鲈鱼生长激素在甲醇酵母中的胞内表达

甲醇酵母pichia pastoris是一种理想的真核蛋白高水平表达系统.将鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长激素基因克隆到酵母整合型质粒载体pHIL-D2,经转化his4缺陷型酵母GS115,用PCR方法筛选阳性转化子,并用斑点印迹法筛选多拷贝转化子,经甲醇诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和蛋白质印迹杂交结果证实了表达产物为重组的鲈鱼生长激素.     

Molecular gene cloning and overexpression of the phytase from Debaryomyces castellii CBS 2923

The ORF encoding the Debaryomyces castellii CBS 2923 phytase was isolated. The deduced 461-amino-acid sequence corresponded to a 51.2 kDa protein and contained the consensus motif (RHGXRXP) which is conserved among phytases. No signal sequence cleavage site was detected. Nine potential N-glycosylation sites have been predicted. The protein shared 21–69% sequence identities with various phytases of yeast or fungal origin. Heterologous expression of the D. castellii CBS 2923 phytase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was tested under both the P. pastoris inducible alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter and the constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. Maximum production levels obtained were 476 U ml⁻¹, with the AOX1 expression system and 16.5 U ml⁻¹ with the GAP one. These productions corresponded to a 320-fold and a 10-fold overexpression of the protein, respectively as compared to the homologous production. The biochemical characteristics of the recombinant phytase were identical to those of the native enzyme.     

水稻胁迫相关基因OsPM1启动子的克隆与分析

依据NCBI数据库OsPM1的序列信息,采用PCR技术扩增获取OsPM1的2 100bp的启动子序列。利用PLACE预测启动子的顺式作用元件分析表明,启动子内含有大量与胁迫相关的顺式作用元件,主要有ABA响应相关元件、脱水响应元件、低温响应元件、热激响应元件和转录因子结合元件。构建OsPM1的启动子和GUS基因融合表达载体,转入拟南芥。组织化学染色分析结果显示,非生物胁迫处理前,幼苗中GUS基因表达水平很低;干旱、低温、高盐等胁迫处理后,GUS基因表达量显著升高。研究表明,OsPM1的启动子能够显著提高在干旱、高盐和低温处理后下游基因的表达水平。     

Regulation of nodulin gene expression

The expression of plant genes specifically induced during rhizobial infection and the early stages of nodule ontogeny (early nodulin genes) and those induced in the mature, nitrogen-fixing nodule (late nodulin genes) is differentially regulated and tissue/cell specific. We have been interested in the signal transduction pathway responsible for symbiotic, temporal and spatial control of expression of an early (Enod2) and a late (Leghemoglobin;lb) nodulin gene from the stem-nodulated legumeSesbania rostrata, and in identifying thecis-acting elements andtrans-acting factors involved in this process (De Bruijn and Schell, 1992). By introducing chimericS. rostrata lb promoter-gus reporter gene fusions into transgenicLotus corniculatus plants, we have been able to show that thelb promoter directs an infected-cell-specific expression pattern inLotus nodules. We have been able to delimit thecis-acting element responsible for nodule-infected-cell-expression to a 78 pb region of thelb promoter (NICE Element) and have analyzed this element in detail by site-specific mutagenesis. We have studied the interaction of the NICE element, and further upstreamcis-acting elements, withtrans-acting factors of both plant- and rhizobial origin. We have obtained evidence for the involvement of rhizobial proteins in infected-cell-specific plant gene expression (Welters et al., 1993). We have purified one of the bacterial binding proteins from theS. rostrata symbiontAzorhizobium caulinodans (AcBBP1), and cloned and mutated the corresponding gene, in order to examine its symbiotic phenotype. We have also found that theS. rostrata Enod2 gene is rapidly induced by physiologically significant concentrations of cytokinins, suggesting the role of cytokinin as a potential secondary signal involved in nodulation (Dehio and De Bruijn, 1992). We are examining whether the observed cytokinin induction, as well as the nodule-specific expression pattern, are modulated by theSrEnod2 promoter.     

Recent advances on the GAP promoter derived expression system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

Pichia pastoris is an efficient host for the expression and secretion of heterologous proteins and the most important feature of P. pastoris is the existence of a strong and tightly regulated promoter from the alcohol oxidase I (AOX1) gene. The AOX1 promoter (pAOX1) has been used to express foreign genes and to produce a variety of recombinant proteins in P. pastoris. However, some efforts have been made to develop new alternative promoters to pAOX1 to avoid the use of methanol. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (pGAP) has been used for constitutive expression of many heterologous proteins. The pGAP-based expression system is more suitable for large-scale production because the hazard and cost associated with the storage and delivery of large volume of methanol are eliminated. Some important developments and features of this expression system will be summarized in this review. Supported by the National High-tech R&D Program (863 program) (No.2007AA021307).     

