乙肝病毒X蛋白诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的信号转导途径

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitisBvirus,HBV)X蛋白(HBX)与肝癌(hepatocellularcarcinoma,HCC)的发生具有密切的关系.HBX不但具有拮抗细胞凋亡的作用,还具有促进细胞凋亡的作用.为了进一步探讨HBX促细胞凋亡作用的分子机制,通过脂质体转染的方法将携带X基因的真核表达载体pCMVX导入H7402肝癌细胞,使乙肝病毒x基因(HBx)瞬时过量表达.流式细胞仪检测结果显示,在瞬时转染3μgpCMVX质粒后,肝癌细胞发生凋亡.为阐明HBX诱导细胞凋亡的信号转导途径,对HBX与线粒体释放细胞色素c的关系做了初步探讨.通过罗丹明123染色,经流式细胞仪分析,显示在转染HBx基因后细胞线粒体膜电位明显下降,表明HBX可促进细胞色素c从线粒体释放增加.Western印迹检测结果显示,肝癌细胞在导入HBx基因后,细胞凋亡线粒体转导途径中细胞色素c、Apaf1、procaspase3和procaspase9等的表达水平均上调.研究结果说明,HBX可通过影响线粒体凋亡途径促进肝癌细胞凋亡.     

乙肝病毒X蛋白通过CREB上调HBx结合蛋白促进肝癌细胞迁移

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx)对肝癌的发生发展具有十分重要的作用.HBx具有促进肝癌迁移的作用,但其作用的分子机制不清.本研究对HBx促进肝癌细胞迁移的分子机制进行了探讨.伤口愈合和Boyden’s chamber结果表明,HBx可明显促进肝癌Hep G2细胞迁移.在稳定转染HBx的Hep G2(Hep G2-X)细胞中转染HBx结合蛋白(hepatitis B X-interacting protein,HBXIP)的RNA干扰片段,可明显抑制HBx的促迁移作用.免疫组化和实时定量PCR结果表明,HBXIP在肝癌组织中显著高表达,并且与HBx表达成正相关.荧光素酶报告基因和免疫印迹结果表明,HBx显著增强HBXIP的启动子活性和蛋白质表达水平.应用HBx的RNA干扰处理Hep G2-X细胞,HBXIP的启动子活性和蛋白质表达水平明显下降.将HBXIP启动子区的c AMP效应元件结合因子(CREB)结合位点突变后,HBx上调HBXIP的作用消失.应用CREB的RNA干扰处理肝癌细胞,在启动子水平和蛋白质水平上,HBx对HBXIP的上调作用被显著抑制.染色质免疫共沉淀结果表明,HBx能够通过CREB结合到HBXIP的启动子上,进而发挥激活HBXIP的功能.本研究结果表明,HBx促进肝癌细胞迁移的作用是通过CREB上调HBXIP实现的.这一发现对进一步揭示HBx促进肝癌细胞迁移的分子机制具有重要意义.     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白结合蛋白（HBXIP）对细胞周期的影响

与乙肝病毒X蛋白（HBX）的C端结合,它具有抑制HBX活性的作用. 为进一步阐明HBXIP对细胞增殖的作用及其分子机制,构建了HBXIP的真核表达载体,并将其稳定转染至正常人肝细胞系L-O2细胞中,建立了稳定表达HBXIP蛋白的肝细胞系,命名为L-O2-hbxip. 然后,应用MTT、BrdU标记实验和流式细胞术等方法,发现HBXIP过表达后,L-O2细胞的生长速度明显加快,可促进细胞由G₁期进入到S期,表明HBXIP具有促进L-O2-hbxip细胞增殖的作用.应用免疫印迹对有关细胞周期相关蛋白进行了检测. 结果显示,HBXIP过表达时可上调细胞周期蛋白D₁、细胞周期蛋白E的表达,并下调p21和p27的表达,从而调节细胞周期,产生对细胞增殖的影响.     

乙肝病毒X蛋白结合蛋白(HBXIP)增强肝癌细胞NF-κB转录活性的实验研究

前期研究结果表明,乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白结合蛋白(hepatitis B virus X-interacting protein,HBXIP)具有促进细胞增殖的作用.为了进一步阐明其分子机制,观察了HBXIP对核因子κB(NF-κB)转录活性的影响.实验中通过基因共转染将NF-κB报告基因质粒pNF-κB-Luc和HBXIP真核表达载体pcDNA3-hbxip导入人肝癌H7402细胞系中,进行荧光素酶活性分析.结果显示:H7402细胞过表达HBXIP后NF-κB的转录活性明显增强;此外,基因转染后经免疫印迹检测显示,与NF-κB二聚体结合的抑制亚基IκBα的磷酸化水平明显增加;同时,提取H7402细胞的核蛋白,然后应用免疫印迹检测细胞核中p65/NF-κB的水平.结果显示,H7402细胞中HBXIP过表达后细胞核中p65/NF-κB的水平明显增加.当应用RNA干扰技术抑制了细胞内源性的HBXIP基因表达后,则出现与上述结果相反的效果.上述结果提示,HBXIP可增加核内p65/NF-κB蛋白水平,进而发挥NF-κB促转录调控的作用.因此,HBXIP可通过调控NF-κB信号途径而促进细胞增殖.     

