矿区分离丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊吸Cd潜力影响

盆栽试验研究土壤不同施Cd水平(0、5、20、50μg/g)下,接种矿区污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊根系侵染率、植株生物量及Cd吸收与分配的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌显著提高Cd胁迫下万寿菊的根系侵染率和植株生物量;随着施Cd水平提高,各处理植株Cd浓度显著增加。各施Cd水平下万寿菊地上部Cd吸收量远远高于根系Cd吸收量,在土壤施Cd量达到50μg/g时,接种处理地上部Cd吸收量是根系的3.48倍,对照处理地上部Cd吸收量是根系的1.67倍;同一施Cd水平下接种处理植株Cd吸收量要显著高于对照。总体上,试验条件下污染土壤中分离的丛枝菌根真菌促进了万寿菊对土壤中Cd的吸收,并在一定程度上增加Cd向地上部分的运转,表现出植物提取的应用潜力。     

丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus intraradices）对铜污染土壤上玉米生长的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同土壤施Cu水平（0、50、200 mg/kg）下,接种不同来源的两个丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices菌株对玉米生长、Cu、P以及微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn吸收的影响。结果表明：接种菌根真菌显著提高了玉米的生物量,增加了玉米植株P浓度和吸收量;随着施Cu水平提高,各处理根系Cu浓度显著增加。各施Cu水平下玉米根系Cu浓度远远高于地上部分Cu浓度,同一施Cu水平下接种处理根系Cu浓度要显著高于对照;尤其在200 mg/kg施Cu水平下,接种处理根系Cu浓度大约是地上部分的45~58倍,对照根系Cu浓度大约是地上部分的12倍。总体上,试验条件下两个菌株对玉米的接种效应没有明显差异。试验表明丛枝菌根对重金属Cu有较强的固持作用,这可能是菌根减轻宿主植物Cu毒害的一个重要机制。     

丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)对铜污染土壤上玉米生长的影响

盆栽试验研究了不同土壤施Cu水平(0、50、200 mg/kg)下,接种不同来源的两个丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices菌株对玉米生长、Cu、P以及微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn吸收的影响.结果表明:接种菌根真菌显著提高了玉米的生物量,增加了玉米植株P浓度和吸收量;随着施Cu水平提高,各处理根系Cu浓度显著增加.各施Cu水平下玉米根系Cu浓度远远高于地上部分Cu浓度,同一施Cu水平下接种处理根系Cu浓度要显著高于对照;尤其在200 mg/kg施Cu水平下,接种处理根系Cu浓度大约是地上部分的45～58倍,对照根系Cu浓度大约是地上部分的12倍.总体上,试验条件下两个菌株对玉米的接种效应没有明显差异.试验表明丛枝菌根对重金属Cu有较强的固持作用,这可能是菌根减轻宿主植物Cu毒害的一个重要机制.     

银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌生长与根系黄酮含量的相关性研究

试验通过调查银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌的菌丝体长度、孢子密度及根系菌根侵染率,并测定银杏根系黄酮含量的季节性变化,研究二者的变化规律,分析相关关系。试验结果表明,年周期内银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌菌丝体长度、孢子密度与根系黄酮类化合物含量呈规律性变化:1月~3月根际丛枝菌根真菌菌丝长度有限,孢子密度、根系菌根侵染率与根系黄酮类化合物含量都最低;3月上中旬皆迅速增加,到9月达到全年最高峰;11月后,丛枝菌根真菌菌丝长度、孢子密度及根系菌根侵染率与根系黄酮类化合物含量均有所下降。通过数学模型分析,银杏根际丛枝菌根真菌菌丝长度、孢子密度及根系菌根侵染率与根系黄酮类化合物含量表现显著的正相关。     

银杏根系甲醇溶提物对离体培养条件下丛枝菌根真菌生长发育的研究

银杏根系甲醇溶提物对离体培养条件下丛枝菌根真菌生长发育的试验结果表明,银杏根系甲醇溶提物对离体条件下丛枝菌根真菌(Glonus mosseae,Gigaspora margarita)生长发育有明显的促进作用,能显著提高孢子萌发率,增加菌丝生长长度。与对照相比,浓度为20％～100％的甲醇溶提物均可显著促进丛枝菌根真菌的生长发育,80％甲醇溶提物效果最明显,银杏根系甲醇溶提物中含丰富的黄酮类化合物,溶提物中黄酮类物质的含量与甲醇洗脱剂的浓度有关,当浓度为80％时,黄酮含量最高,对银杏根系甲醇溶提物中黄酮类化合物含量与丛枝菌根真菌生长发育相关性分析发现,溶提物中黄酮类化合物含量与离体条件下丛枝菌根真菌孢子的生长发育表现为极显著的正相关关系,溶提物中黄酮含量越高,其对丛枝菌根真菌孢子的生长发育促进作用越大。     