Recombinant human fibrinogen expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris was assembled and biologically active

Fibrinogen is a large plasma glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 340 kDa that plays a critical role in the final stage of blood coagulation. Human plasma fibrinogen is a dimeric molecule comprising two sets of three different polypeptides (Aα, 66 kDa; Bβ, 55 kDa; γ, 48 kDa). To express recombinant human fibrinogen in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, we constructed an expression vector containing three individual fibrinogen chain cDNAs under the control of the mutated AOX2 (mAOX2) promoter. First, P. pastoris GTS115 was transformed with the vector, but the expressed recombinant fibrinogen suffered severe degradation by yeast-derived proteases under conventional nutrient culture conditions. Fibrinogen degradation was prevented by using the protease A-deficient strain SMD1168 as a host strain and regulating the pH of the culture to between 5.5 and 7.0. Western blot analysis revealed that the Aα, Bβ and γ chains of recombinant fibrinogen were assembled and secreted as a complete molecule. The Bβ chain of the recombinant fibrinogen was N-glycosylated but the Aα chain, as in plasma fibrinogen, was not. The γ chains however were heterologous, one being N-glycosylated and the other not. The recombinant fibrinogen was capable of forming a thrombin-induced clot in the presence of factor XIIIa and both the glycosylated and the non-glycosylated γ chains were involved in the formation of cross-linking fibrin. The present study indicates that the recombinant fibrinogen expressed in P. pastoris, although different from plasma fibrinogen in post-translational modification, is correctly assembled and biologically active.     

厚藤脱水素基因IpDHN启动子IpDHN-Pro的克隆和调控转录活性分析

为了解厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)脱水素基因IpDHN (GenBank登录号:KX426069)启动子的转录活性和对非生物胁迫和植物激素ABA的响应,通过染色体步移法克隆了IpDHN的上游启动子序列IpDHN-Pro,长度为974 bp。构建IpDHN-Pro调控下GUS转基因载体,转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株获得IpDHN-Pro::GUS转基因植株并进行GUS染色,验证IpDHN-Pro启动转录活性以及在氯化钠、甘露醇、ABA处理后拟南芥GUS基因表达变化。结果表明,扩增获得的IpDHN-Pro序列包含多个顺式作用元件,包括1个ABRE、3个Myb转录因子结合位点、富含TC的重复序列以及Skn-1基序等。转基因拟南芥GUS染色及qRT-PCR表明该序列可驱动GUS基因在拟南芥稳定表达,且表达受高盐、渗透压及ABA的诱导。这表明IpDHN-Pro是一个盐旱、ABA诱导的启动子序列,可应用于相关的植物抗逆遗传工程研究。     

Heterologous interferons synthesis in yeast <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

The HuIFNA16, HuIFNB1, and BoIFNG genes encoding human α16, β-interferons and bovine γ-interferon were cloned under the control of the yeast Pichia pastoris AOX1 gene promoter. The yeast strains producing heterologous interferons intracellularly and extracellularly were constructed. There was no effect of high level of heterologous protein synthesis on the yeast P. pastoris cell growth, unlike yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The considerable part of the heterologous interferons was detected in the yeast P. pastoris soluble protein fraction but not in the “inclusion bodies.” The treatment of human β-interferon with endoglycosidase H showed that protein was expressed in glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. On the strength of these data, the hypothesis was suggested that the more effective heterologous gene expression in yeast P. pastoris and enhanced resistance of the methylotrophic yeast to negative effects of recombinant proteins was due to the special features of its metabolism.     

The upstream region of the isocitrate lyase gene (UPR-ICL) of Candida tropicalis induces gene expression in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli by acetate via two distinct promoters

The upstream region of the isocitrate lyase gene (UPR-ICL, 1530bp) of an n-alkane-utilizable yeast, Candida tropicalis, induced gene expression in another yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, when the yeasts were grown on acetate. Surprisingly, UPR-ICL displayed the same regulatory function in the bacterium Escherichia coli when grown on acetate. We determined the interesting nucleotide sequence of UPR-ICL. The deletion analysis of UPR-ICL in both cells revealed the presence of two distinct promoters: one was localized at-394 to-379 and regulated gene expression in S. cerevisiae; the other was tocated near the initiation codon and regulated gene expression in E. coli. The two promoter sequences were similar, but not identical to regulatory elements that have been previously reported in S. cerevisiae and E. coli, respectively. Accordingly, the possibility of novel regulatory mechanisms could not be excluded. This is an interesting example of the presence of distinct cis-acting regulatory elements responsible for the induction of gene expression in one gene by acetate in both S. cerevisiae and E. coli. Preservation of such promoters through evolution is also discussed.Abbreviations ICL Isocitrate lyase - UPR-ICL Upstream region of the Candida tropicalis isocitrate lyase gene     

Biosynthesis and secretion of recombinant human growth hormone in Pichia pastoris

Mature human growth hormone (hGH) cDNA was cloned by homologous recombination into the yeast Pichia pastoris genome. The hGH gene expression was placed under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) gene promoter and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae -factor signal sequence to direct the secretion of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) into the growth medium. O₂-limited induction of recombinant yeast strains in shake tubes with 3 ml of culture medium produced up to 11 mg rhGH l^–1, while high cell density cultures using a 2-l bioreactor produced about 49 mg rhGH l^–1 achieving 40% of total protein of the culture medium supernatant.     