HBV X基因转化人肝细胞的实验研究

选取已稳定转染HBV X基因的QSG7701细胞(pCMVX/QSG7701),并以稳定转染空质粒pRc/CMV2的QSG7701细胞(pRcCMV2/QSG7701)及未转染的QSG7701细胞为对照,用免疫荧光方法检测pCMV X/QSG7701细胞中HBX蛋白的分布;用RT-PCR方法和免疫细胞化学法分别检测细胞中c-Myc表达:用光镜及电镜观察细胞形态学变化,进一步研究乙肝病毒(HBV) X基因对永生化非瘤性人肝细胞QSG7701的转化作用.研究发现,乙肝病毒X(HBX)蛋白主要分布在细胞膜及细胞浆;c-Myc mRNA及c-Myc蛋白在3种细胞中均有表达,但转染了X基因的细胞中c-Myc的表达水平较其他两组明显升高(p<0.Ol);光镜和电镜下观察发现pCMV X/QSG细胞的胞核较大,核膜增厚,核仁肥大且增多,核/浆比例失调.可见少量多核巨细胞,pRc-CMV2/QSG7701细胞与QSG7701细胞核浆比正常,染色质分布均匀,胞核大小及形态正常.结果表明.HBVX基因成功转染了QSG7701细胞,HBV X蛋白主要分布于转染细胞的细胞膜和细胞浆中.HBX可能通过上调转染细胞中c-Myc蛋白的表达而使细胞具备恶性化生长的倾向.     

Sim2基因对PC12细胞周期的影响

观察Sim2基因对PC12细胞周期及细胞周期调控蛋白表达水平影响,初步阐明Sim2基因在Down综合征发病机制中的作用.以脂质体法将pcDNA3-mSim2真核表达载体瞬时转染PC12细胞;以RT-PCR方法检测mSim2基因在PC12细胞的表达;流式细胞仪观察细胞周期分布的变化;RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法分别检测细胞周期调节蛋白Ｅ（cyclin E）和p27 mRNA和蛋白水平的表达变化.RT-PCR结果显示,瞬时转染pcDNA3-mSim2的PC12细胞中有明显的mSim2 mRNA表达;流式细胞仪检测发现,与对照组和空载体组相比,转染mSim2后,处于G₀/G₁期的PC12细胞百分比明显升高（Ｐ<0.01）,而G₂/M期的细胞百分比明显降低 (Ｐ<0.01);在mRNA和蛋白水平上,转染mSim2的细胞细胞周期蛋白E表达较对照组明显降低;而p27的表达明显升高(Ｐ<0.01).以上结果表明,mSim2基因可能通过影响神经元前体细胞的增殖在Down综合征发病机制中发挥了重要作用.     

抑癌基因p16对人肝癌细胞生长抑制的机制研究

目的：探讨抑癌基因p16对肝癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其机制。方法：将p16cDNA亚克隆至pcDNA3．1真核表达载体上,并经脂质体介导转染至人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721：用MTT法和Western blot分析转染细胞的生长情况。结果：成功构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1-p16,转染pcDNA3．1-p16的SMMC-7721细胞生长速度受到明显抑制;转染后有外源p16蛋白的表达,且伴随Bax上调,Bcl-2和cIAP2的下调。结论：重组pcDNA3．1-p16质粒能在人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721内表达,且能抑制SMMC-7721的生长,其机理与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关。     

