Biological equilibrium in ecosystems 2. Parameters of ecosystems

In this paper the Theory of Biological Equilibrium (TBE), as the theoretical basis of the Canonical Hypothesis, is used to compute a set of theoretical parameters of natural ecosystems. These parameters are the individuals: species (I/S); the commonness: rarity (C/U) ration as well as the expected density (d _e) and total area (TA) of ecosystems. Results of sampling with nested quadrates are checked against theoretical values. Deviations from expected values of 5 to 10% occur in samples with Natural Biological Equilibrium (NBE); in disturbed and transitional sites a compensation mechanism is found which results in simulated NBE.     

Biological equilibrium in ecosystems 3. Classification of ecosystems

The Theory of Biological Equilibrium (TBE) is applied to the classification of ecosystems. It is shown that one of the basic factors, the habitat-type, governs the distribution of species through the subfactors climate and substrate in accordance with the Theory of Tolerance. Groups of species can be distinguished which show a very similar distribution, and combinations of species in these groups form the kengroups of classification units, or associations. Because the habitat-type of associations is often fragmented, the classification procedures can be applied to explaint the natural extinction of species, as well as the probability of species extinction through man's actions upon biocenoses.     

Molecular ecosystems

Biologists employ a suggestive metaphor to describe the complexities of molecular interactions within cells and embryos: cytological components are said to be part of “ecosystems” that integrate them in a complex network of relations with many other entities. The aim of this essay is to scrutinize the molecular ecosystem, a metaphor that, despite its longstanding history, has seldom be articulated in detail. I begin by analyzing some relevant analogies between the cellular environment and the biosphere. Next, I discuss the applicability of the molecular ecosystem concept in actual scientific practice.     

Stability of grass ecosystems

Two aspects of grass ecosystem stability are considered theoretically: (1) the ability to maintain structures and functions and (2) the ability to recover them after disturbances. The low resistance of the species structure of grass community and the high stability of biotic turnover are demonstrated. In spite of low resistance, the species structure of phytocenosis possesses high resilience, which is expressed in its rapid recovery upon removal of stressing impact.     

生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值（Emergy）分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究,任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率,能值和能值转移率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联。     

生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值(Emergy)分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究.任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率.能值和能值转换率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联.     

On ecosystems dynamics

We show how a dynamical system given by a t-score function for some class of monotonic data transformations generates consistent extreme value estimators. The variation of their values increases the uncertainty of proper assessment of climate change. Two important examples illustrate the methodology: mass balance measurements on Guanaco glacier, Chile, and extreme snow loads in Slovakia. We experience singular learning of the transitions in ecosystems.     

The structure of ecosystems

Input-output theory is developed for an ecosystem in terms of production and respiration energy flows. The theory reveals a “structure” of the system by demonstrating the direct and indirect energy flow dependence of each member of the system upon the others. A method for tracing the direct and indirect element flows through the ecosystem is proposed.The structure is determined for two examples and a perturbation technique for the energy flow is suggested.     

The stability of ecosystems

Stability criteria and phase boundaries for complex ecosystems are obtained and contrasted with previously studied scenarios. The stability of such systems is determined by the behaviour of the largest eigenvalue of matrices governing the response of the system to small perturbations. As a result we show that ecosystems with unstructured cooperative interactions between arbitary species can be less stable than had been previously determined. We also examine hierarchical ecologies, and demonstrate their increased stability under certain conditions.