Cloning and expressing a recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and its characterizations

To obtain human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) cDNA and the secretory expression of TIMP-2 gene in Pichia pastoris, we designed and synthesized a 618 base pairs artificial gene coding for the TIMP-2 with a computer-aided design method using a standard chemical synthesis technique, which was composed of frequently used codons in the highly expressed Pichia pastoris genes. Then the synthetic gene encoding TIMP-2 was checked by means of dideoxynucleotide sequencing. The verified gene of TIMP-2 was cloned to the Escherichia coli-yeast shuttle vector of pPIC9 to construct a recombinant plasmid pPIC9-T2. The plasmid was transformed into GS115 cells of the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris by electroporation, and we got the expression cell through phenotype selection and induction with methanol. Separation, purification, and bioactivity analysis of the expressed products were performed. __________ Translated from Microbiology, 2006, 33(1): 1–6 [译自: 微生物学通报]     

Expression of mouse α-amylase gene in methylotrophic yeastPichia pastoris

The expression of the mouse α-amylase gene in the methylotrophic yeast,P. pastoris was investigated. The mouse α-amylase gene was inserted into the multi-cloning site of a Pichia expression vector, pPIC9, yielding a new expression vector pME624. The plasmid pME624 was digested withSalI orBglII, and was introduced intoP. pastoris strain GS115 by the PEG1000 method. Fifty-three transformants were obtained by the transplacement of pME624 digested withSalI orBglII into theHIS ₄ locus (38 of Mut⁺ clone) or into theAOX1 locus (45 of Mut^s clone). Southern blot was carried out in 11 transformants, which showed that the mouse α-amylase gene was integrated into thePichia chromosome. When the second screening was performed in shaker culture, transformant G2 showed the highest α-amylase activity, 290 units/ml after 3-day culture, among 53 transformants. When this expression level of the mouse α-amylase gene is compared with that in recombinantSaccharomyces cerevisiae harboring a plasmid encoding the same mouse α-amylase gene, the specific enzyme activity is eight fold higher than that of the recombinantS. cerevisiae.     

Variable production windows for porcine trypsinogen employing synthetic inducible promoter variants in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

Natural tools for recombinant protein production show technological limitations. Available natural promoters for gene expression in Pichia pastoris are either constitutive, weak or require the use of undesirable substances or procedures for induction. Here we show the application of deletion variants based on the well known methanol inducible AOX1 promoter and small synthetic promoters, where cis-acting elements were fused to core promoter fragments. They enable differently regulated target protein expression and at the same time to replace methanol induction by a glucose or glycerol feeding strategy. Trypsinogen, the precursor of the serine protease trypsin, was expressed using these different promoters. Depending on the applied promoter the production window (i.e. the time of increasing product concentration) changed significantly. In fedbatch processes trypsinogen yields before induction with methanol were up to 10 times higher if variants of the AOX1 promoter were applied. In addition, the starting point of autoproteolytic product degradation can be predetermined by the promoter choice.     

Optimized expression of an acid xylanase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus usamii</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis> and its biochemical characterization

The xylanase gene xyn II from Aspergillus usamii E001 was placed under the control of an alcohol oxidase promoter (AOX1) in the plasmid pPIC9K and integrated into the genome of a methylotrophic yeast, P. pastoris GS115, by electroporation. His⁺ transformants were screened for on the basis of their resistance to G418 and activity assay. A transformant, P. pastoris GSC12, which showed resistance to over 6 mg G418/ml and highest xylanase activity was selected. Recombinant xylanase was secreted by P. pastoris GSC12 24 h after methanol induction of shake-flask cultures, and reached a final yield of 3139. About 68 U/mg 120 h after the induction. The molecular mass of this xylanase was estimated to be 21 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature were 4.2 and 50 °C, respectively. Xylanase was stable below 50 °C and within pH 3.0–7.0. Its activity was increased by EDTA and Co²⁺ ion and strongly inhibited by Mn²⁺, Li⁺ and Ag⁺ ions. The K _m and V _max values with birchwood xylan as the substrate were found to be 5.56 mg/ml and 216 μmol/mg/min, respectively. This is the first report on expression and characterization of xylanase from A. usamii in P. pastoris. The hydrolysis products consisted of xylooligosaccharides together with a small amount of xylose. This property made the enzyme attractive for industrial purposes, as relatively pure xylooligosaccharides could be obtained.