人野生型p53基因增强5-FU对大肠癌化疗敏感性的分子生物学机制

为了探讨人野生型p53（wt-p53）基因增强大肠癌细胞化疗敏感性的分子生物学机制,将携带wt p53基因的质粒分别转染两种p53基因突变的人大肠癌细胞系HT-29及SW620,分析细胞中p53及细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclin D1）蛋白的表达水平;将化疗药物5 氟尿嘧啶（5-fluorouracil,5-FU）以不同浓度、不同时间分别作用于HT-29及SW620细胞,另外将已转染wt-p53基因的大肠癌细胞用5-FU进行诱导,Western印迹分析上述干预条件下细胞中p53蛋白及细胞周期蛋白D1表达水平的变化;流式细胞术检测wt p53基因联合5-FU组及对照组中细胞凋亡的改变情况.结果表明,wt-p53基因能增加癌细胞中细胞周期蛋白D1的表达,与wt-p53基因呈剂量依赖性关系;5-FU则降低其蛋白表达,与5-FU呈时间和剂量依赖性关系,而5-FU所致的细胞周期蛋白D1表达水平的降低在细胞预先转染了wt- p53基因时会被抑制;wt-p53基因与5-FU联合使用能提高大肠癌细胞凋亡率.结果提示,wt-p53基因可提高大肠癌细胞中细胞周期蛋白D1的表达水平,并抑制5-FU所致的细胞周期蛋白D1降解,从而提高大肠癌细胞对化疗药物5-FU的敏感性.     

乙肝病毒X基因真核表达质粒及细胞模型的建立

采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法扩增HBVX基因,定向亚克隆入真核表达载体pRc／CMV2．构建重组质粒pCMV／X;采用脂质体法转染QSG7701细胞,筛选阳性细胞克隆;RT—PCR法检测HBV XmRNA的表达情况．Western blotting法鉴定HBx蛋白的表达,结果表明,构建的真核重组表达质粒pCMV／X中包含有完整的HBVX基因片断,pCMV／工转染的QSG7701细胞中有HBVXmRNA及HBx蛋白的稳定表达．成功建立了HBVX稳定转染的细胞系,为进一步探讨HBx在HCC的发生发展过程中所起的作用,提供了一个有价值的细胞模型．     

怀化医学高等专科学校医学形态学实验中心

目的:探讨抑癌基因p16对肝癌细胞生长的抑制作用及其机制。方法:将p16 cDNA亚克隆至pcDNA3.1真核表达载体上,并经脂质体介导转染至人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721。用MTT法和Western blot分析转染细胞的生长情况。结果:成功构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3.1-p16,转染pcDNA3.1-p16的SMMC-7721细胞生长速度受到明显抑制;转染后有外源p16蛋白的表达,且伴随Bax上调,Bcl-2和cIAP2的下调。结论:重组pcDNA3.1-p16质粒能在人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721内表达,且能抑制SMMC-7721的生长,其机理与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关。     

Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates the apoptosis of hepatoma cell line induced by TRAIL

The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of HBx on the apoptosis of hepatoma cells induced by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and to study preliminary molecular mechanisms for its effects. In order to set up a modelin vitro, BEL7402-HBx cell line, stably expressing HBx mRNA, was established by stable transfection of pcDNA-HBx, which contains HBx gene, into hepatoma cell line BEL7402. Control cell line BEL7402-cDNA3, stably transfected with pcDNA3, was set up simultaneously as a control. Trypan blue exclusion test, caspase 3 activity detection and TUNEL assay were performed to detect the apoptosis of BEL7402, BEL7402-cDNA3, BEL7402-HBx induced by TRAIL. The expression of TRAIL receptors in three groups was analyzed by Flow cytometry. In addition, phosphorothioated antisense oligonucleotide against the translation initial region of HBx gene (PS-asODNs/HBx) was used to block the expression of HBx in HepG2.2.15 cells and to further confirm the effects of HBx on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Trypan blue exclusion test indicated that TRAIL had a dose-dependent cytotoxicity on BEL7402, BEL7402-cDNA3 and BEL7402-HBx cells. Under treatment of the same concentration of TRAIL, BEL7402-HBx had a higher apoptosis rate and a higher level of Caspase 3 activation than BEL7402 and BEL7402-cDNA3. TUENL assay showed that the apoptosis rate of BEL7402-HBx induced by 10 μg/L TRAIL was 41.4%±7.2%, significantly higher than that of BEL7402 and BEL7402-cDNA3 cells. Blockade of HBx expression in Hep G2.2.15 cells partly inhibited the apoptosis induced by TRAIL. The introduction or blockade of HBx did not change the expression pattern of TRAIL receptors. The present study firstly confirms the effects of HBx on TRAIL-induced apoptosis from two different points and it is not related with the expression level of TRAIL receptors. This would be useful to further clarify the roles of imbalanced apoptosis in pathogenesis of Hepatitis B and related hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Hepatitis B virus X protein modulates the apoptosis of hepatoma cell line induced by TRAIL

TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is one member of TNF superfamily[1]. It is unique, for it could specifically induce the apoptosis of tumor cells or virus-infected cells but have no cytotoxic effects onnormal cells[1,2]. Owing to this characteristic, it has become a promising candidate molecule for biological therapy for tumor. Many factors could affect the sensitivity towardsTRAIL-induced apoptosis, including cytokines, virus infection, drugs, radials, etc. Studies show tha…     

