二斑叶螨与山楂叶螨种间竞争的研究

作于1994-1995年对苹果树上的二斑叶螨(Teiranychus urticae (Koch))和山楂叶螨(T．veinnensis Zacher)的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明,在食物资源上,二斑叶螨对山楂叶螨的生态位重叠度指数是1．05,而山楂叶螨对二斑叶螨则为0.95;在生存空间资源上,二斑叶螨相应为1．11,山楂叶螨相应为0．89。在1994和1995年,两种害螨的内禀增长力(rm)在单种种群中,二斑叶螨分别是0．13036和0．0759,山楂叶螨分别是0．1028和0．0585;在混合种群中,二斑叶螨分别是0．118和0．0822,山楂叶螨分别是0．06056和0．052,二斑叶螨均明显高于山楂叶螨。在达到种群年中高峰时,二斑叶螨在混台种群中所占比率,1994年为97．2％ 1995年为86．2％。达到高峰后,两种叶螨种群数量均急剧下降,但二斑叶螨下降的速度更快。20天后,二斑叶螨在混合种群中的比率分别降至20%和19％。因此,二斑叶螨较山楂叶螨具有更强的竞争能力。但由于二的生态位并不完全重叠,因而山楂叶螨不会绝灭。     

雨花露水蜜桃主要害虫与其捕食性天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理保护和利用天敌进行水蜜桃园害虫的综合防治,用t检验法比较"雨花露"水蜜桃季节间和年度间害虫及其天敌的种群差异,结果表明两年春夏季之间小绿叶蝉、桃蚜、山楂叶螨、李肖叶甲和梨网蝽5种害虫的差异均不显著;异色瓢虫的t值为2.39,t>t_0.05(2.16),差异显著,其余天敌差异均不显著。2010年春夏与秋季之间,小绿叶蝉、梨网蝽、三突花蟹蛛和异色瓢虫的t值为5.63、76.38、3.28和4.82,t>t_0.01(3.01),差异极显著,其余差异不显著。采用灰色关联分析方法、生态位分析方法,对2010年及2011年春夏季水蜜桃园桃蚜、小绿叶蝉、山楂叶螨、梨网蝽和李肖叶甲与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析,对每一天敌对应的关联度、生态位重叠指数和相似性比例等参数标准化后相加,按照参数标准化值之和大小排序得出,2010年春夏季小绿叶蝉前三位的主要天敌是三突花蟹蛛、中华草蛉和八斑球腹蛛;山楂叶螨的主要天敌是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛。2011年春夏季桃蚜的主要天敌是黑带食蚜蝇、异色瓢虫和三突花蟹蛛;小绿叶蝉的主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫和三突花蟹蛛;梨网蝽的主要天敌是三突花蟹蛛、龟纹瓢虫和草间小黑蛛;山楂叶螨的主要天敌是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛;李肖叶甲的主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、三突花蟹蛛和八斑球腹蛛。2010年秋冬季小绿叶蝉的主要天敌是中华草蛉、草间小黑蛛和三突花蟹蛛;梨网蝽的主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和三突花蟹蛛。林间,2010年小绿叶蝉、梨网蝽和山楂叶螨及2011年春夏季桃蚜、李肖叶甲、梨网蝽和山楂叶螨种群聚集均数λ均大于2,其聚集是害虫本身原因造成的。在桃树树冠四个方位间,2010年春夏季山楂叶螨,秋冬季小绿叶蝉和梨网蝽及2011年春夏季的李肖叶甲的λ值均大于2,其聚集是害虫本身原因造成的,其余害虫和天敌λ值均小于2,表明其聚集时由环境中某一因子影响所致。     

苹果小卷叶蛾性诱剂的合成与田间试验初报

<正> 苹果小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana Fischer vonRoslerstamm是我国北方苹果产区的一种重要害虫,除为害苹果外,还为害桃、梨、李、杏、山楂等果树。对卷叶蛾类害虫的防冶,以往偏重于用有机氯或有机磷等药剂防治,虽有较好的防治效果,但这类药剂对苹果园另一类重要害虫——叶螨基本无效,相反,对叶螨的天敌杀伤很大,如果使用不当,往往导致叶螨猖獗为害。1975年陕西省果树研究所曾进行过苹果小卷叶蛾等性激素粗提物的试验,1977年使用人工合成苹果小卷叶蛾性诱剂在苹果园内进行了田间试验,现将结果整理如下。     

