外源赤霉素对心里美萝卜幼苗花青素的影响

花青素是植物体内广泛存在的一类天然色素,具有重要的生理功能。花青素合成途径可受多种因素调控,其中植物生长激素赤霉素（gibberellic acid,GA）对其的调控作用报道较少。本文用不同浓度的赤霉素处理心里美萝卜幼苗,以探讨它对花青素含量的影响。结果表明,外源GA3处理显著增加了萝卜幼苗的下胚轴长度,并提高了下胚轴中α-淀粉酶活性;显著降低下胚轴中花青素的含量。1 μmol/L GA3处理效果较好;处理后第3 d和第5 d,花青素合成的关键酶查尔酮合酶、查尔酮异构酶和花青素还原酶编码基因的表达水平均低于对照组。同时,外源GA3显著诱导过氧化物酶活性的升高。上述结果表明,外源赤霉素可能通过下调花青素合成基因的表达,提高过氧化物酶活性和促进下胚轴伸长生长降低花青素的水平。     

高等植物赤霉素生物合成关键组分GA20-oxidase氧化酶基因的研究进展北大核心CSCD

GA-20氧化酶(GA-20 oxidase)是重要的GA生物合成和调控酶,直接催化生成有生物活性的GAs,是一种多功能酶,最显著的特点就是负反馈调节。GA20-氧化酶在植物发育和生理过程中起着重要的调控作用。综述了高等植物体内GA20氧化酶基因的克隆及表达调控研究及其对株高、纤维、开花、产量性状等影响,重点阐述了GA20氧化酶基因与激素、光周期、抗性等之间的相互作用,以便更好地揭示GA-20氧化酶信号网络系统及其作用机制。     

烟草赤霉素2-氧化酶基因NtGA2ox1的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位分析

赤霉素2-氧化酶(GA2ox)通过2-β-羟基化作用产生失活的赤霉素,进而调节植物体内的赤霉素的活性水平。前期,本研究在烟草侧枝发育突变体转录组数据中,发现一个赤霉素2-氧化酶基因,其表达水平与野生型相比存在显著差异,命名为NtGA2ox1。为了更好地研究该基因在烟草侧枝发育中的作用,本研究从普通烟草中分离克隆了NtGA2ox1基因。通过测序分析该基因的编码及全长序列,发现NtGA2ox1基因含有2个外显子和1个内含子,编码一条长度为379个氨基酸的序列。同源进化分析表明,该基因在多种植物中存在同源序列,特别是茄科植物。组织特异性表达分析发现,NtGA2ox1基因在烟草的各个生长阶段均有表达,其中,在花和根中表达量较高。同时,激光共聚焦显微镜结果表明,YFP-NtGA2ox1融合蛋白在细胞质和细胞核中有很强的荧光信号,表明NtGA2ox1蛋白很可能定位于细胞核和细胞质中。本研究为进一步研究赤霉素调控烟草侧枝发育提供了理论依据。     

OsGA3ox通过合成不同活性GA调控水稻育性及株高

赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)是一种重要的激素,参与调控植物多种生长发育过程。GA生物合成通路已基本阐明,其中赤霉素3β羟化酶(gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase,GA3ox)是多种活性GA合成的关键酶。水稻中有2个GA3ox基因(OsGA3ox1和OsGA3ox2),其生理功能虽有初步研究,但它们在合成活性GA调控水稻发育过程中是如何分工协作尚不清楚。本研究通过CRISPR/Cas9技术获得基因编辑突变体ga3ox1和ga3ox2,发现ga3ox1花粉育性显著下降,而ga3ox2株高显著变矮,表明OsGA3ox1是花粉正常发育必需的,而OsGA3ox2是茎叶伸长必需的。组织表达分析表明,OsGA3ox1主要在未开的花中表达,OsGA3ox2主要在未伸长的叶中表达。进一步对野生型(WT)和两个ga3ox突变体未开的花、未伸长的叶及根中的GA进行检测分析,发现OsGA3ox1在花中催化GA9形成GA7与花粉育性密切相关;OsGA3ox2在未伸长的叶中催化GA20形成GA1调控株高;OsGA3ox1在根中催化GA19形成GA20,调控GA3的生成。总之,OsGA3...     