亚热带森林菌根植物根系真菌群落结构对氮磷添加的响应

植物根系真菌对维系植物的营养吸收和健康具有重要作用。本研究分析了不同菌根类型植物根系中真菌的群落结构对外源氮(N)、磷(P)、氮和磷(NP)输入的响应。试验采集了无添加(对照)和N、P、NP添加处理下亚热带森林3种菌根类型(丛枝菌根、外生菌根、欧石楠菌根)9种植物的根系，运用高通量测序技术检测根系中真菌的多样性和群落组成。结果表明：9种植物根系真菌群落均主要由担子菌门和子囊菌门组成；P添加下子囊菌门的相对多度显著低于对照，而担子菌门的相对多度显著高于对照。欧石楠菌根植物根系中子囊菌门的相对多度显著高于丛枝菌根和外生菌根植物，而其担子菌门的相对多度显著低于丛枝菌根和外生菌根植物。与对照相比，P添加显著降低了植物根系中真菌的α多样性，改变了不同菌根类型植物根系中真菌的群落组成，而N添加和菌根类型的影响不明显。与对照和N添加相比，NP添加使全部植物根系中真菌群落变异程度更大，即群落整体更加趋异，而外生菌根植物根系中的真菌群落比丛枝菌根植物根系中的真菌群落变异更小，即群落更趋同。综上，P养分是影响亚热带森林土壤中树木根系真菌群落结构的关键因素。本研究有助于提升对全球环境变化下亚热带地区植物根系...     

干旱及复水条件下接种AMF和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺根系生长的影响北大核心CSCD

疏叶骆驼刺为塔里木河下游优势草本植物,对下游地区防风固沙,涵养水源具有重要的生态价值。该试验以疏叶骆驼刺为研究对象,设定正常水分(土壤相对含水量70%±5%)、干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量20%±5%)和复水处理(干旱胁迫60 d后恢复至正常水分)3个水分梯度,以及单接种丛枝菌根真菌、单接种根瘤菌、双接种丛枝菌根真菌+根瘤菌和不接种4组接种处理,分析不同水分条件下各接种处理对疏叶骆驼刺根系生长的影响。结果表明:(1)双接种丛枝菌根真菌+根瘤菌处理的疏叶骆驼刺根系AMF侵染率在干旱胁迫、复水条件下均显著降低,且低于单接种AMF处理。(2)随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化,双接种处理疏叶骆驼刺根系根瘤数量先降低后增加,复水后显著高于单接种根瘤菌处理。(3)双接种处理扩大了疏叶骆驼刺的根系吸收范围,提高了根系的吸收能力,并随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化,呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势。(4)双接种处理显著提高了疏叶骆驼刺根系SOD和POD活性,并随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化而逐渐升高。研究发现,双接种AMF+根瘤菌处理可以显著促进疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长,增强其抗逆性,而干旱胁迫会降低AMF和根瘤菌的协同促进作用,复水后双接种AMF+根瘤菌处理的疏叶骆驼刺能及早地做出响应,对其根系生长表现出一定的补偿效应。     

植物根际促生菌及丛枝菌根真菌协助植物修复重金属污染土壤的机制

植物修复是一种前景广阔的重金属污染土壤的主要修复技术,在微生物的协助下效果更为显著。植物根际促生菌可通过分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体、固氮溶磷等方式促进植物生长、改善植物重金属耐受性,从而有效提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率。菌根真菌是土壤-植物系统中重要的功能菌群之一,可侵染植物根系改变根系形态和矿质营养状况,通过菌丝体吸附重金属,也可产生球囊霉素、有机酸、植物生长素等次生代谢产物改变重金属生物有效性。植物根际促生菌与丛枝菌根真菌可对植物产生协同促生作用,在重金属污染土壤修复中具有一定应用潜力。目前,国内外关于植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作已有大量研究,而二者的相互作用机理仍处于探索阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用机制,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