火炬树抗螨性生物测定

本文分别测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher对火炬树的选择性,以及限制性条件下火炬树对叶螨的生存及产卵的影响。结果表明：在火炬树叶和苹果叶之间,二斑叶螨和山楂叶螨在2 h, 6 h, 10 h, 12 h对火炬树的选择率分别为9.5%, 6.5%,5%,5%和2%,5%,1%和0,显著低于对苹果的选择率。被限制于火炬树叶上生存的山楂叶螨144 h后死亡率100%,产卵力随生存时间增加而下降,至96 h后产卵终止; 被限制于火炬树叶上生存的二斑叶螨240 h后全部死亡,整个观察期内（24～216 h）始终没有产卵。据此认为： 叶螨强烈拒食火炬树,火炬树对叶螨具有生存、产卵抑制作用,但这种抑制作用呈现种间差异。     

两种捕食螨对苹果园叶螨的控制效果

【目的】以螨治螨是害虫生物防治的一个重要部分,也是果园害虫生态控制的重要措施。通过在苹果园人为释放捕食螨的方法,定量分析加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)和东方钝绥螨Amblyseiusorientalis(Ehara)对苹果园2种害螨(苹果全爪螨Panonychusulmi(Koch)和山楂叶螨TetranychusviennensisZacher)捕食效果,为开展果园害虫生态调控提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年5-10月份在胶东半岛烟台市牟平区果园中释放加州新小绥螨和东方钝绥螨,比较分析释放捕食螨区域与对照苹果树上苹果全爪螨和山楂叶螨种群数量的变化。【结果】2种捕食螨均能适应当地果园生态环境,释放后能够迅速发挥控害作用。其中,加州新小绥螨对叶螨的控制作用达到84.8%-100%,东方钝绥螨对叶螨的控制作用达到90%-100%,且东方钝绥螨的防治效果略优于加州新小绥螨。【结论】加州新小绥螨和东方钝绥螨2种捕食螨在胶东半岛对苹果叶螨防控效果比较理想,均可作为苹果园叶螨生物防治的天敌。     

苹果园二斑叶螨种群的空间格局

种群空间格局的研究是昆虫生态学的重要内容,它不仅揭示出种群的空间结构特征,而且还是确定抽样技术和资料代换的基础,二斑叶螨是苹果园的重要害螨,应用4种聚集度指标和Iwao法分别考查了该螨在苹果树内的空间格局及动态规律,结果表明,二斑叶螨在树内不同方向和高度上均以个体群的形式存在,个体群的分布为聚集分布,其中上层和南面树冠的聚集度最高,而下层和内部树冠的聚集度最低,造成这种差异与该螨的生物学特性和环境条件的异质性有关,不论螨体在上层,中层或下层树冠,都明显地表现出前期高聚块,6月中旬以后聚集强度逐渐降低的趋势。     

山楂叶螨线粒体基因组的特征与系统发育与分析

山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher,1920)又名山楂红蜘蛛,主要危害苹果、梨、桃、山楂和李等蔷薇科果树。山楂叶螨的分类归属在叶螨属Tetranychus与双叶螨属Amphitetranychus之间存在争议。因此,获得山楂叶螨的线粒体基因组可在解决其分类问题上提供更多依据。本研究通过长PCR扩增与高通量测序结合的方法得到完整山楂叶螨基因组,其大小为13 085 bp,共注释37个基因,包括13个蛋白编码基因、2个rRNA和22个tRNA。对tRNA的二级结构进行预测后发现有大量长度收缩的tRNA无法折叠成经典三叶草结构。遗传进化分析表明山楂叶螨与叶螨属的物种进化关系较近,但是山楂叶螨与叶螨属物种的遗传距离大于叶螨属内的遗传距离,因此通过对山楂叶螨线粒体基因组的分析支持山楂叶螨独立出叶螨属并归入双叶螨属。     

中国叶螨属初步报道(蜱螨目:叶螨科)