毛竹茎秆伸长过程中赤霉素生物合成、降解和信号转导关键基因的鉴定及表达分析

赤霉素(Gibberellin)是一类非常重要的植物激素,在高等植物生命活动的整个周期都起着重要的调控作用。从毛竹Phyllostachys edulis基因组中共鉴定出23个赤霉素途径基因,包括赤霉素生物合成相关的8个GA20ox和1个GA3ox基因、降解相关的8个GA2ox基因、参与赤霉素感知的2个GID1基因以及信号转导的2个GID2基因和2个DELLA基因。拟南芥、水稻和毛竹的系统进化树和保守基序分析显示赤霉素的合成代谢与信号转导在这些物种中是高度保守的。利用外源赤霉素处理毛竹种子和幼苗,发现赤霉素能显著提高种子的萌发率和幼苗的茎秆伸长,并且有着最佳的作用浓度。在GA3处理后,毛竹体内赤霉素生物合成基因GA20ox和GA3ox表达量均下调而降解活性赤霉素的GA2ox基因表达量上调;赤霉素受体GID1和正调控基因GID2的转录水平显著提高而负调控基因DELLA的表达受到抑制。这些基因在竹笋茎秆的不同形态学位置表达差异明显,大部分赤霉素生物合成与降解的相关基因GA20ox、GA3ox和GA2ox以及赤霉素受体GID1和正调控基因GID2都在竹笋的形态学上端大量表达,而赤霉素信号转导的阻遏基因DELLA在笋体形态学底端大量积累而顶端基本不表达。     

棉花赤霉素氧化酶同源基因GhGA20ox1在烟草中的功能表达

为研究棉花GA20-氧化酶同源基因GhGA20ox1的功能,将该基因转入本明烟（N．benthamiana）中进行超量表达。RT-PCR分析表明GhGA20ox1基因在转基因植株中得到了不同水平的表达。GhGA20ox1基因的超量表达促进了本明烟中的GA4＋7合成,并导致赤霉素过量的表型出现。转基因本明烟的表型变化程度与GhGA20ox1基因的表达水平和GA4＋7的含量一致。这些结果表明,GhGA20ox1基因编码一个有功能的GA20-氧化酶,能够在转基因烟草中促进活性GA（GA4＋7）的合成,可以用作目的基因来提高棉花纤维和其他植物的内源GA水平。     

GA对茶树某些生理过程的影响

赤霉素(GA)不仅明显促进茶树体内贮藏的冬季~(14)C—同化物向新梢和根部分配,加速碳代谢,而且也明显提高春肥~(15)N的利用率和~(15)N向新梢中的分配;GA处理提高了根系中谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性,降低芽稍中吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)及过氧化物酶活性。本文对GA在茶叶生产上的正确应用提出了新的观点。     

马铃薯突变体赤霉素代谢关键酶基因差异表达分析

为揭示马铃薯株高突变与赤霉素代谢途径关键酶基因的关系,以马铃薯株高突变株系4P2-9为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法中的相对定量RT-PCR建立双标准曲线,以Actin基因为内参基因,对高原4号及其株高突变材料4P2-9中的赤霉素代谢相关基因的表达情况进行了检测。结果显示,4P2-9的株高及节间数显著低于对照材料(P0.05),节间长度显著高于对照(P0.05),赤霉素代谢的关键酶基因KS、KO和GID1表达量显著下调,分别为对照材料的0.725倍、0.657倍和0.890倍;GA20ox1和GA2ox1基因的表达量表现为上调,分别为对照材料的1.557倍和1.425倍。结果表明,赤霉素代谢过程中关键酶基因表达量的改变是造成4P2-9材料株高变化的原因之一,而GA20ox1和GA2ox1基因的表达量的上调是促使株高降低的主要因素。     