从铅锌矿渣中分离的微生物对重金属吸附特性的研究

从铅锌矿渣中分离到 16种菌 (包括 7株细菌和 9株真菌 ) ,并研究了它们对Zn2 + ,Pb2 + ,Cu2 + 的吸附特性。发现大多数菌株对Pb2 + 与Zn2 + 有不同程度的吸附 ,但对Cu2 + 的吸附能力较小。菌株对Zn2 + 的吸附率大于对Pb2 + 的吸附 ,能吸附Pb2 + 的菌株也能吸附Zn2 + 。pH 4～ 6是真菌吸附金属离子的较好范围 ,细菌仅在pH =5 .0条件下 ,对Pb2 + 与Zn2 + 有吸附。在测试的不同金属离子浓度范围内 (5 0mg/L 相似文献   

丛枝菌根真菌与高羊茅协同修复镉污染土壤

本研究采用温室盆栽试验,利用丛枝菌根（AM）真菌摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae进行接种试验,研究了在Cd胁迫下（0、5、15和30mg/kg）接种AM真菌对高羊茅Festuca elata ‘Crossfire II’的生物量、防御酶活性、磷和镉（Cd）含量的影响。结果表明,随着Cd浓度的增加,高羊茅的菌根侵染率和菌根相对依赖性有所增加。接种AM真菌改善了磷从植株根系向地上部的转运,有助于植株在地上部积累更多的磷。此外,AM真菌和Cd胁迫对高羊茅植株抗氧化酶活性都有显著影响,在镉胁迫下,与未接种植株相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了植株的过氧化氢酶活性,而显著降低了植株的丙二醛含量。与未接种植株相比,接种摩西管柄囊霉显著提高了寄主植物对Cd的富集能力,有利于重金属在根部的积累,同时降低了地上部的Cd含量。本研究表明,高羊茅-丛枝菌根共生体在Cd污染土壤的修复中具有潜在应用价值。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizas, Microbial Communities, Nutrient Availability, and Soil Aggregates in Organic Tomato Production

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhzal (AM) fungi on plant growth and nutrition are well-known, but their effects on the wider soil biota are less clear. This is in part due to difficulties with establishing appropriate non-mycorrhizal controls in the field. Here we present results of a field experiment using a new approach to overcome this problem. A previously well-characterized mycorrhizal defective tomato mutant (rmc) and its mycorrhizal wildtype progenitor (76R MYC+) were grown at an organic fresh market tomato farm (Yolo County, CA). At the time of planting, root in-growth cores amended with different levels of N and P, were installed between experimental plants to study localized effects of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tomato roots on soil ecology. Whilst fruit yield and vegetative production of the two genotypes were very similar at harvest, there were large positive effects of colonization of roots by AM fungi on plant nutrient contents, especially P and Zn. The presence of roots colonized by AM fungi also resulted in improved aggregate stability by increasing the fraction of small macroaggregates, but only when N was added. Effects on the wider soil community including nematodes, fungal biomass as indicated by ergosterol, microbial biomass C, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were less pronounced. Taken together, these data show that AM fungi provide important ecosystem functions in terms of plant nutrition and aggregate stability, but that a change in this one functional group had only a small effect on the wider soil biota. This indicates a high degree of stability in soil communities of this organic farm.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to heavy metal uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in pot culture with contaminated soil

In two pot-culture experiments with maize in a silty loam (P2 soil) contaminated by atmospheric deposition from a metal smelter, root colonization with indigenous or introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their influence on plant metal uptake (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn) were investigated. Soil was -irradiated for the nonmycorrhizal control. In experiment 1, nonirradiated soil provided the mycorrhizal treatment, whereas in experiment 2 the irradiated soil was inoculated with spores of a fungal culture from P2 soil or a laboratory reference culture, Glomus mosseae. Light intensity was considerably higher in experiment 2 and resulted in a fourfold higher shoot and tenfold higher root biomass. Under the conditions of experiment 1, biomass was significantly higher and Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn concentrations significantly lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the nonmycorrhizal plants, suggesting a protection against metal toxicity. In contrast, in experiment 2, biomass did not differ between treatments and only Cu root concentration was decreased with G. mosseae-inoculated plants, whereas Cu shoot concentration was significantly increased with the indigenous P2 fungal culture. The latter achieved a significantly higher root colonization than G. mosseae (31.7 and 19.1%, respectively) suggesting its higher metal tolerance. Zn shoot concentration was higher in both mycorrhizal treatments and Pb concentrations, particularly in the roots, also tended to increase with mycorrhizal colonization. Cd concentrations were not altered between treatments. Cu and Zn, but not Pb and Cd root-shoot translocation increased with mycorrhizal colonization. The results show that the influence of AM on plant metal uptake depends on plant growth conditions, on the fungal partner and on the metal, and cannot be generalized. It is suggested that metal-tolerant mycorrhizal inoculants might be considered for soil reclamation, since under adverse conditions AM may be more important for plant metal resistance. Under the optimized conditions of normal agricultural practice, however, AM colonization even may increase plant metal absorption from polluted soils.     