叶螨属Tetranychus Dufour是极为重要的农业害虫,其中包括我国的著名大害虫棉叶螨(棉红蜘蛛)T.urticae和山楂叶螨(山楂红蜘蛛)T.viennensis,它们严重地为害棉花、果树、蔬菜等主要经济作物,与农业生产的关系至为密切。本文介绍了叶螨属的形态特征,报道了作者初步采集到的7种叶螨:1.棉叶螨(棉红蜘蛛)T.urticae;2.红叶螨T.telarius;3.山楂叶螨(山楂红蜘蛛)T.viennensis;4.牡荆叶螨T.viticis,新种;5.上海叶螨T.shanghaiensis,新种;6.野生叶螨T.desertorum,中国新记录;7.曼陀罗叶螨T.ludeni,中国新记录。最后,对棉叶螨和红叶螨的学名和中文名称的确定,进行了讨论。     

苹果害螨室内饲养方法探讨

山楂叶螨和苹果全爪螨均可用育苗器培养的苹果实生苗在室内大量饲养繁殖,营养液可采用改进的Hoagland溶液。试验证明,上述两种叶螨在苹果实生苗、苹果枝条和盆栽苹果树上的产卵量、卵化率、若螨转化为成螨率基本相同;对以上3种寄主上繁殖的苹果叶螨进行毒力测定,其结果基本一致。作者认为,此法可用于杀螨剂的筛选和苹果害螨抗药性测定。     

山楂叶螨种群空间格局及其应用的研究Ⅰ.成螨在苹果树上的三维空间格局

考察了山楂叶螨成螨在树内的三维空间格局及其聚集与扩散的趋势,并用聚块性指标研究了其聚集强度的时序变化。结果表明,在垂直和水平方向,山楂叶螨成螨在树内的空间格局均为聚集型,呈单个个体或小的个体群分布,以下层树冠的聚集强度为最高。根据种群的空间格局,给出了上、中、下3层树冠的数据代换公式。     

渭北旱塬不同龄苹果细根空间分布特征

以渭北旱塬3龄、10龄、15龄和20龄苹果树为对象,采用根钻法,沿3等分园半径方向(径向)、距树干1.0、1.5m和2 0m处设置采样点,研究了不同树龄的细根空间分布特征.结果表明,3龄苹果细根主要分布于径向1.5m以内和垂向0.5m以上,15龄和20龄苹果细根分布超出径向2.0m和垂向1.4m,10龄细根分布范围大于3龄,与15龄和20龄接近.在根系主要分布区内3龄和10龄细根分布稀疏,15龄和20龄细根分布密集;细根空间分布演化过程可分为3个阶段,即3～10龄为细根范围扩张阶段,10～15龄为细根密度扩张阶段,15～20龄为细根密度退化阶段;苹果细根空间分布无明显方向性差异;10龄、15龄和20龄苹果表层(0～20cm)平均根长密度低于下层(20～40cm),高峰值一般出现在40～80cm,此深度以下根长密度随深度递减,3龄苹果表层平均根长密度高于下层;在径向2.0m内随径向距离增大,3龄、15龄和20龄平均根长密度逐渐降低,而10龄根长密度逐渐增加.根长密度在径向变化上存在局部变异现象.     

旱作果园深沟施肥对苹果树根系分布的影响

用干挖壕沟法研究了深沟施肥农艺措施对旱作苹果树根系的重量、结构和分布范围等的影响,结果表明,与未挖泡的对照相比,深沟施肥后,根系的总重量、总体积和分布深度都大幅度减少,总重量减少了５０％,总体积减少了６０％,分布深度减小了１．８ｍ;但吸收根的总长度增加,吸收根在总根量中所占的比例亦大幅度提高。     

Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: The effect of apple cultivar on epiphyte diversity

In natural systems, extended phenotypes of trees can be important in determining the species composition and diversity of associated communities. Orchards are productive systems where trees dominate, and can be highly biodiverse, but few studies have considered the importance of tree genetic background in promoting associated biodiversity. We tested the effect of apple cultivar (plant genetic background) on the diversity and composition of the associated epiphytic bryophyte community across a total of seven cultivars in five productive East Anglian orchards where each orchard contained two cultivars. Data were collected from 617 individual trees, over 5 years. Species richness and community composition were significantly influenced by both orchard and cultivar. Differences among orchards explained 16% of the variation in bryophyte community data, while cultivar explained 4%. For 13 of the 41 bryophyte species recorded, apple cultivar was an important factor in explaining their distribution. While the effects of cultivar were small, we were able to detect them at multiple levels of analysis. We provide evidence that extended phenotypes act in productive as well as natural systems. With issues of food security ranking high on the international agenda, it is important to understand the impact of production regimes on associated biodiversity. Our results can inform mitigation of this potential conflict.     