赤霉素调节植物对非生物逆境的耐性

赤霉素（GAs）是一类重要的植物激素,调控植物生长发育的诸多方面．最近的研究表明,GA也参与对生物与非生物胁迫的响应,然而GA参与非生物胁迫响应的遗传学证据及其机制有待于进一步研究．本实验室前期研究证明,水稻EullfELONGATEDUPPERMOSTINTERNODE）通过一个新的生化途径降解体内的活性赤霉素分子,并参与调控水稻对病原菌的基础抗病性．本研究发现,euil突变体对盐胁迫能力降低,而超表达EUll基因的水稻和拟南芥耐盐性显著提高．进一步研究发现,积累高含量赤霉素的水稻euil突变体对脱落酸（ABA）的敏感性下降,而赤霉素缺失的EUll超表达转基因水稻和拟南芥均改变了对于ABA的敏感性．EUll基因的转录受逆境诱导,其功能缺失与超表达调控了逆境标志基因的表达．综上推测,GA可能是通过影响ABA的信号途径从而改变了植物对非生物胁迫的响应．     

与AtGA20ox1启动子结合的转录因子筛选分析

赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)在植物生长发育的各个时期发挥重要作用。GA20-氧化酶(Gibberellin20-oxidase,GA20ox)是赤霉素生物合成途径中关键的限速酶,因此研究调控GA20ox基因表达的转录因子对进一步阐述赤霉素生物合成及其调控具有重要意义。本研究通过酵母单杂交技术利用AtGA20ox1启动子筛选拟南芥转录因子库,筛选获得转录因子RAP2.4f;酵母单杂交和X-gal显色结果进一步证实RAP2.4能与AtGA20ox1启动子结合;CPRG定量分析发现RAP2.4f与AtGA20ox1启动子结合作用强;双荧光素酶检测结果显示RAP2.4f对AtGA20ox1的启动子活性具有抑制作用。这些研究结果表明,RAP2.4f可能参与调控AtGA20ox1的转录。     

Dissection of GA 20-oxidase members affecting tomato morphology by RNAi-mediated silencing

GA 20-oxidase is a key enzyme involved in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. In tomato, the GA 20-oxidase gene family consists of three members: GA20ox1, GA20ox2, and GA20ox3. To investigate the roles of these three genes in regulating plant growth and development, we used RNA interference technology to generate three kinds of transgenic tomato plants with suppressed expression of each three individual genes. Suppression of GA20ox1 or GA20ox2 resulted in shorter stems, a decreased length of internodes, and small dark green leaves while plants with decreased expression of GA20ox3 had no visible changes on stems and leaves. The plants of the three transgenic lines can flower and set fruits normally, but the seeds from these plants germinated slower than that from the normal plants. Decreased levels of endogenous GAs were detected in the apex of the three transgenic lines. These results demonstrate that the three GA 20-oxidase genes play different roles in the control of plan vegetative growth, but show no effects on flower and fruit development.Equal contribution authors: J. Xiao and H. Li.     

Where do gibberellin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling occur in rice plants?