Differential effects of AM fungal isolates on Medicago truncatula growth and metal uptake in a multimetallic (Cd, Zn, Pb) contaminated agricultural soil

Toxic metal accumulation in soils of agricultural interest is a serious problem needing more attention, and investigations on soil–plant metal transfer must be pursued to better understand the processes involved in metal uptake. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to influence metal transfer in plants by increasing plant biomass and reducing metal toxicity to plants even if diverging results were reported. The effects of five AM fungi isolated from metal contaminated or non-contaminated soils on metal (Cd, Zn) uptake by plant and transfer to leachates was assessed with Medicago truncatula grown in a multimetallic contaminated agricultural soil. Fungi isolated from metal-contaminated soils were more effective to reduce shoot Cd concentration. Metal uptake capacity differed between AM fungi and depended on the origin of the isolate. Not only fungal tolerance and ability to reduce metal concentrations in plant but also interactions with rhizobacteria affected heavy metal transfer and plant growth. Indeed, thanks to association with nodulating rhizobacteria, one Glomus intraradices inoculum increased particularly plant biomass which allowed exporting twofold more Cd and Zn in shoots as compared to non-mycorrhizal treatment. Cd concentrations in leachates were variable among fungal treatments, but can be significantly influenced by AM inoculation. The differential strategies of AM fungal colonisation in metal stress conditions are also discussed.     

Cadmium accumulation and buffering of cadmium-induced stress by arbuscular mycorrhiza in three Pisum sativum L. genotypes

The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in reducing Cd stress was investigated in three genotypes of Pisum sativum L. (cv. Frisson, VIR4788, VIR7128), grown in soil/sand pot cultures in the presence and absence of 2-3 mg kg(-1) bioavailable Cd, and inoculated or not with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Shoot, root and pod biomass were decreased by Cd in non-mycorrhizal plants. The presence of mycorrhiza attenuated the negative effect of Cd so that shoot biomass and activity of photosystem II, based on chlorophyll a fluorescence, were not significantly different between mycorrhizal plants growing in the presence or absence of the heavy metal (HM). Total P concentrations were not significantly different between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants treated with Cd. From 20-50-fold more Cd accumulated in roots than in shoots of Cd-treated plants, and overall levels were comparable to other metal-accumulating plants. Genetic variability in Cd accumulation existed between the pea genotypes. Concentration of the HM was lowest in roots of VIR4788 and in pods of VIR4788 and VIR7128. G. intraradices inoculation decreased Cd accumulation in roots and pods of cv. Frisson, whilst high concentrations were maintained in roots and pods of mycorrhizal VIR7128. Shoot concentrations of Cd increased in mycorrhizal cv. Frisson and VIR4788. Sequestration of Cd in root cell walls and/or cytoplasm, measured by EDS/SEM, was comparable between non-mycorrhizal pea genotypes but considerably decreased in mycorrhizal cv. Frisson and VIR7128. Possible mechanisms for mycorrhiza buffering of Cd-induced stress in the pea genotypes are discussed.     

Plant species-specific changes in root-inhabiting fungi in a California annual grassland: responses to elevated CO2 and nutrients

Five co-occurring plant species from an annual mediterranean grassland were grown in monoculture for 4 months in pots inside open-top chambers at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (San Mateo County, California). The plants were exposed to elevated atmospheric CO₂ and soil nutrient enrichment in a complete factorial experiment. The response of root-inhabiting non-mycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the altered resource base depended strongly on the plant species. Elevated CO₂ and fertilization altered the ratio of non-mycorrhizal to mycorrhizal fungal colonization for some plant species, but not for others. Percent root infection by non-mycorrhizal fungi increased by over 500% for Linanthus parviflorus in elevated CO₂, but decreased by over 80% for Bromus hordeaceus. By contrast, the mean percent infection by mycorrhizal fungi increased in response to elevated CO₂ for all species, but significantly only for Avena barbata and B. hordeaceus. Percent infection by mycorrhizal fungi increased, decreased, or remained unchanged for different plant hosts in response to fertilization. There was evidence of a strong interaction between the two treatments for some plant species and non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal fungi. This study demonstrated plant species- and soil fertility-dependent shifts in below-ground plant resource allocation to different morpho-groups of fungal symbionts. This may have consequences for plant community responses to elevated CO₂ in this California grassland ecosystem. Received: 2 June 1997 / Accepted: 22 August 1997     