Architecture of the pruned tree: impact of contrasted pruning procedures over 2 years on shoot demography and spatial distribution of leaf area in apple (Malus domestica)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Demography and spatial distribution of shoots are rarely studied on pruned trees. The present 2-year study deals with the effect of pruning strategies on shoot demography and development, and consequences on the spatial distribution of leaf area in three architecturally contrasted - from type II to IV - apple cultivars: 'Scarletspur Delicious', 'Golden Delicious' and 'Granny Smith'. METHODS: All trees were initially subjected during 5 years to Central Leader training with winter heading on all long shoots. For 2 years, half of the trees were further trained with Centrifugal training, where removal of flowering shoots - called extinction pruning - was carried out along the trunk and at the bottom of branches at flowering time. During these 2 years, shoot type (vegetative, inflorescence) and length, and the three-dimensional spatial distribution of all shoots were assessed with an electromagnetic digitizer. KEY RESULTS: Shoot demography, frequency of transitions toward an inflorescence from either an inflorescence (bourse-over-bourse) or a vegetative shoot (trend toward flowering), and the number of bourse-shoots per bourse were strongly affected by cultivar, with little influence of tree manipulation. In contrast, the proportion of vegetative long shoots developing from previous year latent buds was significantly lower in Centrifugal-trained trees for the three cultivars. Canopy volume showed large variations between cultivars, but only that of 'Granny Smith' was affected by tree manipulation in the 2 years. Spatial distribution of shoots varied significantly according to cultivar and manipulation. In 'Scarletspur Delicious' and, to a lesser extent 'Golden Delicious', the distribution of vegetative and flowering shoots in the outer and the inner parts, respectively, was not affected by tree manipulation. In contrast, in 'Granny Smith', vegetative shoots were stimulated in the periphery of Central Leader trees, whereas flowering shoots were stimulated in the periphery of Centrifugal-trained trees. CONCLUSIONS: In apple, the variability of responses to contrasted pruning strategies partly depends on the genetically determined growth and flowering habit of the cultivar.     

不同寄主植物对山楂叶螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

室内采用叶碟饲养的方法研究了苹果、桃、李、樱桃和杏等不同果树对山楂叶螨Tetrancychusvienensis生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在李树上山楂叶螨的发育历期短、生殖力强、存活率高,rm值大,而在樱桃和杏树上该螨的发育历期长、生殖力弱、存活率低、rm值小。寄主转换试验结果表明,当山楂叶螨由苹果转移至樱桃和杏树时,其生长发育的历期显著延长,rm值大幅度降低;而由苹果转移至桃树和李树时,其生长发育的历期虽也有所延长,但差异不显著,rm值则明显降低。表明山楂叶螨对新寄主的适应因不同寄主而异,在桃和李上经历1代后即可适应,而在杏和樱桃上经历2代后才能适应新的寄主。     

苹果绵蚜在苹果树上空间分布型的研究

采用6种空间分布型聚集度指标,测楚了苹果绵蚜在苹果树新梢、侧枝、树干(环剥处)和根部的空间分布型。结果表明均呈聚集分布,据此提出了适宜的调查取样技术。     

苹果对硒的吸收及其积聚特征研究

对秦冠苹果采用不同浓度的硒溶液进行了花期喷施、对干注射和土壤施加３种处理,研究了苹果树对硒的吸收,找到了生产富硒苹果的有效方法。研究表明,硒并不是苹果必需的微显元素;首次提出了苹果树属非积聚硒植物的新概念;同时也对食用富硒苹果的有效性与安全性进行了分析     

Orchard floor management practices that maintain vegetative or biomass groundcover stimulate soil microbial activity and alter soil microbial community composition

