marine bacteria, particularly the gamma-proteobacterial SAR86 cluster, as long as no new techniques for isolation are available and thus contrasts with more optimistic accounts of the culturability of marine bacterioplankton.     

Diversity of uncultured microorganisms associated with the seagrass Halophila stipulacea estimated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes.

The diversity of microorganisms associated with the leaves of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea in the northern Gulf of Elat was examined by culture-independent analysis. Microorganisms were harvested by a sonication treatment for total-community genomic DNA isolation. Oligonucleotides complementary to conserved regions in the 16S rRNA-encoding DNA (rDNA) of bacteria were used for PCR amplification. The 16S rDNA PCR products were subcloned and further characterized by a restriction fragment length analysis termed ARDRA (amplified rDNA restriction analysis). These analyses were carried out after reamplifying the cloned fragments with two primers binding symmetrically to the plasmid immediately on both sides of the cloned insert. Computer-aided clustering was performed after separate restriction analysis with enzymes HinfI and HpaII. By this method, 103 cloned 16S rDNA fragments were clustered into a total of 58 different groups. Sequence analysis of clones with an identical ARDRA pattern confirmed that members of an ARDRA group were closely related to each other. The sequenced clones were found to be affiliated with a marine snow-associated plastid-like rRNA clone and with a marine Hyphomonas strain, respectively. The method applied in this study could be useful for the routine study of other microbial communities of interest.     

Phylotype diversity in a benthic cyanobacterial mat community on King George Island, maritime Antarctica

Cyanobacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene diversity was examined in a benthic mat on Fildes Peninsula of King George Island (62o09′54.4′′S, 58o57′20.9′′W), maritime Antarctica. Environmental DNA was isolated from the mat, a clone library of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments was prepared, and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) was done to assign clones to seven groups. Low cyanobacterial diversity in the mat was suggested in that 83% of the clones were represented by one ARDRA group. DNA sequences from this group had high similarity with 16S rRNA genes of Tychonema bourrellyi and T. bornetii isolates, whose geographic origins were southern Norway and Northern Ireland. Cyanobacterial morphotypes corresponding to Tychonema have not been reported in Antarctica, however, this morphotype was previously found at Ward Hunt Lake (83oN), and in western Europe (52oN). DNA sequences of three of the ARDRA groups had highest similarity with 16S rDNA sequences of the Tychonema group accounting for 9.4% of the clones. Sequences of the remaining three groups (7.6%) had highest similarity with 16S rRNA genes of uncultured cyanobacteria clones from benthic mats of Lake Fryxell and fresh meltwater on the McMurdo Ice Shelf.     

Mathematical estimations of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria and evidence for bacterial antagonism that decreases ruminal ammonia production(1)

Bacteria capable of denitrification are spread among phylogenetically diverse groups. In the present investigation, molecular methods (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing) were used to determine the genetic diversity of culturable denitrifying soil bacteria. The purpose of this work was to study the microbial density and diversity of denitrifying communities isolated from two luvisols and a rendosol. The denitrifying bacterial density was significantly higher in the two luvisols (3x10(6) and 4x10(6) bacteria g(-1) dry soil) than in the rendosol (4x10(5) bacteria g(-1) dry soil). Denitrifying isolates from soils were grouped according to the similarity of their restriction patterns into 26 ARDRA types. Interestingly ARDRA analysis suggests that some denitrifying isolates are specific to a soil type while others seem to be geographically widespread. The number of individual isolates found in each ARDRA type appeared to be highly variable between the two sampling dates but some denitrifying types were capable of persisting in soil. The tree obtained from the partial sequences revealed five major branches exhibiting highest identity to the following genera: (i) Burkholderia-Ralstonia, (ii) Pseudomonas, (iii) Xanthomonas-Frateuria, (iv) Bacillus and (v) Streptomyces. Our 16S rDNA-based analysis clearly reveals broad diversity exceeding that previously described in the literature.