To identify where gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signaling occur, we analyzed the expression of four genes involved in GA biosynthesis, GA 20-oxidase1 and GA 20-oxidase2 (OsGA20ox1 and OsGA20ox2), and GA 3-oxidase1 and GA 3-oxidase2 (OsGA3ox1 and OsGA3ox2), and two genes involved in GA signaling, namely, the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (Galpha), and SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1), which encodes a repressor of GA signaling. At the vegetative stage, the expression of OsGA20ox2, OsGA3ox2, Galpha, and SLR1 was observed in rapidly elongating or dividing organs and tissues, whereas the expression of OsGA20ox1 or OsGA3ox1 could not be detected. At the inflorescence or floral stage, the expression of OsGA20ox2, OsGA3ox2, Galpha, and SLR1 was also observed in the shoot meristems and stamen primordia. The overlapping expression of genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling indicates that in these tissues and organs, active GA biosynthesis occurs at the same site as does GA signaling. In contrast, no GA-biosynthesis genes were expressed in the aleurone cells of the endosperm; however, the two GA-signaling genes were actively expressed, indicating that the aleurone does not produce bioactive GAs, but can perceive GAs. The expression of OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox1 was observed only in the epithelium of the embryo and the tapetum of the anther. Based on the specific expression pattern of OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox1 in these tissues, we discuss the unique nature of the epithelium and the tapetum in terms of GA biosynthesis. The epithelium and the tapetum are considered to be an important source of bioactive GAs for aleurone and other organs of the flower, respectively.     

高等植物GA 20-氧化酶研究进展

GA20-氧化酶（GA 20-oxidase）是高等植物体内GA生物合成途径中最重要的限速酶,它能够催化从GA12到GA9及GA53到GA20-系列的氧化反应。作者对近年来有关GA20一氧化酶的特征,GA20一氧化酶基因及编码蛋白、GA20一氧化酶基因表达调控进行了综合评述,并对GA20一氧化酶基因转化在农业、林业、;园艺业方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

Review article. Recent advances in gibberellin biosynthesis

Regulation of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis by endogenous and environmental stimuli is an important factor in the control of plant morphogenesis. Recent advances in the molecular biology of GA biosynthesis is enabling these processes to be examined at the molecular level. The biosynthetic pathway to biologically active GAs requires the action of diterpene cyclases, cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. The genes of cDNAs for many of these biosynthetic enzymes have now been cloned from several different species. The dioxygenases include GA 20-oxidase, 3-hydroxylase and 2-hydroxylase; the first catalyses the removal of carbon-20, the second catalyses the final step in the production of the growth-active hormones, which can be deactivated by the 2-hydroxylases. The GA 20-oxidases, and probably also 3-hydroxylases, are encoded by small multigene families, members of which have been shown to be expressed in a developmentally and spacially specific manner. Furthermore, there is evidence for rapid down-regulation of the expression of these genes by GA in a type of feedback control. Gibberellin 20-oxidase gene expression is also regulated by photoperiod in at least some long-day plant species. As a regulatory enzyme, GA 20-oxidase is being investigated as a target for genetic manipulation of GA biosynthesis. Results with model species indicate that considerable changes in GA content and plant morphology can be obtained by overexpressing GA 20-oxidase genes or reducing their expression by introducing anti-sense DNA sequences.     

Modification of gibberellin production and plant development in Arabidopsis by sense and antisense expression of gibberellin 20-oxidase genes

Gibberellin (GA) 20-oxidase catalyses consecutive steps late in GA biosynthesis in plants. In Arabidopsis, the enzyme is encoded by a gene family of at least three members (AtGA20ox1, AtGA20ox2 and AtGA20ox3) with differential patterns of expression. The genes are regulated by feedback from bioactive GAs, suggesting that the enzymes may be involved in regulating GA biosynthesis. To investigate this, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis expressing sense or antisense copies of each of the GA 20-oxidase cDNAs. Over-expression of any of the cDNAs gave rise to seedlings with elongated hypocotyls; the plants flowered earlier than controls in both long and short days and were 25% taller at maturity. GA analysis of the vegetative rosettes showed a two- to threefold increase in the level of GA4, indicating that GA 20-oxidase normally limits bioactive GA levels. Plants expressing antisense copies of AtGA20ox1 had short hypocotyls and reduced rates of stem elongation. This was reflected in reduced levels of GA4 in both rosettes and shoot tips. In short days, flowering was delayed and the reduction in the rate of stem elongation was greater. Antisense expression of AtGA20ox2 had no apparent effects in long days, but stem growth in one transgenic line grown in short days was reduced by 20%. Expression of antisense copies of AtGA20ox3 had no visible effect, except for one transgenic line that had short hypocotyls. These results demonstrate that GA levels and, hence, plant growth and development can be modified by manipulation of GA 20-oxidase expression in transgenic plants.     