Groundcover management systems (GMS) are important in managing fruit-tree orchards because of their effects on soil conditions, nutrient availability, tree growth and yields. We employed a polyphasic approach, incorporating measures of soil microbial abundance, activity and community composition, to study the long-term effects of different GMS on biotic and abiotic factors in an orchard soil. Four GMS treatments – Pre-emergence residual herbicides (Pre-H), post-emergence herbicide (Post-H), mowed-sod (Grass), and hardwood bark mulch (Mulch) – were established in 2-m-wide strips within tree rows in an apple orchard in 1992, and have been maintained and monitored annually until the present. We have measured soil water and nutrient availability, tree growth, and yields annually from 1993 to 2003. Soil nematode numbers and trophic groups were evaluated in July and Oct. 2001, and Sept. 2003. Numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi, soil respiratory activity, eubacterial and fungal community composition were determined in May and Sept. 2003. The Pre-H treatment soil had the fewest culturable bacteria, while the Grass treatment had the largest population of culturable fungi. Soil nematode population size and diversity were also affected by GMS treatments; the Pre-H treatment had the lowest ratio of (bacteriovores + fungivores) to plant parasitic nematodes. Soil respiration rates were higher in the Mulch than in other treatments during a 40-day incubation period. Hierarchical cluster dendrograms of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprints for eubacterial community 16S rRNA genes indicated that Post-H and Grass treatments clustered together and separately from the Pre-H and Mulch treatments, which were also grouped together. The influence of GMSs on the fungal community, as assessed by PCR-DGGE of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, was not as pronounced as that observed for bacteria. Soil fungal community composition under the Mulch differed from that under other treatments. The effects of GMS on soil microbial community abundance, activity, and composition were associated with observed differences in soil organic matter inputs and turnover, nutrient availability, and apple tree growth and yields under the different GMS treatments.     

吉林蛟河针阔混交林功能性状分布格局及其对地形因素的响应

森林群落的构建过程及其内在机制是生态学研究的热点问题。植物功能性状是指能够代表植物的生活史策略,反映植物对环境变化响应的一系列植物属性。通过植物功能性状的分布格局及其对环境因素的响应有助于推测群落的构建过程及其内在作用机制。以吉林蛟河21.12hm²温带针阔混交林样地为研究对象,采集并测量了样地内34种木本植物的6种不同的功能性状。以20m×20m的样方为研究单元,通过计算平均成对性状距离指数（mean pairwise trait distance;PW）和平均最近邻体性状距离指数（mean nearest neighbor trait distance;NN）来探讨群落中单个性状和综合性状的分布格局。同时结合地形因子采用回归分析探讨功能性状的分布格局对局域生境变化的响应。基于PW的结果显示：单个性状中除叶面积外,其余性状的分布格局均为聚集分布多于离散分布;基于NN的结果显示：除叶面积和最大树高外,其余性状的分布格局为聚集分布多于离散分布。此外,由6种单个性状组成的综合性状的分布格局同样为聚集分布多于离散分布。基于回归分析的结果显示：森林群落中功能性状的分布格局受到海拔、坡度和坡向等因素的显著影响,而凹凸度的影响则不显著。研究结果表明包括环境过滤和生物相互作用的非随机过程能够影响温带针阔混交林的群落构建过程,中性过程对该区域群落构建过程的影响不显著。     

火炬树(Rhus typhina)叶挥发性成分及其对两种叶螨选择行为的影响

火炬树为我国于1959年引进的速生绿化观赏性植物,其生长快,长势旺盛,抗病虫害和抗螨能力强,但还未见到其抗螨性和抗螨机理的研究报道.测定了火炬树叶挥发性成分及其对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher选择行为的影响,利用固相微萃取(Solid phase microextraction, SPME)采集、GC-MS测定火炬树叶挥发物,"Y"型嗅觉仪分别测定挥发物对两种叶螨选择行为的影响.结果表明,火炬树叶挥发性成分含量由高至低依次为4,6-二特丁基-2-甲基苯酚、4-庚醇、3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-二十二三烯-1-醇、丁基化羟基甲苯、α-法呢烯、十八烯、4-甲基-1-丙烯-3-醇、水杨酸甲酯和苯甲酸乙酯等;在两组气味源(火炬树叶与苹果树叶、火炬树叶与空气)中,二斑叶螨对火炬树叶的选择率分别为9.3%和28.9%,山楂叶螨则分别为5.6%和28%,与对照差异显著,但种间差异不显著.因此可以看出,火炬树叶挥发物对叶螨的选择行为具有一定的影响.