COX-2在乙肝病毒X蛋白（HBx）促进肝癌细胞和肝细胞增殖中的作用

乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus, HBV）X蛋白（HBx）对肝癌的发生发展具有十分重要的作用．大量研究结果表明，与花生四烯酸代谢相关的磷脂酶COX-2与肿瘤细胞的增殖密切相关．为了阐明COX-2在HBx促进肝细胞增殖中的作用，在前期应用基因芯片方法检测发现稳定转染HBx 基因的肝癌细胞H7402-X中COX-2基因表达明显上调的基础上，本研究应用免疫印迹技术在蛋白表达水平上获得了相同的结果．进而，应用COX-2的特异性抑制剂Indo分别作用H7402-X细胞和L-O2-X细胞（稳定转染HBx 基因的人永生化L-O2肝细胞），观察HBx蛋白是否通过COX-2促进肝癌细胞或肝细胞增殖．BrdU掺入实验和流式细胞仪检测结果显示，50 μmol/L的Indo可明显抑制H7402-X细胞和L-O2-X细胞的增殖．本研究结果提示，HBx可通过COX-2所介导的花生四烯酸代谢促进肝癌细胞和肝细胞增殖．     

肝胚瘤细胞株HepG_2中HBx蛋白对SOCS3表达的影响及其机制

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(Hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx)对肝胚瘤细胞株HepG2表达信号抑制因子3(SOCS3)的影响及其机制。方法将表达HBx蛋白的重组质粒FL1-145HBx转染HepG2细胞,以不同浓度的SRC抑制剂PP2处理转染细胞,运用Western blot和RT-PCR技术分析HBx、SOCS3 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况,并以免疫细胞化学分析转染细胞中p-SRC的表达水平。结果重组质粒FL1-145HBx转染HepG2细胞后,转染细胞HBx能够表达HBx蛋白,并且细胞中SOCS3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平随着HBx蛋白的表达而显著增加(P0.05),同时p-SRC蛋白的表达增强;而SRC抑制剂PP2处理转染细胞后,随着p-SRC蛋白表达的减少SOCS3蛋白表达逐渐下降。结论在肝胚瘤细胞株HepG2中,HBx蛋白很可能通过促进SRC蛋白的磷酸化而诱导SOCS3蛋白的表达。     

乙型肝炎病毒X基因及HBx蛋白的研究进展

我国是乙型肝炎高发区,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)X基因及其编码的多功能蛋白HBx是乙型肝炎病毒基因转录所必需的作用因子,在乙肝的致病过程中起到重要作用。HBx可直接或间接改变肝脏结构细胞的结构和功能,引发肝脏细胞的凋亡;具有广泛的非特异性反式激活作用,反式激活细胞内的某些癌基因或病毒基因,与乙型肝炎和肝细胞癌的发生关系十分密切。本文从多方面综述了X基因及HBx蛋白目前的研究进展,展现了X基因功能的多样性。     

Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits autophagic degradation by impairing lysosomal maturation

Deficiency in autophagy, a lysosome-dependent cell degradation pathway, has been associated with a variety of diseases especially cancer. Recently, the activation of autophagy by hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein, which is implicated in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been identified in hepatic cells. However, the underlying mechanism and the relevance of HBx-activated autophagy to the carcinogenesis caused by HBV remain elusive. Here, by transfection of HBV genomic DNA and HBx in hepatic and hepatoma cells, we showed that HBV- or HBx-induced autophagosome formation was accompanied by unchanged MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) activity and decreased degradation of LC3 and SQSTM1/p62, the typical autophagic cargo proteins. Further functional and morphological analysis indicated that HBx dramatically impaired lysosomal acidification leading to a drop in lysosomal degradative capacity and the accumulation of immature lysosomes possibly through interaction with V-ATPase affecting its lysosome targeting. Moreover, clinical specimen test showed increased SQSTM1 and immature lysosomal hydrolase CTSD (cathepsin D) in human liver tissues with chronic HBV infection and HBV-associated liver cancer. These data suggest that a repressive effect of HBx on lysosomal function is responsible for the inhibition of autophagic degradation, and this may be critical to the development of HBV-associated HCC.     

Putative tumor suppressor YueF affects the functions of hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatoma cell apoptosis and p53 expression

Previously, we identified YueF as a novel Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)-interacting protein. Herein, we studied the functions of YueF and HBx in hepatocarcinogenesis. YueF was expressed at high levels in normal human hepatic cells and tissues, but scarcely found in hepatoma cells or other tumor tissues. Over-expression of YueF, or YueF and HBx could induce cell apoptosis and enhance p53 expression in hepatoma cells, whereas over-expression of HBx alone behaved contrarily. These results indicate that YueF has tumor suppressor activity and affects the functions of HBx in cell apoptosis and p53 expression in hepatoma cells.