Gibberellin homeostasis in tobacco is regulated by gibberellin metabolism genes with different gibberellin sensitivity

Gibberellins are phytohormones that regulate growth and development of plants. Gibberellin homeostasis is maintained by feedback regulation of gibberellin metabolism genes. To understand this regulation, we manipulated the gibberellin pathway in tobacco and studied its effects on the morphological phenotype, gibberellin levels and the expression of endogenous gibberellin metabolism genes. The overexpression of a gibberellin 3-oxidase (biosynthesis gene) in tobacco (3ox-OE) induced slight variations in phenotype and active GA(1) levels, but we also found an increase in GA(8) levels (GA(1) inactivation product) and a conspicuous induction of gibberellin 2-oxidases (catabolism genes; NtGA2ox3 and -5), suggesting an important role for these particular genes in the control of gibberellin homeostasis. The effect of simultaneous overexpression of two biosynthesis genes, a gibberellin 3-oxidase and a gibberellin 20-oxidase (20ox/3ox-OE), on phenotype and gibberellin content suggests that gibberellin 3-oxidases are non-limiting enzymes in tobacco, even in a 20ox-OE background. Moreover, the expression analysis of gibberellin metabolism genes in transgenic plants (3ox-OE, 20ox-OE and hybrid 3ox/20ox-OE), and in response to application of different GA(1) concentrations, showed genes with different gibberellin sensitivity. Gibberellin biosynthesis genes (NtGA20ox1 and NtGA3ox1) are negatively feedback regulated mainly by high gibberellin levels. In contrast, gibberellin catabolism genes which are subject to positive feedback regulation are sensitive to high (NtGA2ox1) or to low (NtGA2ox3 and -5) gibberellin concentrations. These two last GA2ox genes seem to play a predominant role in gibberellin homeostasis under mild gibberellin variations, but not under large gibberellin changes, where the biosynthesis genes GA20ox and GA3ox may be more important.     

矮化香蕉及其野生型GA3ox基因的结构特点和表达分析

香蕉的矮化突变是香蕉无性繁殖后代最常见的表型变异之一,但其变异的分子调控机理目前尚未研究清楚; 而内源赤霉素是影响植物株高的重要激素之一,GA3-氧化酶是赤霉素生物合成后期的关键酶。为探究GA3-氧化酶编码基因对香蕉矮化的分子调控机理,该研究以威廉斯B6矮化突变体及其野生型亲本为材料,通过RT-PCR技术克隆得到矮化香蕉及其野生型亲本GA3ox基因的全长cDNA序列,并对其推测的氨基酸序列进行比对分析,同时利用qRT-PCR技术对GA3ox基因在不同组织中的表达水平差异进行分析。结果表明:(1)矮化香蕉GA3ox-A和野生型香蕉GA3ox-G的ORF长度均为864 bp,均编码287个氨基酸,经序列比对分析发现两条氨基酸序列之间存在5个位点的差异,从而产生具有不同性质的蛋白质。(2)氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,矮化香蕉GA3ox的氨基酸序列与油棕、海枣、椰子的同源性最高。(3)qRT-PCR显示,GA3ox基因在矮化香蕉叶片和茎秆中的表达水平整体上低于野生型,其中GA3ox在野生型茎秆中的表达水平是矮化植株的2.2～32倍。综上推测,GA3ox基因可能对香蕉茎杆的矮化变异具有重要的调控作用。该研究结果为揭示香蕉矮化突变的分子机制与筛选优良矮化香蕉株系奠定了基础。