Litter N retention over winter for a low and a high phenolic species in the alpine tundra

Mycorrhizal fungus colonization of roots may modify plant metal acquisition and tolerance. In the present study, the contribution of the extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae (BEG 107), to the uptake of metal cations (Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni) by cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants was determined. The influence of the amount of P supplied to the hyphae on the acquisition and partitioning of metal cations in the mycorrhizal plants was also investigated. Pots with three compartments were used to separate root and root-free hyphal growing zones. The shoot concentration of Cd and Ni was decreased in mycorrhizal plants compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. In contrast, shoot Zn and Cu concentrations were increased in mycorrhizal plants. High P supply to hyphae resulted in decreased root Cu concentrations and shoot Cd and Ni concentrations in mycorrhizal plants. These results confirm that some elements required for plant growth (P, Zn, Cu) are taken up by mycorrhizal hyphae and are then transported to the plants. Conversely, Cd and Ni were transported in much smaller amounts by hyphae to the plant, so that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization could partly protect plants from toxic effects of these elements. Selective uptake and transport of plant essential elements over non-essential elements by AM hyphae, increased growth of mycorrhizal plants, and metal accumulation in the root may all contribute to the successful growth of mycorrhizal plants on metal-rich substrates. These effects are stimulated when hyphae can access sufficient P in soil.     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对枳实生苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomaus mosseae)对枳[Poncirustrifoliat(L.)Raf.]实生苗的生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,在土壤含水量为20%、16%和12%条件下,接种G.mosseae能够增加植株的生长(株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、地下部干重和植株干重),促进植株根系活跃吸收面积和根际土壤有效磷的吸收,提高叶片和根系可溶性糖含量的积累,降低叶片脯氨酸含量,增强植株的水分利用效率(达20%～40%),使枳实生苗的抗旱能力得到增强.土壤含水量为20%和16%条件下接种G.mosseae对植株的效果较土壤含水量为12%条件下更显著.12%的土壤含水量严重抑制Gmosseae的侵染,说明丛枝菌根侵染程度轻,其对植物的效果也差.     

Cadmium accumulation in sunflower plants influenced by arbuscular mycorrhiza

In order to investigate the cadmium (Cd) accumulation patterns and possible alleviation of Cd stress by mycorrhization, sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) were grown in the presence or absence of Cd (20 micromol L(-1)) and inoculated or not inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices. No visual symptoms of Cd phytotoxicity were observed; nevertheless, in non-mycorrhizal plants the presence of Cd decreased plant growth. The addition of Cd had no significant effect on either mycorrhizal colonization or the amount of extra-radical mycelia that was produced by the AMF. Cd accumulated mainly in roots; only 22% of the total Cd absorbed was translocated to the shoots, where it accumulated to an average of 228 mg Cd kg(-1). Although the shoot-to-root ratio of Cd was similar in both the AMF inoculated and non-inoculated plants, the total absorbed Cd was 23% higher in mycorrhizal plants. Cd concentration in AMF extra-radical mycelium was 728 microg g(-1) dry weight. Despite the greater absorption of Cd, mycorrhizal plants showed higher photosynthetic pigment concentrations and shoot P contents. Cd also influenced mineral nutrition, leading to decreased Ca and Cu shoot concentrations; N, Fe and Cu shoot contents; and increased S and K shoot concentrations. Cd induced guaiacol peroxidase activity in roots in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, but this increase was much more accentuated in non-mycorrhizal roots. In conclusion, sunflower plants associated with G. intraradices were less sensitive to Cd stress than non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal sunflowers showed enhanced Cd accumulation and some tolerance to excessive Cd concentrations in plant tissues.     

接种时期对丛枝菌根喜树幼苗喜树碱含量的影响

喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种, 因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而受到人们的广泛关注。通过温室盆栽接种试验, 观察了喜树幼苗不同生长时期接种蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)和根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)对喜树幼苗喜树碱积累的影响。结果表明接种两种丛枝菌根真菌均促进了喜树幼苗喜树碱的积累, 表现为喜树碱产量(单株幼苗所含的喜树碱量, 喜树碱含量与幼苗生物量的乘积)的显著提高。进一步分析发现, 接种丛枝菌根真菌导致幼喜树苗喜树碱产量的提高, 早期(幼苗出土20天)接种主要是源于喜树碱含量的提高, 特别是叶片喜树碱含量的提高, 而晚期(幼苗出土60天)接种则主要是源于幼苗生物量的增加。